Statistics

• STATISTICS is a mathematical science

involving the collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical
data.
 USES OF STATISTICS
• Statistics is often used to make predictions based
on data
• In Education statistics can be used to assess
students performance and correlate factors
affecting teaching and learning process to
improve quality of education.
• In Psychology statistics is used to determine
attitudinal patterns, the causes and effects of
misbehavior.
• in the field of medicine statistics is used to
collect information about patients and diseases
and to make decisions about the use of new drugs
or treatment.
 In business
• An important application of statistics is
business analytics, which is the use of data
analysis and modeling to help businesses
achieve better performance.
 Branches of Statistics
The study of statistics has two major branches:
descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
statistics statistics
Involves the Involves using a
collection, sample to draw
organization and conclusions about
presentation of a population.
data.
 Descriptive Statistics

• Collect data
– e.g., Survey

• Present data
– e.g., Tables and graphs

• Summarize data
– e.g., Sample mean =
X i

n
 Inferential Statistics
• Estimation
– e.g., Estimate the population mean
weight using the sample mean
weight
• Hypothesis testing
– e.g., Test the claim that the
population mean weight is 70 kg

Inference is the process of drawing conclusions or making

decisions about a population based on sample results
 FIELDS OF STATISTICS
• Descriptive statistics is concerned with the
methods of collecting, organizing and
presenting data appropriately and
creatively to describe group
characteristics.
• Inferential statistics concerned with the
formulation or drawing of conclusion
about a population based on an
observation on a sample drawn from a
population.
• Population is a complete set of
individual’s objects or measurement
having some common observable
characteristics.

• Sample – it is a finite number of

objects selected from a population
 Random sampling methods
• simple random sample (each sample of the
same size has an equal chance of being
selected)
 Stratified Samples
A stratified sample has members from each segment of a
population. This ensures that each segment from the
population is represented.

Freshmen Sophomores Juniors Seniors

 Cluster Samples
A cluster sample has all members from randomly selected
segments of a population. This is used when the
population falls into naturally occurring subgroups.

All members
in each
selected
group are
used.
 Systematic Samples
A systematic sample is a sample in which each member of
the population is assigned a number. A starting number is
randomly selected and sample members are selected at
regular intervals.

Every fourth member is chosen.

 CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES

• Constants refer to the fundamental

quantities that do not change in
value.

• Variables are quantities that may

take anyone of a specified set of
values.
 Classifications of Variables
1. Qualitative variables are non-measurable
characteristics that cannot assume a numerical
value but can be classified into two or more
categories.
Example: sex , religion , occupation , color

2. Quantitative variables specifically they indicate

how much of a given characteristics and
individual, object or event possesses.
Examples: age, monthly income, size of
family, hourly output of a machine
 State whether the following types of data are qualitative or
quantitative

• a. The height of each student in mathematics class

• b. the marital status of each person living on a city
• c. Monthly income of teachers
• d. Educational attainment
• e. weight of a truck
• f. the speed of the cars
• g. religious affiliation of each student
• h. Weekly budget allowance
• i. The number of women students in a class
 Classification:

• Discrete / discontinuous variable – these

are the data obtained by counting. They
are represented by counting numbers or
whole numbers.

• Continuous variables – these are the data

obtained by measurement.
Types of Data according to their
sources
• Primary data – these are the
data/information which are gathered
directly from an original source.

• Secondary data- these are information

which are taken from published or
unpublished data.
 Methods of Collecting Data
• Direct or Interview Method is a person-to-person
interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee.
Advantages: Precise and consistent answers can be obtained by
modifying or rephrasing the questions especially to illiterate
respondents or to children under study.
Disadvantages: It is time, money and effort consuming and it will
be applicable only for small population, except when conducting
census.
• Indirect or Questionnaire method – written responses are
obtained by distributing questionnaires.
Questionnaire – a list of questions intended to elicit
answers to a given problem.
 Advantages: Lesser time , money and efforts are
consumed.
Disadvantages: Many responses may not be consistent due
to the poor construction of the questionnaire. Inconsistent
responses can no longer be modified, thus, it reduces valid
number of respondents.
• Registration Method – is enforced by private
organizations or government agencies for recording
purposes.
Advantages: Organized data from an institution can serve
as ready references for future study or for personal claims
of people’s records.
Disadvantages: Problem arises only when an agency
doesn’t have a Management Information System and if the
system or process of registration is not implemented well.
• Observation Method –is a scientific method of
investigation that makes possible use of all
senses to measure or obtain outcomes/responses
from the object of study.
• Telephone interview – this method is employed
if the questions to be asked are brief and few.
• Experimentation – is used when the objective is
to determine the cause-and-effect of a certain
phenomenon under some controlled conditions.