Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1: pH Measurement and Buffer Preparation - Mixture of weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base
and its conjugate acid.
Acid and Base Concept • Acetid acid and sodium acetate (HAc & NaAc)
1. ARRHENIUS DISSOCIATION THEORY • Ammonium hydroxide and Ammonium chloride
ACID: liberates H+ ion in aqueous solution (NH4OH & NH4Cl)
HCL +H2O à H3O+ + Cl-
BASE: liberates OH ions in aqueous solution. Characteristics: Has definitive pH; Buffer action and Buffer
NaOH à Na+ + OH capacity
2. BRONSTED-LOWRY THEORY Buffer action: the ability of the buffer solution to resist the
ACID: substance (charged or uncharged) the is capable of changes in pH value on the addition of small amount of an
donating proton acid or a base
BASE: substance (charged or uncharged) that is capable of Buffer capacity: quantifies the ability of a solution to resist
accepting a proton from an acid changes in pH by either absorbing or desorbing H+ and OH-
HA + H% O à H' O( + A) ions
𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗. 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗. 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
HNO2 + H2O à H3O + –
+ NO2 Importance of buffers
Biological: To maintain normal functioning of the cells
Water is amphoteric, which means it can act as both a • Blood: pH 7.4, maintained by primary buffer in the
Bronsted-Lowry acid and a Bronsted-Lowry base plasma and secondary buffers in the erythrocytes
Strong acids and bases ionize completely in aqueous solution, (NaHCO3 & H2CO3; NaH2PO4 & Na2HPO4)
while weak acids and bases ionize only partially in aqueous • Plasma Proteins – behave as acids in blood
solution. combines with bases to act as a buffer.
• Acid – conjugate base • Erythrocytes -hemoglobin / oxyhemoglobin,
• Base – conjugate acid acid/alkali potassium salts of phosphoric acid
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) Pharmaceuticals: To protect pharmaceutical preparations
- Designates the intensity of the degree of acidity from any sudden change in pH even when limited
- Expressed in exponential notation (For water: 10-7) concentrations of acid or base are added
- Sorensen suggested that the use of pH (p for power • Minimize drug degradation
& H for Hydrogen ion concentration) (for water: pH • Improve patient comfort and compliance
7) • Improve the efficacy of delivery
- pH is the logarithm of the reciprocal of the
hydrogen-ion concentration. Application of buffers
5
pH = log[78] or pH = -log[ H ( ]. or [H (] = 10)=> - Buffered isotonic solution to be prepared and
- As pH decrease, [H ( ] increases exponentially. administered should have the same solute
concentration as that of the biological fluid
pH o Eyes, soft tissues, nasal cavities, anal
Lower More acidic More hydrogen H+ ions applications, vaginal cavity applications
Higher More Basic More hydroxyl OH- ions
The pH of a buffer is determined by two factors:
Sample Problems: 1. The equilibrium constant Ka of the weak acid
1. What is the pH of a solution containing 0.00017 M of 2. The ratio of weak base [A-] to weak acid [HA] in
hydronium ion? (Ans. pH is 3.77) solution
2. Calculate the pH of a solution if the hydrogen-ion HA + H% O à H' O( + A)
concentration is 1.92 x 10-5 mol/L. (Ans. 4.71)
𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗. 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗. 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
3. If the pH of a solution is 7.36, what is the hydrogen-ion
concentration of the solution? (Ans. 4.3x10-8) [𝐀]
pH = pKa + log [𝑯𝑨]
pKa Weak Acid Conjugate Base
2.12 H3PO4 H2PO4-
Buffers 7.21 H2PO4- HPO42-
- Compounds or mixture of compounds which by their 12.32 HPO42- PO43-
presence in solution resist change in pH upon addition of
small quantities of acid or alkali