“ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: IMPACT ON JOBS”

Keshav Kedia & Nischay Students of BCA 4th semester, Department of Management &
Computer Sciences, Vaish College, Bhiwani
keshavkedia77@gmail.com, n1sch4y@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

The field of computer science which deals with creating machines with intelligence like humans
and animals often called machine intelligence. Computer science defines it the study of
intelligent agents, like any device or machine takes action according to its environment to
achieve its goals. As it becomes more widespread, tasks which require human labor can be easily
duplicated by smart machines, often create opportunities for more productivity. It can replace
fields like teaching, data collection for science and software, as it is already helps in these fields
nowadays, and it's improving. But the thing that has most impact is Artificial General
Intelligence, human-like intelligence, will replace almost 90% of jobs on first impact. Because it
can do everything a human brain is capable of, probably better. New improvements in medical
science, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and space exploration will be dramatically
improved. Machines are faster and better and they don't get tired, and make no mistakes in
calculation.AI will replace jobs like telemarketing, market research, retail shops, computer
support, accounting, courier services, proofreading, article writing, customer care, up to 2024
according to case study. Labor work like factory worker, farmer, etc will also be replaced.
Medical developments, manufacturing of product, architect and designing can be automated by
it. Advances in AI become essential part of technology, helping to solve problems in computer
science, software engineering reducing human efforts.
As machines becoming more intelligent we got more space to do things which we never looked
at, creating space for more innovations. Change is the only thing that let us evolve.

KEYWORDS:

Artificial Intelligence, Automation, Jobs, Intelligence, Technology Developments, Impact.

INTRODUCTION:

Artificial Intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated

by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals.
Computer science defines AI research as the study of "intelligent agents" any device that
perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its
goals.
Technological development, and in particular digitalization, has major implications for labor
markets. Assessing its impact will be crucial for developing policies that promote efficient labor
markets for the benefit of workers, employers and societies as a whole. Technological
innovations can affect employment by directly displacing workers from tasks they were
previously performing (displacement effect), and by increasing the demand for labor in
industries or jobs that arise or develop due to technological progress (productivity effect).
As machines becoming more intelligent we got more space to do things which we never looked
at, creating space for more innovations. So, there will be a very huge effect on employment due to
artificial intelligence and we need to be ready.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

 In 1984, an article published in “The AI Magazine,” authored by Nils J. Nilsson, it is argued

that artificial intelligence will greatly reduce the need for humans in the work force.
 In 2013, an article published in the “Communications of the ACM” magazine entitled “Could
artificial intelligence create an unemployment crisis?”
 "The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race."
- Stephen Hawking
 Elon Musk’s nightmarish warning: AI could become “an immortal dictator from which we
would never escape”.
 "And then the jobless.... Is AI going to put everybody out of work? I am not worried about
this," - Jeff Bezos.

OBJECTIVE:

The main objective of our study is to find how advancements in the field of artificial intelligence
will affect the lives of common man. It did it by replacing many things which humans are doing
for food and shelter like employment, it’s one of the things, as we cannot predict completely
what it will replace.
But employment is most important for future, will people need it or not. This research concludes
that there are some careers that people can still pursue until it is fully automated. What jobs are
still in chance of developments till next decade, and what can new jobs will be prepared. What
people needs to do to be prepared for upcoming changes, like getting education for new fields,
changing careers as they will be ready.
This study only tells us the analysis of future predictions, but what really is hard to predict, as
past cannot always predict the future. It is just a basic analysis and data of present, not really
what would happen.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Our research based on secondary data which is taken from various websites which contains data
from various magazines and articles, and some scholar articles.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

In the field of computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine
intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence
displayed by humans and other animals. Computer science defines AI research as the study of
"intelligent agents" any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its
chance of successfully achieving its goals. More specifically, Kaplan and Haenlein define AI as
“a system’s ability to correctly interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to use those
learning to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation”. Colloquially, the term
"artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans
associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving".
Machine learning enables computer programs to acquire knowledge and skills, and even improve
their own performance. Big data provides the raw material for machine learning, and offers
examples that computer programs can use for ‘practice’ in order to learn, exercise and ultimately
perform their assigned tasks more efficiently. The idea of intelligent machines arose in the early
20th century. From the beginning, the idea of ‘human-like’ intelligence was the key.

IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

With the advances in technological development in many areas is sought to change our world
and daily lives. But some of the advancements are too far-fetched that it is easy to tell that the
future is unpredictable. We can only predict what are the facts telling us and according to various
analysis, but it can be easily changed with more advancement in field of science and technology.
The field which will be the hot subject of future, Artificial Intelligence is predicted by various
analysis and current studies that it’s going to bring a change. The current debate on AI is not that
changes will take place but how, when and where it’s going to impact the most.
We are all for optimism. But as much as we’d like to believe all of the above, this bright outlook
on the future relies on shaky premises.
1. The past is an accurate predictor of the future.
2. We can weather the painful transition.
3. There are some jobs that only humans can do.
THE PAST IS NOT AN ACCURATE PREDICTOR OF THE FUTURE:

In the past, technological disruption of one industry didn’t necessarily mean the disruption of
another. Let’s take car manufacturing as an example; a robot in automobile manufacturing can
drive big gains in productivity and efficiency, but that same robot would be useless trying to
manufacture anything other than a car. The underlying technology of the robot might be adapted,
but at best that still only addresses manufacturing
AI is different because it can be applied to virtually any industry. When you develop AI that can
understand language, recognize patterns, and problem solve, disruption isn’t contained. Imagine
creating an AI that can diagnose disease and handle medications, address lawsuits, and write
articles like this one.
Another important distinction between now and the past is the speed of technological progress.
Technological progress doesn’t advance linearly, it advances exponentially. Consider Moore’s
Law: the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles roughly every two years.
What do you get when technological progress is accelerating and AI can do jobs across a range
of industries? An accelerating pace of job destruction.
“There’s no economic law that says ‘You will always create enough jobs or the balance will
always be even’, it’s possible for a technology to dramatically favour one group and to hurt
another group, and the net of that might be that you have fewer jobs” —Erik Brynjolfsson,
Director of the MIT Initiative on the Digital Economy
In the past, yes, more jobs were created than were destroyed by technology. Workers were able
to reskill and move laterally into other industries instead. But the past isn’t always an accurate
predictor of the future. We cannot just sit back and think that everything is going to be ok.

THE TRANSITION WILL BE EXTREMELY PAINFUL:

Let’s pretend for a second that the past actually will be a good predictor of the future; jobs will
be eliminated but more jobs will be created to replace them. This brings up an absolutely critical
question, what kinds of jobs are being created and what kinds of jobs are being destroyed?
“Low- and high-skilled jobs have so far been less vulnerable to automation. The low-skilled jobs
categories that are considered to have the best prospects over the next decade — including food
service, janitorial work, gardening, home health, childcare, and security — are generally physical
jobs, and require face-to-face interaction. At some point robots will be able to fulfill these roles,
but there’s little incentive to roboticize these tasks at the moment, as there’s a large supply of
humans who are willing to do them for low wages.” — Slate, Will robots steal your job?
Blue collar and white collar jobs will be eliminated—basically, anything that requires middle-
skills (meaning that it requires some training, but not much). This leaves low-skill jobs, as
described above and high-skill jobs which require high levels of training and education.
There will assuredly be an increasing number of jobs related to programming, robotics,
engineering, etc. After all, these skills will be needed to improve and maintain the AI and
automation being used around us.
But will the people who lost their middle-skilled jobs be able to move into these high-skill roles
instead? Certainly not without significant training and education. What about moving into low-
skill jobs? Well, the number of these jobs is unlikely to increase, particularly because the middle-
class loses jobs and stops spending money on food service, gardening, home health, etc.
The transition could be very painful. It’s no secret that rising unemployment has a negative
impact on society; less volunteerism, higher crime, and drug abuse are all correlated. A period of
high unemployment, in which tens of millions of people are incapable of getting a job because
they simply don’t have the necessary skills, will be our reality if we don’t adequately prepare.
So how do we prepare? At the minimum, by overhauling our entire education system and
providing means for people to re-skill.
To transition from 90% of the American population farming to just 2% during the first industrial
revolution, it took the mass introduction of primary education to equip people with the necessary
skills to work. The problem is that we’re still using an education system that is geared for the
industrial age. The three Rs (reading, writing, arithmetic) were once the important skills to learn
to succeed in the workforce. Now, those are the skills quickly being overtaken by AI.
In addition to transforming our whole education system, we should also accept that learning
doesn’t end with formal schooling. The exponential acceleration of digital transformation means
that learning must be a lifelong pursuit, constantly re-skilling to meet an ever-changing world.
Making huge changes to our education system, providing means for people to re-skill, and
encouraging lifelong learning can help mitigate the pain of the transition, but is that enough?
Does the thought of robots taking over your source of income frighten you? What will happen to
our society if Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes more efficient and smarter than us?

JOBS THAT WILL (MOST LIKELY) BE REPLACED BY AI:

(i) Factory Worker - Millions of factory jobs are now lost to machines. For years,
robots have been replacing factory workers in the field of construction and
manufacturing, especially in developed economies. Certainly, it won’t be far in the
future when all companies can afford to use machines.
 (ii) Couriers - Aside from the manufacturing industry, the logistics and transport sectors
will be most affected when robotic automation booms in the future years. Couriers are
now slowly being replaced by drones and robots capable of traveling by air or wheels.
Amazon.com is a pioneer for robotics and space technologies by using drones for
order delivery and his CEO Jeff Bezos is aiming to start first space shuttle service.
Boeing, Google, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Aero Vironment are
other companies that invest in drone technologies (Egan, 2014).At that point, some
definitions should be given for robotics and mechatronics that lay behind the drones.
(iii) Taxi and bus drivers - Thanks to Tesla, semi-automated driving is already here and
it won’t be long before fully autonomous vehicles take over public transport and
taxis, although in places such as India, the government is banning self-driving cars to
protect jobs. Pilots, however, are safe for now – whilst self-flying technology exists,
passengers will need time to get comfortable be flown by a computer.
(iv) Security Guards - Robo-guards are already replacing humans when it comes to
protecting and securing business locations. Take, for instance, Yelp’s security robot,
who is capable of inspecting the whole building with its high-definition camera. The
robot also has a directional mic and infrared sensor that can detect any suspicious
sound or movement.
(v) Farmer - Robot farmers are currently harvesting crops at impressive rates. In Kyoto,
Japan, the world’s first robot lettuce farm was recently opened and includes an all-
robot farming staff. The robo-farmers are responsible for harvesting, planting and
caring for the crops.

JOBS THAT WILL NOT (MOST LIKELY) BE REPLACED BY AI:

1. Software Developers - Creating innovative and useful application, software, and

websites out of concrete ideas is hard and near-impossible for AIs to do. In this field, you
need to have the skills, passion, and creativity of a developer in order to create amazing
applications.
2. Writers - Writers are artists. They need to create original content out of others' ideas,
situations, or their own imaginations. I’ve seen many AI software which can help with
title suggestions, plagiarism scan, and content clarity but there’s not one that can mimic
the talent and creativity of a good writer. Story writing relies largely on emotion, one of
the things a robot lacks.
 3. Graphic Designers - Imaginative creation in graphic design makes this job nearly
impossible for AIs to do. Robots also can’t probably handle difficult clients like humans
can.
4. Psychiatrists - Robots can never comprehend the deep issues within the human mind, so
it’s quite impossible to have a robot psychiatrist.

99% OF JOBS WILL BE ELIMINATED:

This claim may seem bold, and yet it’s all but certain. All you need are two premises:
1. We will continue making progress in building more intelligent machines.
2. Human intelligence arises from physical processes.
The first premise shouldn’t be at all controversial. The only reason to think that we would
permanently stop progress, of any kind, is some extinction-level event that wipes out humanity,
in which case this debate is irrelevant. Excluding such a disaster, technological progress will
continue on an exponential curve. And it doesn’t matter how fast that progress is; all that matters
is that it will continue. The incentives for people, companies, and governments are too great to
think otherwise.
The second premise will be controversial, but notice that I said human intelligence. I didn’t say
“consciousness” or “what it means to be human”. That human intelligence arises from physical
processes seems easy to demonstrate: if we affect the physical processes of the brain we can
observe clear changes in intelligence. Though a gloomy example, it’s clear that poking holes in a
person’s brain results in changes to their intelligence. A well-placed poke in someone’s Broca’s
area and voilà—that person can’t process speech. With these two premises in hand, we can
conclude the following: we will build machines that have human-level intelligence and
higher. It’s inevitable. We already know that machines are better than humans at physical tasks,
they can move faster, more precisely, and lift greater loads. When these machines are also as
intelligent as us, there will be almost nothing they can’t do—or can’t learn to do quickly.
Therefore, 99% of jobs will eventually be eliminated.
But that doesn’t mean we’ll be redundant. We’ll still need leaders (unless we give ourselves over
to robot overlords) and our arts, music, etc., may remain solely human pursuits too. As for just
about everything else? Machines will do it—and do it better. “But who’s going to maintain the
machines?” The machines. “But who’s going to improve the machines?” The machines.
Assuming they could eventually learn 99% of what we do, surely they’ll be capable of
maintaining and improving themselves more precisely and efficiently than we ever could.
CONCLUSION:

It’s unlikely that the future will play out like the past. There’s no guarantee that more jobs will
be created than are destroyed by AI and automation. Even if the future does play out like the
past, the jobs being created will require re-skilling and better education. These services aren’t
currently provided. Unless we make major changes, we’ll have hundreds of millions of people
who can’t get jobs and all—both “blue” and “white” collar workers—will suffer from it. Even if
we manage to deal with this transition effectively, virtually all jobs will eventually be eliminated
by machines. That being said, by leveraging our humanity—our ability to organize and lead
social movements, self-educate, and synthesize information creatively—we give ourselves the
best chance of success in a rapidly changing world.

REFERENCES:

https://www.iotforall.com/impact-of-artificial-intelligence-job-losses/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence/
http://bruegel.org/2018/07/the-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-on-employment/
https://vanna.com/articles/read/10-jobs-that-will-and-wont-be-replaced-by-AI?hl=en