Wind TB Generator

How Full-Converter Wind
Turbine Generators
Satisfy Interconnection
Requirements
Robert Nelson
Senior Expert Engineering Manager and
Manager of Codes, Standards, and
Regulations
Siemens Wind Turbines - Americas
Copyright © Siemens Energy, Inc. 2012. All rights reserved.

How does the Full-Converter (FC) system work?
Full AC-AC converter
Rotor
AC/DC DC/AC Circuit Step-up

(Generator – Side Converter) (Line – Side Converter) transformer
breaker
Generator ~ =
= ~
DC 50 or 60 Hz Collector
Gearbox BUS system
(>30kV typ)
(not in DD)
 Rotor drives gearbox in geared systems – increases generator shaft speed

 Gearbox eliminated in DD (direct drive); rotor directly drives low-speed, multi-pole generator
 Generator converts mechanical power to AC electric power. Generator can be asynchronous,
permanent magnet or synchronous for geared system, pm or synchronous for DD.
 Generator-side converter converts AC electric power to DC

 Line-side converter converts DC to system-frequency AC (50 Hz or 60 Hz, as appropriate) and
provides voltage regulation capability
 Converter decouples machine from grid, so no winding time constants – quick response
Page 2 Oct, 2012 Copyright © Siemens Energy, Inc. 2012. All rights reserved.
What are the advantages of the
Full Converter system?
Rotor

breaker
Generator ~ =
= ~
Gearbox BUS system
(>30 kV typ)
(not in DD)
Variable Speed: Full Converter:

During abnormal conditions, Maximum flexibility and fast response; decouples machine:
can increase or decrease shaft
speed/kinetic energy to satisfy  Rapid response – short time delays compared to directly
system needs connected magnetic machines, with winding time constants
 Full control of short circuit current from >100% of nominal
 Optimal energy extraction by optimizing tip output current to zero (standby); useful for voltage regulation
speed ratio during low-voltage ride-through and response to faults
 Increase shaft speed during low-voltage  Precise control of output and rate of change of output
ride-through – extra kinetic energy stored as required (subject to availability of wind power)
in shaft when Pgen→0.  Turbine can be used for frequency response (for regulation down)
 Shaft can absorb energy from gusts or, with standby reserve, for spinning reserve/regulation up
without changing output  Machine decoupled from power system – no SSTI, negative
sequence heating concerns, minimal short circuit torques.
Modeling Full Converter Machines
Rotor

breaker
Generator ~ =
= ~
Gearbox BUS system
(>30 kV typ)
(not in DD)
 Load Flow – Approximated by synchronous machine; reactive capability curve.

 Short circuit – Produces short circuit current per algorithm (e.g., 2% reactive current for
every 1% reduction in voltage below nominal when voltage drops below 90%, up to 110%
of rated current; positive sequence currents only.).
 Dynamics – Can be approximated quite accurately by line-side converter model (basis of

most generic models); consideration of second order effects, like rotor inertia, dc bus
voltage, etc., included in proprietary models.
 Transient – Full model of line-side converter; detailed model of upstream components.
What Are Common Reactive Control
Requirements in the Americas (including Latin America)?
Existing:
 Voltage Regulation
 Transmission Voltage
 Medium Voltage
 Reactive Power Control
 Medium Voltage
 Power Factor Control
 Medium Voltage
 Reactive Control without Active Power Production
 Voltage Regulation
 Reactive Power Control
 Medium Voltage
Reactive Power and Voltage Control
SCADA system Wind Turbine
WF–Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage WT Q

set- point error set-point Checking set-point set-point
VR Wind Turbine
+ regulator
Wind Farm
Control system
limitations
PCC measured values

Voltage & Reactive Power
Wind Turbine
limitations PQTV
 Distribution of voltage set-points

 Wind turbine limitations secured by the embedded WT control
system – PQTV (Power, Reactive Power, Temperature, Voltage)
 Can operate in voltage regulation, reactive power control (constant
Q, or power factor control (constant ratio of P to Q) at high side or
low side of Park Transformer
Voltage Control – Reactive Droop
User Interface
Droop of 4 %
Recommended Droop of 2% to 7%
New feature: Voltage Deadband
Reactive capability characteristic of
full-converter wind turbine
Voltage-limited;
linear with shallow slope
Voltage + current-limited;
linear with steep slope
Current-limited; arcs
How does a full-converter wind turbine compare
with a synchronous generator for voltage control?
Representative parameters:
Synchronous generator Full-converter
(gas or steam turbine) wind turbine
Terminal voltage range 0.95 pu – 1.05 pu 0.90 pu – 1.10 pu
Max lag/lead capability @ rated P 0.5 pu / -0.33 pu 0.5 pu / -0.5 pu
Reactive capability varies with Vt? No Yes
Impedance between gen and trans sys 12% – 16% 35% – 45%*
Synchronous condenser mode (continuous Difficult, Yes,

voltage regulation @P=0) available? expensive control option
Typical max lag/lead capability @ P=0 0.7 pu / -0.5 pu 1.0 pu / -1.0 pu
* includes converter reactor
How does a full-converter wind park compare with a
synchronous generator for steady-state voltage control?
Compare reactive capability of 100 MW (rated pf of 0.9 lag to 0.95 lead) synch generator
with Xt = 13% with 100 MW wind park with equivalent reactance (inc. turbine transformer,
park transformer and collector system) of 22% and RC curve developed in example.
Assume both are connected to a 230kV transmission system and the collector system is
34.5kV; ignore resistance and collector charging.
1) Determine how much lagging reactive power can be delivered to transmission system,
varying Vsys from 0.85 to 1.0 pu, with P=1.0 pu
2) Determine how much reactive power can be absorbed from the transmission system,
varying Vsys from 1.0 to 1.15 pu, with P=1.0 pu
Xs P
E
Gen step-up
transformer Q Vsys
How does a full-converter park compare with a
synchronous generator for voltage control?
WTs terminal voltage drops below 0.90 pu limit; Sync Gen term voltage
Solution 1): go into low-voltage ride-through. drops below 0.95 pu limit
40
35
Continuous Lagging 30
Reactive Capability, 25
MVAr
Full Real Power Output 20
15
Synch Gen
10
Full-converter WP 5
0
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
Note: neglects WP charging. Vsys, pu
Similar max capabilities, but

 The synchronous generator has a narrower operating voltage range and
significantly greater capability near nominal voltage
 The WP has a wider control voltage range and is superior for very low
transmission voltages (significantly below 0.90 pu, where the synchronous
generator cannot provide voltage support )
Synch gen
0 terminal
Solution 2): -10 voltage goes
-20
above 1.05 pu
-30
limit
Continuous Leading -40
MVAr
-50
Reactive Capability, -60
Full Real Power Output -70
-80
Synch Gen -90
Full-converter WP -100
1 1.05 1.1
Vsys, pu
Note: neglects WP charging.
Similar capabilities near rated voltage, but

 The synchronous generator has a narrower operating voltage range and less
capability above 100% system voltage.
 The WP has a wider control voltage range and is superior for very high
transmission voltages (above 1.0 pu, and particularly above 1.1 pu, where the
synchronous generator is incapable of providing voltage support).
Solution 1a):
Full-converter WP
40
Continuous Lagging 35
Reactive Capability, Full 30
Real Power Output 25
MVAr
Voltage Support at 0.8 pu 20
15
system voltage
10
Full-converter WP
5
0
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
Vsys, pu
Include collector system charging (2 MVA at nominal voltage) and adjust fixed
transformer taps to accommodate lower voltage system operation (0.975 taps on
turbine and park transformers).
Allows reactive support for system to voltages to below 0.8 pu.
Voltage control:
Fast response to change in reference
Park controllers update turbines 6 times/s; turbines respond within 0.1s
Wind Farm Voltage Reference Test
1.06 1.2
1.05 1.0
Reactive Power [pu]

1.04
0.8
Voltage [pu]
1.03
0.6
1.02
0.4
1.01
1 0.2
0.99 0.0
10:50:00 10:50:01 10:50:02 10:50:03 10:50:04 10:50:05 10:50:06 10:50:07 10:50:08 10:50:09 10:50:10
Time [h] Voltage VoltageReference ReactivePow er
Voltage control test
(V in blue, Q in red)
New option: Voltage Regulation without Active Power
Production (“STATCOM Mode”)
“V-mode” Option:
• Voltage Regulation (reactive droop), or

• Reactive Power Control (constant MVAr)
Converters operate in “STATCOM mode” to regulate voltage

or reactive power under control of Park Pilot
Appropriate for:
• Sites that receive compensation for reactive control or
where voltage regulation is required at all times.
• Sites where reactive control is required for very low output
levels
Summary – How Siemens WTGs provide
Reactive Power Control
Now Soon
Capability
Voltage Regulation with reactive droop
Medium Voltage
Transmission Voltage
Reactive Power Control
Power Factor Control
Voltage Reg without Active Power Production
What Are Common Active Power Control
Requirements in the Americas (including Latin America)?
Existing:
 Power Output (Curtailment) Control
 Ramp Rate Control

 Curtailments
 Start-up
 Regulation Up for Underfrequency
 Adjustable Droop
 Regulation Down for Overfrequency
 Adjustable Droop
 High Wind Shutdown
 Rate Variation Control
Frequency Droop Control - Primary Frequency Response
Some ISO/RTOs require the use of Frequency Droop Response

frequency droop response from
61.4 120
wind parks
61.2
 Normally constant (5%) frequency droop 61

100
(5% change in freq  100% change in 60.8

output), but variable droop sometimes 80
Frequency, Hz
60.6
required (e.g., larger droop for small
Output, %
Freq, Hz
frequency excursions, smaller droop for 60.4 60
Output, %
larger excursions). 60.2
 Both reg up (underfreq), assuming curtailed 60

40
state, and reg down (overfrequency)

59.8
required. 20

59.6
Sometimes conflicts w/ curtailments, Special
Protection System operations. 59.4 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t, sec
Frequency response – Simulations calibrated with test
in Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), USA
ERCOT Frequency Response Test

representative; simulations calibrated with actual tests,
5% droop,∆f = 0.2 Hz step
∆P = -∆f x 10 / (60 x % droop), pu = -/+0.067 pu
0.85 60.4
60.2
60
59.8
Frequency, Hz
0.75 59.6
Park MW, pu
59.4
59.2
59
0.65 58.8
58.6
58.4
58.2
0.55 58
0 30 60 89 119 149 179 209 239 268 298 327 357
t, sec
Park Output, pu Frequency, Hz
Transient underfrequency response
(“inertial response”)
Preliminary simulations for 20% wind

case with different transient controls
Rapid response required

after sudden frequency
drop – necessary to
forestall load shedding,
especially on island
systems
Siemens is developing
new controls to address
this need
Low-voltage ride-through (LVRT)
Brazil and Chile - Low Voltage Ride-

Through Required (assumes 480 ms
clearing time in Chile)
 Chilean requirements similar to those
in Brazil. Siemens wind turbine 1
generators conform, given reasonable
V at POI, pu
0.8
fault clearing times (<0.5 sec) and 0.6
Short Circuit Ratio levels of 5 or higher 0.4
(Short Circuit Ratio = Short Circuit 0.2
MVA @ POI / Turbine Aggregate MW) 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
 May require adjustment of transformer time, sec
taps and/or supplemental reactive
resources to accommodate Brazil Chile
continuous system voltage of 0.8 pu in
Chile.
Modeling for power system analysis
Dynamics models available

in major simulation platforms
 Generic (library) – simple models
PSS/E LVRT Benchmark Simulation
for interconnection studies, LV WTG Voltage
contingency assessments, etc. 1.20
(PSS/E, PSLF, ANATEM) 1.10
1.00
 User-defined – more detailed 0.90
0.80
models for optimization, in-house 0.70
Voltage [pu]
0.60
studies, etc. (PSS/E, DigSilent) 0.50
0.40
Transient models 0.30
0.20
PSCAD – for protection coordination, 0.10
0.00
insulation coordination, 0.00 1.00 2.00

Time [s]
3.00 4.00 5.00
subsynchronous resonance WT4 U LV RMS PSSE 60 Hz [pu] U LV RMS PSSE 60 Hz [pu]
assessments, special protection

schemes, etc. – now available.
Summary – How Full Converter WTGs provide Power
Control (existing and anticipated)
Now Soon
Capability
Power Output (Curtailment) Control
Ramp-Rate Control (ref change and startup)
Frequency Droop Regulation Up
Frequency Droop Regulation Down
Frequency-Dependent Droop
Spinning reserve (“delta control”) capability
Transient underfrequency (“inertial”) response
High wind shutdown
AGC Response (from Park RTU)
Rate Variation Control
Future Developments
•Weak grid controls for sustained stable operation in systems with SCR <2.5
(SCR = 3-phase short circuit MVA at regulation point / aggregate turbine MW)
• Power oscillation damping for inter-area modes.
• High-Voltage Ride-Through
ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES BECAUSE OF FLEXIBLE POWER ELECTRONIC DESIGN

YOUR SUGGESTIONS MOST WELCOME!!
Thank you
for your time
Questions?

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How Full-Converter Wind

Siemens Wind Turbines - Americas

Copyright © Siemens Energy, Inc. 2012. All rights reserved.

Full AC-AC converter

AC/DC DC/AC Circuit Step-up

 Rotor drives gearbox in geared systems – increases generator shaft speed

 Generator-side converter converts AC electric power to DC

Full AC-AC converter

AC/DC DC/AC Circuit Step-up

Variable Speed: Full Converter:

Full AC-AC converter

AC/DC DC/AC Circuit Step-up

 Load Flow – Approximated by synchronous machine; reactive capability curve.

 Dynamics – Can be approximated quite accurately by line-side converter model (basis of

 Transient – Full model of line-side converter; detailed model of upstream components.

SCADA system Wind Turbine

WF–Voltage Voltage Voltage Voltage WT Q

PCC measured values

 Distribution of voltage set-points

Terminal voltage range 0.95 pu – 1.05 pu 0.90 pu – 1.10 pu

Max lag/lead capability @ rated P 0.5 pu / -0.33 pu 0.5 pu / -0.5 pu

Reactive capability varies with Vt? No Yes

Synchronous condenser mode (continuous Difficult, Yes,

Typical max lag/lead capability @ P=0 0.7 pu / -0.5 pu 1.0 pu / -1.0 pu

* includes converter reactor

Similar max capabilities, but

Note: neglects WP charging.

Similar capabilities near rated voltage, but

Park controllers update turbines 6 times/s; turbines respond within 0.1s

Wind Farm Voltage Reference Test

Reactive Power [pu]

• Voltage Regulation (reactive droop), or

Converters operate in “STATCOM mode” to regulate voltage

 Power Output (Curtailment) Control

 Ramp Rate Control

 Rate Variation Control

Some ISO/RTOs require the use of Frequency Droop Response

 Normally constant (5%) frequency droop 61

(5% change in freq  100% change in 60.8

 Both reg up (underfreq), assuming curtailed 60

state, and reg down (overfrequency)

ERCOT Frequency Response Test

Park Output, pu Frequency, Hz

Preliminary simulations for 20% wind

Rapid response required

Brazil and Chile - Low Voltage Ride-

Dynamics models available

contingency assessments, etc. 1.20

(PSS/E, PSLF, ANATEM) 1.10

 User-defined – more detailed 0.90

models for optimization, in-house 0.70

studies, etc. (PSS/E, DigSilent) 0.50

Transient models 0.30

PSCAD – for protection coordination, 0.10

insulation coordination, 0.00 1.00 2.00

subsynchronous resonance WT4 U LV RMS PSSE 60 Hz [pu] U LV RMS PSSE 60 Hz [pu]

assessments, special protection

ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES BECAUSE OF FLEXIBLE POWER ELECTRONIC DESIGN

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