APPROVAL SHEET

The complete report of Basic Chemistry with title “Neutralization of

Acid-Base” was made by:
Nama : Nurul Amalia
Id : 1712442001
Group : 5 (Five)
after checked and consulted by assistant and assistant coordinator so this report
was accepted.

Makassar, November 22th 2017

Assistant Coordinato Assistant

Dirsyah Dedi Nugraha, S. Pd. Dirsyah Dedi Nugraha, S. Pd.

Known by,
Responsibility Lecturer

Dr. Hasri, M.Si.

ID. 196540306 199203 2 001
A. Title of Experiment
Neutralization of acid-base
B. Purpose of Experiment
Doing acid-base titration using indicator
C. Brief Theory
An acid was described as a substance that produces H3O+ in water, whereas
a base gives OH-. An acid-base neutralization, according to Arrhenius, is a
reaction in which an acid and a base combine to produce water and a salt.
However, many reactions resemble neutralizations without involving H3O+, OH-,
or even H2O. for example, when open bottles of concentrated hydrochloric acid
and concentrated aqueous ammonia are placed side by side, a white cloud forms
when the vapors from the two bottles mix. The cloud consists of tiny crystals of
ammonium chloride, which form when ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases,
escaping from the open bottles, mix in air and react.
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)
(Jespersen, 2012).
Acids and bases are extremely common substances, as are their reactions
with each other. At the macroscopic level, acids taste sour (that is, lemon juice)
and react with bases to yield salts. Bases taste bitter (that is, tonic water) and react
with acids to form salts (Moore, 2007).
In the study of acid-base reactions, the hydrogen ion concentration is key;
its value indicates the acidity or basicity of the solution. Because only a very small
fraction of water molecules are ionized, the concentration of water, [H2O],
remains virtually unchanged. Therefore, the equilibrium constant for the
autoionization of water, according to Equation (15.1), is
Kc 5 [H3O1][OH2]
(Chang, 2010).
What’s interesting is that this is the same net reaction that occurs when a
aqueous solution of ammonia (a base) is neutralized by an aqueous solution of
hydrogen chloride (an acid). Yet, the gaseous reaction doesn’t fit the description
of an acid-base neutralization according to the Arrhenius definition because
there’s no water involved. If we look at both the aqueous and gaseous reaction,
they do have something in common. Both involve the transfer of a proton (a
hydrogen ion, H+) from one particle to another. In water, where HCl is completely
ionized, the transfer is from H3O+ to NH3. The ionic equation is shown below.
NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) +Cl-(aq) → NH4+(aq) + Cl-(aq) +H2O
(Jespersen, 2012).
Water, as we know, is a unique solvent. One of its special properties is its
ability to act either as an acid or as a base. Water functions as a base in reactions
with acids such as HCl and CH3COOH, and it functions as an acid in reactions
with bases such as NH3 (Chang, 2010).
Johannes Bronsted (1879-1947), a Danish chemist, and Thomas Lowry
(1874-1936), a British scientist, realized that the important event in most acid-
base reactions is simply the transfer of a proton from one particle to another.
Therefore, they redefined acid as substance that donate protons and base as
substances that accept protons. The heart of the Bronsted-Lowry concept of acids
and bases is that acid-base reactions are proton transfer reactions. The definitions
are therefore very simple:
An Acid is a proton donor.
A base is a proton acceptor.
Accordingly, hydrogen choride is an acid because when it reacts with
ammonia, HCl molecules donate protons to NH3 molecules accept protons
(Jespersen, 2012).
A strong base is a strong electrolyte that dissociates completely in water to
give an aqueous solution of a metal ion and hydroxide ions. The Group 1A (1)
hydroxides are very soluble in water, which can give high concentrations of OH-
ions. The Group 2A (2) bases are less soluble in water, but they are strong bases
because they dissociate completely as ions. For example, when KOH forms a
KOH solution, it contains only and ions (Timberlake, 2012).
Even when water is the solvent, chemists use the Bronsted-Lowry
definitions more often than those of Arrhenius. This, the reaction between
hydrogen chloride and water to form hydronium ion (H3O+) and chloride io (Cl-),
 which is another proton transfer reaction, is clearly a Bronsted-Lowry acid-base
reaction. Molecules of HCl are the acid in this reaction, and water molecules are
the base. HCl molecules collide with water molecules and protons transfer during
the collisions (Jespersen, 2012).
At the microscopic level, the Arrhenius theory defines acids as substances
which, when dissolved in water, yield hydrohium io (H3O)+ or H+(aq). Bases are
defined as substances which, when dissolved in water, yield the hydroxide ion
(OH-). Acids and bases may be strong (as in strong electrolytes), dissociating
completely inwater, or weak (as in weak electrolytes), partially discoating in
water. Strong acids include :
1. Hydrochloride acid (HCl)
2. Hydrobromic acid (HBr)
3. Hydroiodic acid (HI)
4. Nitric acid (HNO3)
5. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
6. Chloric acid (HClO3)
7. Perchloric acid (HClO4)
Strong bases include:
1. Alkali metal (group 1A or group 1)hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, and so on)
2. Calcium, strontium, and barium hydroxides
(Moore, 2007).
Because the concentrations of H1 and OH2 ions in aqueous solutions are
frequently very small numbers and therefore inconvenient to work with, Soren
Sorensen† in 1909 proposed a more practical measure called pH. The pH of a
solution is defi ned as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
(in mol/L):
pH 5 2log [H3O1] or pH 5 2log [H1]
(Chang, 2010).
When an acid dissolves in water to produce a hydrogen ion and a simple
nonmetal anion, the prefix hydro is used befor e the name of the nonmetal,
and its ide ending is changed to ic acid. For example, hydrogen chloride (HCl)
dissolves in water to form HCl(aq), which is named hydrochloric acid. An
exception is hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which dissolves in water to form
hydrocyanic acid, HCN(aq) (Timberlake, 2012).
Keep in mind that Equation (15.4) is simply a defi nition designed to give us
convenient numbers to work with. The negative logarithm gives us a positive
number for pH, which otherwise would be negative due to the small value of
[H1]. Furthermore, the term [H1] in Equation (15.4) pertains only to the numerical
part of the expression for hydrogen ion concentration, for we cannot take the
logarithm of units. Thus, like the equilibrium constant, the pH of a solution is a
dimensionless quantity. Because pH is simply a way to express hydrogen ion
concentration, acidic and basic solutions at 25°C can be distinguished by their pH
values, as follows:
Acidic solutions: [H1] . 1.0 3 1027 M, pH , 7.00
Basic solutions: [H1] , 1.0 3 1027 M, pH . 7.00
Neutral solutions: [H1] 5 1.0 3 1027 M, pH 5 7.00
(Chang, 2010).
The strength of an acid is determined by the moles of that are produced for
each mole of acid that dissolves. The strength of a base is determined by the
moles of OH- that are produced for each mole of base that dissolves. In the
process called dissociation, an acid or base produces ions in water. However, they
vary greatly in their ability to produce or Strong acids and strong bases dissociate
completely in water. Weak acids and weak bases dissolve mostly as molecules
with only a few dissociating into ions (Timberlake, 2012).
Sometimes we may be given the pH value of a solution and asked to
calculate the H1 ion concentration. In that case, we need to take the antilog of
Equation (15.4) as follows: [H3O1] 5 102pH or [H1] 5 102pH (15.5) Be aware
that the defi nition of pH just shown, and indeed all the calculations involving
solution concentrations (expressed either as molarity or molality) discussed in
previous chapters, are subject to error because we have implicitly assumed ideal
behavior. In reality, ion-pair formation and other types of intermolecular
interactions may affect the actual concentrations of species in solution. The
situation is analogous to the relationships between ideal gas behavior and the
behavior of real gases discussed in Chapter 5. Depending on temperature, volume,
and amount and type of gas present, the measured gas pressure may differ from
that calculated using the ideal gas equation. Similarly, the actual or “effective”
concentration of a solute may not be what we think it is, knowing the amount of
substance originally dissolved in solution. Just as we have the van der Waals and
other equations to reconcile discrepancies between the ideal gas and nonideal gas
behavior, we can account for nonideal behavior in solution (Chang, 2010).
Strong acids are examples of strong electrolytes because they donate protons
so easily that their dissociation in water is virtually complete. For example, when
HCl, a strong acid, dissociates in water, H+ is transferred to H2O; the resulting
solution contains only the ions H3O+ and Cl-. We consider the reaction of HCl in
H2O as going 100% to products. The equation for the dissociation of a strong acid,
such as HCl, is written with a single arrow to the products.
HCl(g) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
(Timberlake, 2012).
A lewis acid is any species capable of accepting a pair of electrons, and a
lewis base is a species with a pair of electrons avaible for donation. The terms
acceptor and donor are also commonly used. Lewis acids include H+ and metal
cations, molecules such as BF3 with incomplete octets, and ones such as SiF4
where octet expansion is possible. Any species with nonbonding electrons is
potentially a lewis base, including molecules such as NH3 and anions such as F-.
The lewis acid-base definition should not be confused with the Bronsted one:
Bronsted bases are also lewis bases, and H+ is a lewis acid, but Bronsted acids
such as HCl are not lewis acids (Cox, 2004).
When an acid contains oxygen, it dissolves in water to produce a hydrogen
ion and an oxygen-containing polyatomic anion. The most common form of an
oxygen-containing acid has a name that ends with ic acid. The name of its
polyatomic anion ends in ate. An acid that contains one less oxygen atom than the
common form is named as an ous acid. The name of its polyatomic anion ends
with ite (see Table 8.1). By learning the names of the most common acids, we can
derive the names of the corresponding ous acids and their polyatomic anions
(Timberlake, 2012).
D. Apparatus and Chemicals
1. Apparatus
a. Measuring pipette 10 mL (2 piece)
b. Erlenmeyer flasks (3 piece)
c. Funnel (1 piece)
d. Burette (1 piece)
e. Stative and clamp (1 piece)
f. Spray bottle (1 piece)
g. Stirring bar
2. Chemicals
a. HCl 0,1 M solution (acid-kloride solution)
b. NaOH 0,2 M solution (sodium-hydroxide solution)
c. Phenolphthalein indicator
d. Universal indicator
e. Aquades (H2O)
f. Tissue
E. Work Procedures
1. Burette was filled with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 0.2 M solution.
2. By used a measuring pipette 10 ml, Erlenmeyer was filled 10 ml of HCl
solution, and then the pH was measured by universal indicator, added 3 drops
of Phenolphthalein indicator.
3. The first scale of burette was noted, an with 1 ml of NaOH solution 0.2 M
from burette was dropped carefully into the HCl solution, then the pH was
measured.
4. Until, there was a changed color from uncolor to pink, the titration repeated
and the pH was measured.
5. The end scale of burette and volume of NaOH that have been used was noted.
6. With 1 ml of NaOH, the burette was filled again and the pH was measured.
Repeated the second steps until the six steps a least to reached twice titration
again.
F. Observation Result
a. pH of HCl solution before NaOH be added =1
b. pH of solution when adding 1 mL NaOH =1
c. pH of solution when reach equivalent point =7
d. pH of solution after passed equivalent point =8

Scale in Burette I Titration (mL) II Titration (mL) III Titration (mL)

Final of NaOH 50 42,2 35,2
Initial of NaOH 42,2 35,2 26,7
Volume of NaOH 7,8 7 8,5

7,8+7+8,5
Volume of NaOHaverarage = = 8,0 𝑚𝐿
3

G. Data Analysis
1. pH of HCl solution before NaOH be added
Knowed
M. HCl = 0,1 M
V. HCl = 10 mL
Asked
pH = …?
Completion
HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
[H+] = M. a
= 0,1 M x 1
= 0,1 M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log 10-1
= 1- log 1
=1–0
 pH =1
2. pH of solution when adding 1 mL NaOH to 10 mL HCl solution 0,1 M
Knowed
V. HCl = 10 mL
V. NaOH = 1 mL
M. HCl = 0,1 M
M. NaOH = 0,2 M
Asked
pH = …?
Completion
n. HCl = M. HCl x V. HCl
= 0,1 M x 10 mL
= 1 mmol
n. NaOH = M. NaOH x V. NaOH
= 0,2 M x 1 mL
= 0,2 mmol

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Initial = 1mmol 0,2mmol - -
React = 0,2mmol 0,2mmol 0,2mmol 0,2mmol
End = 0,8mmol - 0,2mmol 0,2mmol

𝑛.𝐻𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑
M. HCl = V.tot
0,8 mmol
= 11 mL

= 0,073 M
[H+] = M.HCl × a
= 0,073 M x 1
= 7,3x10-2 M
pH = - log [H+]
= - log (7,3x10-2)
 = 2- log 7,3
= 2 – 0,86
= 1,14
3. pH of solution when reach equivalent point
Knowed
M. HCl = 0,1 M
M. NaOH = 0,2 M
V. HCl = 10 mL
Asked
pH = …?
Completion
𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 ∙ 𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 ∙ 𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑙 ∙𝑉𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑉𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 𝑀𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0,1 𝑀 𝑥 10 𝑚𝐿
𝑉1 = 0,2 𝑀

𝑉1 = 5 𝑚𝐿
𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝐿 = [𝐻𝐶𝑙] × 𝑉 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝐿 = 0,1 𝑀 × 10 𝑚𝐿
𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝐿 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = [𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻] × 𝑉 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑛 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0,2 𝑀 × 5 𝑚𝐿
𝑛 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(aq)
Initial 1mmol 1mmol - -
React 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol
End - - 1mmol 1mmol
In the reaction above, HCl and NaOH precise in finished react on
stoikiometric until on this pH = 7
[𝐻 + ][𝑂𝐻 − ] = 10−14
[𝐻 + ] = √10−14
[𝐻 + ] = 10−7
 𝑝𝐻 = − log[𝐻 + ]
𝑝𝐻 = − log 10−7
𝑝𝐻 = 7
4. pH of solution after passed equivalent point is addition 1 mL of NaOH
knowed
[𝐻𝐶𝑙] = 0,1 𝑀
𝑉 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 10 𝑚𝐿
[𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻] = 0,2 𝑀
𝑉 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 5 𝑚𝐿 + 1 𝑚𝐿 = 6 𝑚𝐿
Asked:
𝑝𝐻 = ⋯ ?
Solution:
𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝐿 = [𝐻𝐶𝑙] × 𝑉 𝐻𝐶𝑙
= 0,1 𝑀 × 10 𝑚𝐿
𝑛 𝐻𝐶𝐿 = 1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = [𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻] × 𝑉 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
= 0,2 𝑀 × 6 𝑚𝐿
𝑛 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 1,2 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂
Initial : 1mmol 1,2mmol - -
React : 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol
End : - 0,2mmol 1mmol 1mmol
𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑑
[𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻] =
𝑉 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
0,2 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 16 𝑚𝐿

[𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻] = 0,0125 𝑀
[𝑂𝐻 − ] = 𝑀 ∙ 𝑏
= 0,0125𝑀 ∙ 1
[𝑂𝐻 − ] = 1,25 × 10−2 𝑀
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = − log[𝑂𝐻 − ]
= − log 1,25 × 10−2
 = 2 − log 1,25
= 2 − 0,097
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 1,903

𝑝𝐻 = 14 − 𝑝𝑂𝐻
𝑝𝐻 = 14 − 1,903
𝑝𝐻 = 12,09
H. Graph

I Titration Graph
14
12
Volume NaOH (mL)

10
8 Point Equivalents
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
pH NaOH

II Titration Graph
9
8
Point Equivalents
7
Volume NaOH (mL)

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
pH NaOH

III Titration Graph

10
Volume NaOH (mL)

8 Point Equivalents
6

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
pH NaOH
I. Discussion
Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk melakukan titrasi asam basa dengan
menggunakan indikator di mana indikator yang digunakan adalah phenolftalein
dan indikator universal. Dalam titrasi asam-basa, indikator merupakan zat yang
memiliki perbedaan warna yang mencolok dalam medium asam dan basa. Dalam
percobaan ini, indikator yang digunakan adalah fenolftalein, yang tidak berwarna
dalam larutan asam dan netral, tapi berwarna merah muda dalam larutan basa.
Pada percobaan ini, titrasi dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali untuk digunakan sebagai
pembanding untuk memastikan volume NaOH 0,2 M yang dibutuhkan.
Pada dasarnya konsep reaksi yang dilakukan pada titrasi asam-basa
menggunakan indikator ini adalah reaksi netralisasi asam dengan basa. Reaksi
netralisasi adalah suatu proses reaksi penetralan dua larutan (asam dan basa) di
mana jumlah larutan pertama akan sama dengan jumlah larutan kedua yang
dipakai atau diperlukan dan penetralan tersebut dapat ditentukan melalui adanya
suatu indikator. Sedangkan titrasi merupakan prosedur yang digunakan untuk
melakukan reaksi penetralan asam-basa di mana suatu larutan yang
konsentrasinya diketahui secara pasti (larutan standar) ditambahkan secara
bertahap ke larutan lain yang konsentrasinya tidak diketahui, sampai reaksi kimia
antara kedua larutan tersebut berlangsung sempurna.
Pada titrasi ketika pH menjadi netral yaitu 7 disebut sebagai titik ekivalen.
Titik ekivalen adalah titik dalam titrasi di mana jumlah basa yang ditambahkan
sama dengan jumlah asam awal yang ada. Titik ekivalen adalah keadaan dimana
larutan memiliki pH 7 dan konsentrasi antara asam dan basa seimbang. Volume
basa yang ditambahkan sampai dengan titik akhir disebut volume ekivalen.
Sedangkan titik akhir titrasi adalah titik ketika volume yang diukur secara
eksperimen di mana indikator berubah warna sehingga larutan akan bersifat basa.
Pada percobaan ini bahan yang digunakan adalah NaOH yang bersifat basa
kuat dengan larutan HCl yang bersifat asam kuat. Pertama-tama yang kita lakukan
adalah terdapat HCl 0,1 M, sehingga pHnya sama dengan 1. Kemudian, 1 mL
larutan NaOH secara hati-hati ditambahkan dari buret ke dalam larutan HCl 0,1 M
tadi sehingga kedua senyawa tersebut bereaksi dan menetralisasi dengan sejumlah
yang sama dengan jumlah HCl yang ada sejak awal mereduksi dan menghasilkan
pH=1. Penambahan 1 mL NaOH belum bisa membuat larutan mejadi berwarna.
Hal ini dikarenakan larutan tersebut masih bersifat asam, karena indikator pp akan
bening bila larutan bersifat asam dan berwarna merah bila larutan basa.
Kemudian kita melanjutkan proses titrasi, pada saat melakukan titrasi terjadi
perubahan warna pada larutan dari bening menjadi merah muda hal ini
menunjukkan larutan telah mencapai titi ekivalen dengan pH = 7. Larutan
kemudian ditambahkan lagi 1 mL NaOH setelah larutan tersebut mecapai titik
ekuivalen. Penambahan tersebut membuat larutan semakin berwarna merah
tua.Hal ini menandakan bahwa larutan telah melewati titik ekuivalen dan berada
pada titik akhir titrasi. Dimana titik akhir titrasi adalah keadaan dimana proses
titrasi dihentikan. Setelah itu, titrasi diulangi sebanyak 3 kali. Tujuan dari
pengulangan titrasi tersebut untuk memperoleh data pH yang lebih akurat.
pH yang diperoleh dari larutan HCl sebelum penambahan larutan NaOH
adalah 1, pH ini hampir mendekati dengan nilai pH secara teoritis yaitu 1,
Kemudian setelah semua nilai pH didapatkan, dibuat kurva (grafik) yang memuat
hubungan antara volume NaOH dan pH NaOH setiap keadaan. Pada kurva titrasi
pertama, pH larutan saat penambahan 1 mL NaOH adalah 1, dimana pH ini telah
mendekati nilai secara teoritis yaitu 1,14, Kemudian pH setelah larutan mencapai
titik ekuivalen adalah 7, dimana nilai ini sama dengan pH pada saat titik ekuivalen
secara teori yaitu 7, dan pH setelah larutan setelah ditetesi atau ditambahkan lagi
larutan NaOH sebanyak 1 mL adalah 12, dimana nilai pH ini sudah mendekati
nilai secara teoritis yaitu 12,1. Kemudian pada kurva titrasi kedua, pH larutan
setelah penambahan 1 mL NaOH adalah 1, dimana nilai pH ini sama mendekati
nilai pH secara teoritis yaitu 1,14. Kemudian pH setelah larutan mencapai titik
ekuivalen adalah 6 , dimana nilai ini kurang dari nilai pH pada saat titik ekuivalen
secara teori yaitu 7, dan pH larutan saat mencapai titik akhir titrasi adalah 12,
dimana nilai ini cukup mendekati nilai pH secara teoritis yaitu 12,1.Dan pada
kurva titrasi ketiga, pH larutan setelah penambahan 1 mL NaOH adalah 1, dimana
pH ini cukup mendekati nilai pH secara teoritis yaitu 1,14.PH larutan pada saat
berada pada titik ekuivalen yaitu 6, dimana nilai ini kurang dari nilai pH pada saat
titik ekuivalen secara teori yaitu 7. Dan pH larutan pada titik akhir titrasi adalah
12, di mana pH ini mendekati pula nilai pH secara teoritis yaitu 12,1.
Perbedaan perolehan besar pH secara teori dengan pH yang diperoleh dari
proses titrasi bisa disebabkan oleh penambahan NaOH yang tidak stabil,
maksudnya adalah tetesan NaOH yang keluar dari dalam buret tidak jatuh atau
tidak menetes dengan volume konstan ke dalam larutan HCl .
J. Conclusion
Based on the results of experiments that have been done regarding the
neutralization of acid base, then it can be inferred that in activities of the titration
using indicators for a strong acid and a strong base is phenolftalein which will
change color to pink around the point of the titration or neutral equivalent i.e. pH
= 7. And this shows the reactions between substances that are analyzed in other
words, a factor that is becoming a benchmark (indicator) of the nature of the
neutral or the achievement point equivalents in aqueous solution titration
indicators it used i.e. phenolftalein (pp).
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chang, Raymond. 2010. Chemistry Edisi Kesepuluh Jilid 1. New York : McGraw-
Hill.
Cox, P.A. 2004. Inorganic Chemistry. London and New York: BIOS Scientific
Publishers.
Jespersen, Neil D., James E. Brady, dan Alison Hyslop. 2012. Chemistry The
Molecular Nature Of Matter. New York.
Moore, John T., dan Richard H. Langley. 2007. Chemistry for the Utterly
Confused. Amerika : McGraw-Hill.
Timberlake, Karen C. 2012. Chemistry An Introduction to General, Organic, and
Biological Chemistry.Edisi kesebelas. New York: Prentice Hall.
 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. What is the mother solution ?

Answer :
The mother solution can be interpreted as the solution used to dilute
solution of greater concentration.

2. To dilute the acid sulfate concentrations, should not be added to the water to
sulfuric acid. Explain why so ?
Answer :
Because when acid sulfate is reacted with water will arise around the scene
of the reaction heat.

3. As much as 0,04 grams solid NaOH is dissolved in aquades until the volume
of 1 l. If the density of the solution is considered the same as massajenis
water, NaOH concentration stated in (a) the percent of mass, (b) parts per
million (CPM), and (c) the molar ?
Answer :
0,04
a. The percent of mass = 1000 × 100% = 0,004%
0,04
b. Parts per million (CPM) 1000 × 106 = 40 𝑏𝑝𝑗
0,04
c. The mol = 40
= 0,001 𝑚𝑜𝑙
0,001 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀= 1𝐿
𝑀 = 0,001 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟
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