GROUP 1:
to one another.
OOBLECK
I. Objectives
 To determine non-Newtonian fluids and
its uses.
 To create fun and satisfying science
hacks at home.
II. Summary
 Oobleck is one of the non-Newtonian
fluids.
 It is a suspension, or a substance that
can mimic the qualities of a solid or a
liquid.
 Applying pressure to the mixture
increases its viscosity making it look as
a solid, while moving slowly gives the
cornstarch particles to move out of the
way which shows a liquid effect in the
mixture.
NAIL MAGNET
I. Objectives
To determine the existence of
electromagnets.
II. Summary
1. Most magnets, like the ones on many
refrigerators, cannot be turned off, they
are called permanent magnets.
2. Magnets that can be turned on and off,
are called ELECTROMAGNETS. They
run on electricity and are only magnetic
when the electricity is flowing.
3. The electricity flowing through the wire
arranges the molecules in the nail so
that they are attracted to certain metals.
FLOATING PAPER CLIP
I. Objectives
 Identifying a property of liquid called
surface tension.
II. Summary
 We all know that paper clip is denser
than water thus paper clip sinks.
Water is made up of molecules.
Water molecules hold on very tightly
 The attraction of molecules toward
one another at the surface of the
water creates a sort of ‘skin’ that
allows the paper clip to float. This is
called Surface tension.
 When you added the liquid soap,
the bonds between the water
molecules were broken. It is
because dishwashing liquid soap is
a surfactant, a substance that has
ability to reduce the surface tension
resulting on the sinking of paper clip.
GROUP 2:
LIGHT REFRACTION
Objective: To learn about the refraction of light.
Explanation:
We learned that refraction occurs because
light bends when it passes through substances,
such as water and plastic.
As the light travels through a substance, it
becomes concentrated into a focal point, usually
near the center. After light passes through the focal
point, the rays cross over each other and causes
images to appear reversed.
LAVA LAMP
Objective:
• To know the density level of water and oil.
• To know the chemical reaction between
water and aspirin.
Explanation:
• When you pour the oil into the glass you
should see it does not mix with the water, it
forms a separate clear layer on top.
• This occurs for two reasons: First, the oil
and water have different densities – the oil
 is lighter, so it stays on top. Second, the
water (and food coloring) molecules are
polar, so they are strongly attracted to one
another.
• The oil molecules are not polar, so they
don’t mix with the water or the food coloring.
This is why you’ll get the same result no
matter what order you pour substances into
the glass – the water and food coloring will
always sink to the bottom instead of mixing
with the oil.
• When you drop the aspirin into the glass, it
sinks to the bottom. It sinks straight through
the oil without any chemical reactions
occurring. When it touches the water,
however, a chemical reaction occurs that
releases carbon dioxide gas bubbles. These
bubbles are less dense than the water or
the oil, so they float to the top – but they
stick to the water a bit, dragging some
water droplets up toward the surface with
them. When they reach the surface, the gas
bubbles pop and the water droplets sink
back to the bottom – creating a lava lamp
effect.
•
NAKED EGG
Explanation:
The bubbles we saw forming on the shell
are carbon dioxide (𝐶𝑂2 ). The vinegar is an
acid called acetic acid (𝐶𝐻3COOH), and
white vinegar from the grocery store is
usually about 4% acetic acid and 96%
water. Eggshells are made up of calcium
carbonate (Ca𝐶𝑂3 ). The acetic acid in the
vinegar reacts with the calcium carbonate in
the eggshell to make calcium acetate plus
water and carbon dioxide that we see as
bubbles on the surface of the shell.
The chemical reaction looks like this …
Acetic acid + Calcium carbonate = Calcium
Acetate + Water + Carbon dioxide
GROUP 3:
SMOKING FINGERS
Explanation:
It's commonly believed the smoke is
vaporized white phosphorus. Here's how it works:
Phosphorus is a chemical element that can
take several forms called allotropes. The type of
phosphorus in the striker of match boxes is red
phosphorus. When you burn the striker, the
phosphorus is vaporized and condenses into a
solid onto the metal surface. This is white
phosphorus. The element has not changed identify,
just the structural arrangement of the atoms.
Rubbing your fingers together produces enough
heat from friction to vaporize the phosphorus into
what appears to be a smoke.
AVOIDING PEPPER
Explanation:
Why the pepper shoots to the sides when soap
touches the water?
It’s because soap can breakdown
the surface tension of the water. As the soap
moves into the water, and the surface tension
changes, the pepper no longer floats on top. But
the water molecules still want to keep the surface
tension going, so they pull back away from the
soap, and carry the pepper with them.
RISING WATER
Explanation:
Air is made up of tons of molecules that re
always bumping into each other. The temperature
of the air changes the speed of the movement.
Warmer air moves more quickly than colder air.
When the glass is lowered over the candle, the air
begins to warm up. The molecules moved more
quickly and many of them escaped making the air
less dense. When the glass covered the candle, the
candle burned up all the oxygen and went out.
Since the density of the air inside the glass was
now less dense, the air on the outside pushed on
the glass, the force caused the water to rise in and
upwards in the glass.
FLOATING EGG
Explanation:
 The egg will sink in regular tap water
because the density of the water is less than the
density of the egg itself. Adding salt to the water
increases its density making it denser than the egg.
Therefore, the egg will float in the saltwater.
GROUP 4:
WALKING WATER
Explanation:
With the help of string the water from the container
is being transferred into another empty one. String
serve as a medium to carry water and dispose to
different container.
Water has some special properties, making
it a unique substance. It has both strong “cohesive”
and “adhesive” properties. What this means is that
water can stick to itself (cohesion) and other things
(adhesion). This goes down to the molecular level
in how a water molecule looks: it has two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom. These atoms end up
having positive and negative charges, which cause
them to stick to one another.
Therefore, you see raindrops clump
together on your windshield when it rains, why
water makes nearly spherical drops, and why it
makes a stream of water as it flows down the string
in this experiment!
At first, you soak the string in the water, and
the water adheres to it. Even though water may
drop out of it, it is still soaked in there. That is
adhesion. When you pour water along it, you notice
the water clings to other water molecules attached
to the string, and you see it form a little stream
underneath the string. That is cohesion!
RAINING BLOOD
Result:
The mixture of oil and food dye floats after it
pours into the jar of water. Then afterwards the
science happens.The water-based drop remains
intact until it sinks through the oil and contacts the
water, at which point the color at last disperses.
The oil remains separate from the water.
Explanation:
The molecules of water can't mix with the
molecules of oil. Even if you try to shake up a bottle
of half-oil and half-water, the oil just breaks up into
smaller droplets, but it doesn't truly mix with the
water, because oil lacks polarity and floats because
it’s less dense. Also, food coloring only mixes with
water. It does not color the oil at all. If you see
coloring in the oil, those are tiny droplets of water
trapped in the oil.
Oil has a less density than water, but food coloring
has a same amount of density as water.
So, if you put food coloring and oil, the mixture will
have greater density than water. At first, when it
pours into the jar of water the oil and dye remain
intact because the mixture is not proportioned.
There is more substance of oil than the dye that's
why it floats at first. Then afterwards the droplets of
dye go down out of being suspended in oil
substance and it mixed with the water resulting to
the oil to remain separate and floats above the
water.
COLOR CHANGING MILK EXPERIMENT
Result:
The first time you touch the food coloring with
detergent, the color should zoom to the edge of the
plate. When you hold the cotton swab down longer,
the color should swirl up from the bottom of the
plate. When you touch the food coloring at the edge
of the plate, the color should move around, mix,
and make cool designs.
When the liquid dishwashing soap is added to milk
with drops of food coloring on the surface, the soap
reduces the surface tension of the milk and reacts
with the fat. This interaction causes the fat particles
in the milk to move and create swirls of color
ORANGE! SINK OR FLOAT?
Explanation:
The first time we put the orange in the bowl of
water it probably floated at the surface and after
with another try when the rind from the orange is
being removed the orange sunk to the bottom.
The rind of an orange is full of tiny air pockets
which help give it a lower density than water,
making it float to the surface. Removing the rind
(and all the air pockets) from the orange increases
its density higher than that of water, making it sink.
GROUP 7: THE CHEMISTRY OF THE
ATMOSPHERE
The early atmosphere was mainly formed of
carbon dioxide, with small amounts of water
vapour, methane and ammonia (and possible
nitrogen), and little to no oxygen. This is similar to
the atmospheres of Mars and Venus. Volcanoes
released carbon dioxide, water vapour and nitrogen
gas into the early atmosphere. The water vapour
then condenses to form the ocean. So basically,
the atmosphere is mainly made up of carbon
dioxide.
Gases In The Early Atmosphere That Came
From Volcanoes
HOW OXYGEN INCREASED?
- Bacteria, algae and plants evolved which
could harness the energy of the sun by
carrying out a chemical reaction called
photosynthesis.
- They made their own energy using
photosynthesis caused oxygen to be
released; this oxygen caused the
atmosphere to become richer and richer in
oxygen.
How carbon dioxide decreased?
- Algae and plants decreased the
percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by
photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide was also
decreased by the formation of sedimentary rocks
and fossil fuels that contain carbon.
Carbon dioxide and methane as
greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere maintain temperatures on Earth high
enough to support life. Water vapour, carbon
dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases.
Some gases in the Earth’s
atmosphere absorb infrared radiation. One of these
is carbon dioxide. Even though carbon dioxide is
only about 0.04 per cent of the atmosphere, it is a
very important greenhouse gas because it absorbs
infrared well.
Climate changes
Evidence is collected by:
- Weather recordings
- Ice cortes
- Rocks and fossils
- Analysis of pollen and trees
 For the 10,000 years our climate has averaged this are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and
about 14 degrees Celsius globally. However, in the methane.
last 100 years, the graph above shows, our climate –Greenhouse Gases
has started to change rapidly. 4. This shields us from UV radiation, but
• Increase in temperatures have been ground-level ozone is a major pollutant. It’s
recorded on land and in the oceans. formed from other pollutants in the presence
of sunlight.
• Change to the rainfall pattern have –Ozone Layer
been observed
5. For how many years does our climate has
• The lengths of seasons are an average about 14-degree Celsius
changing globally?
-10,000 years
The Carbon Footprint And Its Reduction
6. They decrease the percentage of carbon
The carbon footprint is the total amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by
dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted over photosynthesis.
the full life cycle of a product, service or event. –Algae and Plants
The carbon footprint can be reduced by 7. Was mainly formed of carbon dioxide, with
reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and methane. small amounts of water vapour, methane
and ammonia (and possible nitrogen), and
little to no oxygen.
Common atmospheric pollutants -The Early Atmosphere
and their sources 8. These gases can cause respiratory
problems in human and causes acid rain.
The gases released into the atmosphere when a
–Sulfur dioxide and oxide of nitrogen
fuel is burned may include carbon dioxide, water
9. Was decreased by the formation of
vapour, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and
oxides of nitrogen. Solid particles and unburned sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels.
hydrocarbons may also be released that form –Carbon dioxide
particulates in the atmosphere. 10. Only about how many percent is carbon
dioxide in our atmosphere? -0.04 percent
• Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas. It is
colourless and odourless and so is not
easily detected.
• Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
cause respiratory problems in humans and
cause acid rain.
• Particulates cause global dimming and
health problems for humans
QUESTIONS:
1. It is a toxic gas. It is colorless and odorless
and so is not easily detected.
–Carbon Monoxide
2. Is the total amount of carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases emitted over the
full life cycle of a product, service or event
–Carbon Footprint
3. This maintains the temperatures on Earth
high enough to support life. An example of