CIRCUITS

Cycle - complete change in value and direction of an alternating quantity.

1 cycle = 360 electrical degrees
f - cycles/sec or Hertz by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
T - time to complete one cycle

1
T 
Instantaneous value - the value of f alternating quantity at any instant
Maximum value - the maximum value attained during positive or negative half
cycle
Average value - average of all instantaneous values of half-cycle

Area Under The Curve

Average Va lue 
2
Average Value  MAXBase(sine wave)

Root Mean Square (RMS) or
Effective value
2
 Area Under the Curve 
(sine wave) RMS value   1 

RMS value  Base
MAX 
RMS value2
Form Factor   1.11(sine wave)
MAX value
Peak Factor  Ave  1.414(sine wave)
Phase Difference or RMS value
Phase Angle - the angular displacement between alternating quantities
In Phase - if the two alternating quantities attain their maximum and minimum values at the
same time
Out of Phase - does not attain their maximum and minimum values at the same time
RMS AVE
SINUSOIDAL WAVE MAX 2
MAX
HALF WAVE MAX2 MAX
TRIANGULAR MAX
2 
MAX
SEMI-CIRCULAR 2 3  2
MAX MAX
TRAPEZOIDAL 3 0.
47 MAX
MAX
SQUARE MAX 5 MAX

D’ARSONVAL - REQUIRES AVE VALUE

WAVELENGTH() - length of one  complete cycle

V1c
- velocity of TmV

3 x108 m
sec (radio
c ff
sec waves)
propagation==344 (sound waves)
f = frequency (Hertz)

ALTERNATION - equal to one-half of a cycle

SUM OF TWO ALTERNATING WAVES

 In phase out-of-phase by 90 
out-of-phase by an angle θ
I T   I1  I TITI 2 I1I
2 2 I
2
1 2I
 1 I22 cos
 2 180  θ 

FIGURE OF MERIT - reciprocal of power factor

=secθ 1
FM 
cosθ
POWER FACTOR CAN BE
OBTAIN:
1. ANGLE OF APPARENT POWER
2. ANGLE OF IMPEDANCE
3. PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
4. POWER TRIANGLE
5. IMPEDANCE TRIANGLE OR ADMITTANCE

PERCENTAGE HARMONIC CONTENT

En
%HC  x100%
ROOT MEAN SQUARE E1
(RMS) OF NON-SINUSOIDAL
WAVE
IE  EDCRMS
RMS  I
RMS
2

 2 1 I RMS
 E RMS
1
2
2
   E2RMS2 ......
 IRMS
2
 3
 2

2  2I M I M I M I M I M IM 
HARMONICS  I DC
I AVEI AVE    1  1 2  2 3  3 
π  π1 1 2 2 3 3 
At fundamental
at 3rd harmonics

 L2ππf
XL X  3L1ωL

At fundamental at 3rd harmonics

X1C
XXC3c 
C
3