U N D E R S TA N D I N G C U LT U R E ,

Exceptionality - some people are excluded from

SOCIETY, AND POLITICS (1S1Q) a certain rule

In terms of existence, the first thing you do with Non-Exceptionality

something you are unfamiliar with is:
• “universality”

LABEL/NAME IT • What applies to one applies to all

————————————————————

Religion
ROOTS / SOURCES OF THIS SUBJECT

• set of organized beliefs about a certain being/s

• Atheism contrasts religion

Sociology
• Keyword: SOCIETIES
Ethnicity - tackles culture propagated by
• Societies in general
indigenous people

• The science or study of the origin,

development of human societies
Gender - social construct that categorizes people
based on sexual aspects

Anthropology
• Anthropos - man
Socioeconomic class - hierarchy in society
• Logos - study
based on one’s assets and financial level.

• Keyword: CULTURE
—————————————————————

• Explain and analyze human cultural similarities

and differences
CULTURE
• Assess the cultural development of species as
revealed in the archaeological record
• (Edward Tylor, 1871) that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals,
• Analyze the biological evolution of the human custom, and any other capabilities and habits
species as evidenced in the fossil record
acquired by man as a member of society.

• Explain human biological diversity today

• A powerful agent that shapes the decisions and

actions of humans

Political Science
• Is learned and shared

• Keyword: POLITICS
• Ranges from food to actions or behavior

• practice and theory of politics

• Conformity vs Defiance
• The systematic study of the state and
government
• Conformity - whether alam mo or hindi
sumusunod ka pa rin

————————————————————

• ‘di lahat ng nalalabag may parusa; yung

mabibigat lang meron

FACTORS THAT SHAPE HUMAN BEHAVIOR

• Byproduct of the attempt of humans to survive

to their environment and to compensate for their
Environment biological characteristics and limitations

• Eskimos of Alaska vs. Maasai warrior of Kenya -

stark difference in their types of clothing which
are highly functional for the type of climate and
environment that they live in

• Etiquette - command of culture towards us

History
• “divide and rule” policy by Spaniards being the
culprit for the Filipinos’ regionalist behavior

————————————————————

Nationality - citizenship granted to someone

based on the rules of a certain country

Nation - general collective culture

Countries - have clear territorial boundary

MANIFESTATIONS OF CULTURE
Culture Relativism

• the belief that the culture in which we are

Material Culture
raised determines who we are at emotional
• Tangible and visible culture
and behavioral level

• e.g.) clothes, food, and buildings • It contrasts with genetic determinism, the
theory that biologically inherited traits and the
Non-material / Immaterial Culture
environmental influences that affect those
• Intangible culture
traits dominate who we are.

• e.g.) values, ideas, and knowledge ——————————————————————

——————————————————————
When does one apply change to culture?
Manunggul Jars • Kapag ikaw na mismo yung nasasaktan

• Pro colonial Philippine culture

• Death
Cultural Relativism

• Sundo and namatay na tao

• culture is relative

• Bone and ashes (inside)

• “secondary burial”
Principles

——————————————————————
• Are never to be broken

• way of living

TYPES OF CULTURE

Integrity - quality of being honest

High Culture
• Linked with elite, upper class society, thus Dignity - quality of being worthy of honor/respect

families and individuals with an ascribed status

or position
Values - these are certain values that are universal

• Associated with arts such as opera, ballet and ——————————————————————

classical music, sports such as polo and

lacrosse, and leisure pursuits such as hunting Ethnocentrism

and shooting.
• My culture is better than yours

• Is clearly associated with a small elite in society, • May maling pananaw

who it is argued operate a system.

• e.g.) Filipino hospitality

Low Culture Xenocentrism

• Can be identified by the setting and attire

• Your culture is better than mine

• e.g.) street musician • iPhone > MyPhone

——————————————————————

Subculture
• Engaged by a small group within society. In this Politics

sense it is a minority part of majority culture.

• Interaction of the government with its people

• Distinct norms and values which make them • As a theory - you use them to know how to
sub-section of society
govern different people

• e.g.) Kesha, Lady Gaga • As an art - although may rules, nanjan yung
passion mo for serving people
Popular Culture
• As a practice - when rules are given, it becomes
useless when it is not utilized.

• Anything that is considered / aligned with

“trendy”
——————————————————————

• Dapat kasama sa bandwagon

• Puro Hiram
ELEMENTS OF A STATE
• Si “classic” hindi nawawala sa kanya
• Territory

——————————————————————
• Sovereignity

• People

• Government

Territory - covers the exact limit of the state’s

power

Nationality
TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION

• Concept under people

• The identity that is being tied to being part of a Enculturation

country
• process of learning your own culture
• Group of people who share the same history, • As you interact with your immediate family and
traditions, and language, and who inhabits a peers, you learn the values and accepted
particular territory delineated by a political behaviors in your society.

behavior controlled by a government.

• Jus Soli (by blood)

Acculturation (foreign + modification)
• Jus Sanguinis (by blood)
• Learning another culture other than one’s own

• Jus Matrimonii (by marriage; in favor for male)

• e.g.) halo-halo - di siya sapat na beans lang;
——————————————————————
lagyan mo ng ice cream and etc. para masatisfy
yung gusto natin
Is it possible for one’s citizenship to be removed?
• Due to constant interaction between societies,
• If he/she was a traitor to his/her own nation.
culture can be modified to accommodate
——————————————————————
desirable traits from other cultures

Ethnic Groups Deculturation (older culture VS younger: local)

• Smaller cultural groups that share specific • Culture of older generation comes into conflict
environments, traditions and histories that are with the needs and realities of the younger
not necessarily subscribed to the mainstream generation

culture.
• The reason for culture has been lost and even
• Is a human population whose members identify the trait is in the process of being forgotten

with each other, usually on the basis of a

presumed common genealogy or ancestry.
*Innovation

• May be in the form of new scientific

Sovereignty
knowledge, new beliefs, and additional
• The capacity of a political system to make home inventions

independent decisions within its territory

• Merong benefits palagi

• All countries possess two kinds of sovereignty; • Can revolutionize how populations behave I
when it lacks one, sovereignty is incomplete
response to their environment

• Internal sovereignty - capacity of a political

system to implement laws inside its territory
Assimilation
• External sovereignty • Foreign culture + 100% replacement of local
- Independence from other sovereign
culture

- Recognition of that system’s existence and • Gradual process of change

authority by other actors and systems

——————————————————————

——————————————————————

Diffusion
• Process of transferring traits and concepts

TYPES OF GOVERNMENT (last page)

• e.g.) moro-moro, zarzuela, siestas, fiestas,
——————————————————————
subjects of artworks, and literature were
centered on religion, different architecture
Gender expression designs were introduced, surname usage
• How you act
• Material culture is easily diffused than non-
• Clothes choice
material culture

Sexual orientation • Technological innovations are much easier to

absorb than new ideologies

• Kung san ka naaattract

——————————————————————

Culture Shock

SOCIALIZATION - interacting with members of • Unpleasant or disoriented feeling one

experiences when he goes to a new
society to learn your own culture.

environment.

• An individual may experience culture shock in

his/her own country (e.g. ruralist / probinsyano When a person did not get enculturated/
Society
socialized, there is a possibility that his/her
• Organized groups of people who generally share behavior would resemble that of an ANIMAL
a common territory, language, and who act
together for collective survival and well-being
Feral - wild, uncultured, uncivilized, beastly,
• Key components: PEOPLE (capable of change)
animal-like

——————————————————————

What does it mean to be human?

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
• The idea of learning from your mistakes and
make up for it

Culture is EVERYTHING
• It’s what a person does, has, and think as part Culture is SHARED
of society

• Immersion - presence 24/7

• Set of behaviors, attitudes and beliefs that a
person possesses is part of our greater
• Implies all of a person’s belief system, set of collection of values and ideas that is commonly
behaviors, and material possessions

owned and practiced by members of society

BUGTONG RIDDLE • Culture is shared intergenerationally

• Culture is transmitted through LANGUAGE (oral,

Many answers One answer written, symbolic) and through
MANIFESTATIONS (action, behavior, body
Different taludtod in each Same taludtod in each
line line language)

Culture AFFECTS BIOLOGY

Culture is LEARNED • You add something to your biology for you to be
• Not instinctive nor a part of biological accepted by culture

equipment of man
• Humans are born into CULTURAL TRAITS

• Culture is acquired through SENSES + • e.g.) foot binding, lip plates, neck rings,
EXPERIENCES
pagbabatok

Key Processes to Learning Culture

Culture IS ADAPTIVE
• Socialization

• A tool for survival that human use in response to

• Enculturation
the pressures of their environment

• Deculturation

• parasols, paraguas,

• Assimilation

• igloos, tupiqs

• Healing rituals

Some Agents of Socialization

• Culture of extended families - offers mutual

• Religion
support

• Family

• Peers
Culture IS MALADAPTIVE
• School
• Can cause problems for people who subscribe
• Mass media
to it

• “car culture” - traffic!

• Unhealthy standards of beauty

• Painful and dangerous practices (e.g. female

Culture
Culture
Culture
genital mutilation & Sati System in India)
Of
Of
Of

Parents’
Individual Interacting
Culture CHANGES
Society Society • Never static

• Its dynamism is due to the changing needs of

humans as they interpret and survive in the
environment

* Culture of Interacting Society WINS in terms of • Continuously reinvented by people

the CONTEXT OF TIME

• Makata (aspect) vs Spoken Word

• The word “Pilosopo”

ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
Proscriptive

• Wrongdoings

I. Values • e.g.) don’t talk back to elders

• A basic set of these make up the essential part
of a culture, providing directions on what is CATEGORIES OF NORMS

good or bad and right and wrong

• Negativity or anything associated with it (e.g. Folkways

paggiging maramot) cannot be a value

• customs, repetitive patterns of expected
• “desiderata”
behaviors

• Where morality comes from

• e.g.) pumila ng maayos, wearing the right attire
• e.g.) filipino resiliency & optimism, Bayanihan pag kukunin ang PSA (alangan namang
Spirit, and Filipino Hospitality nakapambahay ka), table manners
• Pag mas malalim ang pinanghuhugutan ng
value, masmahirap ito iportray as something Mores

that is true (e.g. faith)

• More strict than folkways

• Determine what is considered moral and ethical

II. Beliefs behavior

• S o c i e t y ’s b e l i e f s c o m p o s e d o f f a b l e s , • Always positive; may values

superstitions, proverbs, myths, follklore, • OSTRACISM is one that violates this category of
theology, philosophy, art & science are norm

influenced by the members’ attitudes, emotions • e.g.) other violations include: forms of
and values
discrimination and oppression like racism

III. Norms
Taboo (puro proscriptive)
• Unquestionable standards of what society • Very strong negative norm

considers as good and prosper for social • Prohibition of certain behavior that is so strict

behavior
• Violating results in extreme disgust and even
• Standard / pattern especially of social behavior expulsion from the group/society

that is typical or expected of a person / grp.

• “persona non grata” - WALANG UTANG NA
• Has the power to render you SPEECHLESS if LOOB

ever you violate one of its types

• e.g.) incest, cannibalism
• If severe, it may extend to — tatanggalan ka ng
rights or even your LIFE

Taboos around the world

• Considered by society — not always necessarily • Russia - Giving an even no. of flowers; for the
correct

dead only

• Indonesia - have your head higher than an elder

1st norm of Social status: You cannot directly talk person

to someone above you in terms of POWER

• Singapore - chewing gum; improper disposal

• Chinese women will avoid certain cold food a

Other examples of Norm Violations
month before birth

• Walk around the mall with an open umbrella • Jewish dietary laws

• Talking to yourself in public

• Saying goodbye when answering the phone Laws
• Eating soup with a fork • formalized norms sanctioned by the table

• Making noise inside the classroom • Formally inscribed at the state or government
• Smoking in class level and is enforced by police or other gov.
Agents

TYPES OF NORMS
• TYPES: Written & Unwritten
• Constitution - highest form

Prescriptive
• When violated, a state authority will impose a
• “eto yung dapat gawin” — right, legal, ethical, sanction

good
• Only written category of norms

• e.g.) respect the elders

IV. Language Structural Functionalism
• Central feature of all humans
• The function is always the first consideration

• “Bakit ang wika ay diwa at kaluluwa ng isang • Next is structure

bayan?”
• Criticism: MISUSE OF FUNCTION — pedestrian
ginagawang stopping point ng mga sasakyan
V. Material Culture • Argues — society must be understood as a
• Physical objects made by man
whole comprising interrelated parts, which in
• e.g.) cellphone turn perform various funtions
• If the structure is obsolete, the structure should
VI. Technology
not exist

• Synonymous to “applied knowledge”

• Can only be destroyed if the sources are lost

Marxism
• e.g.) GMO
——————————————————————
• “Conflict Theory”

• Ang tao hindi nagmomove hangga’t ‘di

nasasaktan

PERSPECTIVES TOWARD CULTURE

• Society needs conflicts to move on

• Conflict - binds each member of society

Symbolic Interactionism
• Deals with the role of class conflicts and
• There must be communication in society

contradictedness
• Symbol - what we use to represent a certain
something
• Focuses on the conflicted and ever-changing
nature of society

• Makes use of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (the

language they use affects their perspective in • Conflicts - is formed due to unequal footing,
values, and agendas

reality)
Temporocentrism
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis • Yung oras na kinabibilangan mo is superior sa
• Linguistic relativity hypothesis - refers to the ibang taong hindi kasama sa time mo

proposal that a particular language influences

• IMPORTANCE: One’s own time > past / future
how one thinks of reality

Culture Relativism
TRIANGLE OF MEANING

• Culture is either right or wrong

• Always start with the REFERENT (mental image)

• Cultural practice is neither good nor bad

• Then comes the symbol (the mere • Desirability depends upon their meaning

representation of something)

——————————————————————

FROM BIOLOGICAL TO CULTURAL EVOLUTION

Biological Evolution
• Changes modifications and variations in the
genetics and inherited traits of populations from
one generation to another

• Changes in shape, size of certain physiological

built

Cultural Evolution
• “sociocultural evolution”

• Changes or development of the way of life or

patterned way of living

• From simple to complex

May broken line kasi the REFERENT can NEVER • e.g.) building a house
be the SYMBOL

 • Motor control

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

• Species are not immutable; they change to Parietal Lobe
adapt the surrounding circumstance
• Touch + pressure

• Evolution happens the natural selection

• Taste

• Natural selection • Body awareness

- Outcome of the processes that affect the

frequency of traits
Temporal Lobe
- Tr a i t s t h a t e n h a n c e s u r v i v a l a n d • Hearing

reproductive success overtime

• Facial recognition

Variation - degree of difference

Occipital Lobe
• Vision

Heritability
- degree of apparent trait variation related to Cerebellum

genetic variation
• Coordination

- e.g.) armpit hair > traits from parents (yun kasi

napasa e)
???
• Language

Differential Reproductive Stress - successful • Reading

reproductive rates

——————————————————————
* Due to brain size + ther complexity of its parts,
humans are able to create survival skills that can
ORIGIN OF HUMANS IN DARWINIAN CONCEPT
help them adapt to their environment.

Hominids OUR SPEAKING CAPACITY

• General term of the group of early humans and • Brain - primary source of human’s capacity to
other humanlike creatures that can walk erect
comprehend sound + provide meaning to it

• 4 types based on artifacts age and fossils:

• Vocal tract - mechanism by which sounds are
- Sabelanthropus
transmitted ideas and values

- Australopethicus
• Longer vocal tract = longer sound vibrations =
- Anlipithecus
wider array of sounds

- Homo
• Human togue - more flexible allowing for more
control in making sounds

Homo Habilis - handyman

• Asphyxiation - the state or process of being
Homo Erectus - upright man
deprived of oxygen which can result to
Homo Neanderthalensis - brute man
unconsciousness or death

Homo sapiens - Wise man

• Development of Language - was pegged 500K
Homo sapiens sapiens - modern man
years ago

Biological Capacity for Culture

Dan Dediu
• There is a need to examine human anatomy in
order to understand culture
• Origin of language

• As far as 500K years ago based on the

• How culture became possible by understanding discovery of bone fragment from Homo
our biological make up

——————————————————————
Heidelbergensis
HUMAN CAPACITIES

Hyoid Bone
OUR THINKING CAPACITY • one fragment from Homo Heidelbergensis
• Brain - component of humans that allowed • Crucial for speaking

culture
• Supports the root of the tongue (Hogenboom,
2013)

Frontal Lobe
• Concentration, planning, problem solving
OUR GRIPPING CAPACITY
• Speech
• Capacity to oppose thumb with other fingers
• Smell
(exclusive for humans)

• Human hands have straight fingers

• Application of heat on the material prior to the
• GRIP TYPES
flaking process

Power Grip (O’Neil, 2012) - humans improved their food

• Enabled humans to wrap thumb + fingers gathering skills using hammering, digging, and
around objects
chopping implements

• Became the cornerstone of our capacity to hold

tools firmly for hunting
Levalloisian Technique - developed by Homo
Neanderthalensis

Precision Grip
• Enabled us to hold and pick objects steadily via Stone Tool Development
fingers
• The tools are different terms of size, shape, and
• Crucial for tool making activities
sharp sides

• This grip conserves energy

Why stone tools are developing?

OUR WALKING/STANDING CAPACITY • Efficient use of time to hunt

• Primary consideration: ENERGY • Maraming pwedeng mahunt

CONSERVATION
• Differences are primarily due to shifting needs of
usersd who were adapting to their environment
>> Two Forms of Locomotion
as they address their need for food and security.

• Stone stools are pieces of evidence of the

Quadrupedalism development of tradition as one efficient trait is
• All four legs
passed on to the next generation or group of
• Faster
species.

• More energy

• Modern chimpanzees - practicing knuckle * As our ancestors evolved biologically in

walking
response to their environment, they have also
• More exposed to heat on the back (more effort developed cultural technologies that aided them
of the body in homeostasis)
to efficiently obtain food and deter predators

Bipedalism Cultural Technologies - essentially technologies

• Capacity to stand/walk on 2 feet
summoned by culture

• Less energy
——————————————————————

• Less heat

• Homo sapiens (modern man)

Paleolithic
• Palaios (old) + lithos (stone)

• Humans became more productive

• Humans gained a more efficient from of Neolithic

locomotion (bipedalism) suitable for hunting and • Neo (new) + Lithos (stone)

gathering

Paleolithic Neolithic
Toolmaking
Food hunting, gathering farming, domestic animals
• Started 2.6M years ago

• Crudest method may have been practiced by

earlier Australopithecines ( A. Africanus & Dwellings caves, nomads Permanent villages, stone
afarensis)
house
• Use of wood as digging sticks or even crude

Technologies digging, spears, axes, Stone tools, polished ax

Percussion Flaking spoken language heads, arrowheads,
weaving cloth, calendar,
• Clashing two stones to produce sharp debris wheel
(flakes)

• Core stone (more malleable)

• Developed by HOMO HABILIS

Religion + Art Cave paintings, religious jewelry, buried dead in
• Created hard axes that were bifacial, shaped in statues, belief in afterlife earthen tombs
both sides, and with straighter + sharper edges

 Characteristics PALEO NEO Theories on How to Create A STATE

- Since there are civilizations, they have to make
Substinence Hunting + Agriculture a state

gathering - If there are more people, mas maraming vectors

ang dapat icontrol

Leadership Not rigid Semi rigid; - To control those vectors, you have to impose
based on LAWS

legitimacy
(religious) Divine Right Theory
• Ruled by a monarch

TWO PERSPECTIVES ON THE IMPACT OF • The one na merong basbas sa from a

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
supernatural being (may be a god, diwata, or
1. Systematic food production has provided food spirit) has the right to rule

surplus

2. Negative impacts: social division, high 2 uri ng basbas

population density, gender inequality

- Sign from heaven (e.g. King Arthur +
sword)

* shift in food production demanded a more rigid

- Possessing the blood of a deity (e.g.
social structure
pharaohs)

* The need to create a more cohesive society

• Criticism: lumalaki yung ulo mo. What more if
you possess the blood of a deity. (e.g. Louis XIV)

CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

• Developed and highly advanced cities

• Well defined city centers

Force Theory
• Complex and systematic institutions
• In order to rule, you use aggression, war,
• O rg a n i z e d a n d c e n t r a l i z e d s y s t e m s o f conquest, or subjugation

government
• e.g. Marcos and Martial Law, Hitler

• Formalized + complex form of religion

• Job specialization - Master of One rather than Paternalistic Theory

being the Jack of All Trades
• Comes from the notion that all particular
• Development of classes
members of a state are a part of a one big
• Implementation of large scale public works and family.

infrastructure
• Family grew into a clan > tribe > nation decided
• Sophisticated and detailed forms of art and to be a state
architecture
• Father - leader of the family is also the leader of
• Advanced technology
the state

Copperplate - sulatan natin dati

Social Class Sumer Egypt Indus Valley/ Shang

Harappan

Political leader and Priests and Pharaoh Brahmin King & Priest
highest social class royalty

Other social classes Wealthy gov. officials, Kshatriyas, Working Class

merchants, soldiers, scribes, Vaishyas, Sudra,
ordinary merchants, Pariah
workers craftsman,
peasants, slaves
Social Contract Theory Natural Theory
• Remember that it is a contract
• Humans have an innate need to be a part of a
• Contract — mutual agreement
community

• Each of the parties gives up something in order • Notion of reliance

to gain something else (Law of Equivalent • e.g.) carpenter ka and di ako marunong mah-
Exchange)
ayos gn upuan; babayaran nalang kita to do the
• A mutual agreement between the ruler and the job fro me.

ruled is struck on order to attain an organization

• Even though we can rely on each other, a guide
• “If I am the ruler, I will protect you and you will is still needed; a leader

follow my orders and provide a portion of your • A community needs to be ruled in order to have
resources to me in order to sustain my capacity ORDER

of protecting you”

Democracy

• Demos - people

• Kratos - rule

• Unang version is SEXIST + RACIST

Democracy vs Demagoguery

• Distinctive key phrase: EDUCATED VOTERS

• Democracy has ethos, pathos, logos

• Demagoguery only has pathos

Cleisthenes
• Suggested the usage of democracy as a
principle or a guide
• Made democracy a political ideology; the
primary consideration of every decision we
make is not what the people want

Thomas Hobbes

• Wrote a book (Leviathan - 1651) that tells us to

give absolute power to the government

Democracy before is too clouded. It made use of

• Leviathan - your leader in which Hobbes wants the ALEXANDRIAN METHOD in which they pick
us to give power to

the easiest solutions for the such difficult

• Criticism: If one is entrusted with absolute situations; women are not allowed to vote before
power, how are you certain that that individual because they are uneducated. The people had 2
will not abuse his/her power.
options: restrict women from voting or educate
them so that they can vote. They chose the first
In hopes of fixing the concept Hobbes, enter…

option because it is the easiest solution

formulated; the other option would consume too
John Locke

much time.

• Limited government
——————————————————————

• Two Treatises of Government (1689) - his book

that rejects Hobbe’s idea of an all powerful
CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE
government

• Involves only one element of culture: NORMS

• The government should only possess limited

power and scope so that it cannot destroy the
liberty of individuals.

• Bill of Rights - serves as a protection sa

pakikialam ng government sa isang tao

• Mas secure ang concept ni Locke compared

kay Hobbes

Conformity
• Adherence to the written and non-written rules Ritualism
of society
• Following rules; not accepting goals, hence it is like a
• Often met with rewards and acceptance from ritual.
other members of society
• e.g.) nagsisimba ka para di ka mapagalitan; baliwala
• Alam mo man o hindi, basta sumusunod ka
na yung goal which is mapalalim yung faith mo.

• Following proscriptive and prescriptive norms

• Also follows 4 categories of norms

Retreatism
• Reject goals + means

Deviance • e.g.) hermit — goal is to interact with others but

• A social construct
avoids them instead; pag may work ipapasa nalang
• Act of violating pre/proscribed norms
thru computer instead of personal

• Deviant - the violator; usually given more than

one punishment
Rebellion
• Often associated with stigmas
• New goals + new means

• Violation of folkways, mores, taboos

• e.g.) medicine: instead na pagalingin pasyente
gawing immune para di mo na pagalingin sa susunod

Stigmas

• A label; shows strong sense of disapproval on Institutionalized means

nonconformity behavior from the members of of
a society

Accept Reject
• Cannot be erased

• e.g.) okay lang na hindi ka matalino, gwapo ka

Accept
naman

Cultural Goals

• e.g.) sige ikaw na mauna matalino ka naman e

Conformity Innovation

• Crime / Felony - violation of a law

Reject

Ritualism Retreatism
Social Strain Theory
• by Robert K. Merton

• Deviance is the product of the strain that a person is New means

New goals
feeling

• Devised two criteria to know whether on will be a

deviant or not: Institutionalized means & cultural Rebellion
goals
• Cultural Goal - yung sinasabi ni society na desirable
————————————————————————

• Institutionalized means - acceptable ways of THEORIES ON DEVIANCE

acquiring goals
• Deviance - a product formed when cultural goals do Social Strain Theory
not fit institutionalized means

Social Control Theory

5 Kinds of Deviance

• Social bonds / relations are weak!

• We have norms to ensure others don’t get in harm’s

Conformity way. We consider following these because of a
• Why is it a kind of deviance —You cannot account fro strong bond with another individual

the terms, trust and acceptance

• Syempre pag malakas bond mo you care (ayaw
• Accept goals + means mong nasasaktan sila)

• Pag weak bonds, BALAKAJAN!

Innovation
• Pag malakas bond, di nila lalabagin yung rules na
• Accepted goals but rejected means
against sayo.

• e.g.) kuha ka sugar mommy para masustentuhan ka

• Pag mahina, pwede mong/nilang abusuhin yon,
hence you/they become a DEVIANT

 Negative Sanction
Rational Choice Theory • Positive punishment in operant conditioning

• You perceive a certain cost or benefit of such action

• Actions or statements that punish a particular
• Bigger costs — you don’t tend to violate
behavior

• Bigger benefits — tendency for violation

Formal Sanctions
Differential Association Theory • established

• “Birds of the same feather flock together”

• Punishment / reward by institutions

• Why a person becomes a deviant is because of the

people you associate with
Informal Sanctions
• e.g.) Pag conformist sila, you tend to be one too
• Rewards of forms spontaneously given by an
individual / group of people that was either
Labelling Theory accepted / disapproved; pwede rin people close to u.

• A certain something is not a deviant unless I label it

as a deviant
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• Labels are always NEGATIVE; essentially a STIGMA

TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

Conflict Theory De Facto VS De Jure

• There is a conflict in society

• 2 factors: authority + legitimacy

• Mayaman nakakasunod sa rules kasi may access sa • Legitimacy has a trait that authority doesn’t

pangangailangan
• De Facto - exercises authority; no legitimacy

• Mahirap — pag sinunod rules, yung ibang • De Jure - exercises legitimacy; no authority

pangangailangan hindi makukuha; will violate the

rules to attain what he needs >> becomes a Monarchy VS Tyranny

DEVIANT

Monarchy

Structural Functionalist Theory • Good leader

• Deviance goes to micro >> macro level

• Others first

• Micro level - deviance is a product of a role strain • Considers welfare of citizens

that and individual experiences due to the lack o

resources to cope with various demands
Tyranny

• Macro level - deviance is a product of the breakdown • Bad leader

of social norms which produces social • Self first

disorganization

• scenario: worker kulang pangsustento sa family kahit Oligarchy VS Aristocracy

na may multiple jobs (role strain); nagbenta ng drugs

tas naimpluwensiyahan yung ibang co-workers Oligarchy

hanggang sa dumami sila; naging organization of • Inherited

deviants (social disorganization)

• Bad

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Aristocracy

Key to defeating deviance — SOCIAL CONTROL • People who inherited power before still considers the
welfare of others

2 Elements of Social Control

• Internalization - think of the cost and benefits; POLITY VS DEMOCRACY (demagoguery)

consider the effects before taking action

• Polity - educated voters

• Sanctions - “consequences”; effect — good or bad

• Democracy - uneducated voters; easily swayed

Positive Sanctions Democracy

• Give a reward
• Presidential - 3 branches (legislative, executive,
• Actions or statements that reward a particular judiciary)

behavior
• Parliamentary - 2 branches (legislative, executive)
represented by PRIME MINISTER