CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Phonology is the study of the categorical organisation of speech sounds in languages;
how speech sounds are organised and used to convey meaning. Phonology is divided into
two: Phonetic Phonology and Phonemics Phonology.

A vowel is a particular kind of speech sound made by changing the shape of the upper
vocal tract, or the area in the mouth above the tongue. In English it is important to know
that there is a difference between a vowel sound and a letter in the alphabet. In English
there are five vowel letters in the alphabet, but there are many more vowel sounds.

The sounds of English are written with letters in the English alphabet, as either vowels
or consonants. All English words are written with vowel letters in them.

These letters are vowels in English:

A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y.

It is said that Y is "sometimes" a vowel, because the letter Y represents both vowel and
consonant sounds. In the words cry, sky, fly, my and why, letter Y represents the vowel
sound /aɪ/. In words like myth and synchronize, Y represents the vowel sound /ɪ/. In
words like only, quickly, and folly, Y represents the vowel sound /i/.

It can also be a consonant sound called a glide as in the beginning of these

words: yellow, yacht, yam, yesterday. Y is a consonant about 2.75% of the time, and a
vowel about 97.5% of the time.[1]

The letter W can sometimes be the second part of a vowel sound as in words like such
as cow, bow, or how. In these words the vowel has the sound of /ᴈʊ/. The letter W can be
used as a consonant sound at the beginning of in the words when, where, wet. In some in
some languages, like Welsh, the letter W represents the vowel sound /ʊ/, like cwm (a kind
of valley).

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1.2 Problem Formulation
1.2.1 What is Long Vowels and The Example?
1.2.2 What is Diphthongs and The Example?
1.2.3 What is Triphthongs and The Example?

1.3 Purpose
1.3.1 Understand about long vowels and could give the example
1.3.2 Understand about diphthongs and could give the example
1.3.3 Understand about triphthongs and could give the example

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 CHAPTER II
THEORY AND DISCUSSION

2.1 Long Vowels

2.1.1 Definition

The first to be intriduced here are five long vowels : these are the vowels
which tend to in smiliar contexts. It is necessary to say “in smiliar contexs”
because, as well shall see later, the lenght of all english vowels sound varies
verry much according to contexts (such as the type of sound that follows them)
and the presence or absence of stress. To remind you that these vowels tend to
be long, the symbols consist of one vowel symbol plus a length-mark made of
two dots:. Thus we have i:,3 i,a :,o :,u :. We will now look at each of
these long vowels individually.

A long vowels is a vowel sound that is pronunced the same way as the name of
the letter itself. For example, the long U sound is pronunced like “yoo” and
“tube”. By contrast, the short U sound is pronunced more like “uh,” as in
words like “cub” and “tub”.

Long vowel words, then, are words that contain a long vowel sound. It's
important to note that the spelling of a word and the way it sounds don't
always match up so perfectly. Words like "few" and "beauty" also contain the
long U sound. Similarly, the long A sound in "bake" and "gate" can also be
spelled like "ay" (as in "pay") or "ai" (as in "paid"), among other variations.

2.1.2. Examples

A. Long A Words

The long A sound is featured in the words in bold.

 Can you bake me a cake?

 There's no way I'm going to pay for that.
 At this rate, they'll never come home.

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  Jenny does it for the fame and fortune.
 Did you hear about the raid on the executive's office?
B. Long E Words

The long E sound is featured in the words in bold.

 To be or not to be. That is the question.

 Pete plans to see her again soon.
 The gymnast excels on the high beam.
 The behavior was deemed inappropriate by the ethics board.
 That was quite the scene at the deli.

C. Long I Words

The long I sound is featured in the words in bold.

 Sara and I are going to the movies.

 The pine needles are everywhere!
 You'll find the jam in the bread aisle.
 Take a right turn at the next intersection.
 Everything is going to be just fine.

D. Long O Words

The long O sound is featured in the words in bold.

 The Lone Ranger is a famous fictional character.

 The country road isn't paved.
 Herbert was so excited, he started jumping up and down.
 Can you fetch me a hoe from the garden shed?
 The tow truck arrived just in time.

E. Long U Words

The long U sound is featured in the words in bold.

 The rude waitress still hasn't taken our order.

 Have you seen the Statue of Liberty?

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  The Duke and Duchess of York visited recently.
 With a queue like that, we can expect a very long wait.
 There he is, right on cue.

2.2 Diphthongs
2.2.1 Definition

A diphthong is a sound made by combining two vowels, specifically when it starts

as one vowel sound and goes to another. In terms of length, diphthongs are similar
to the long vowels described above. Perhaps the most important thing to remember
about all the diphthongs is that the first part is much longer and stronger than the
second part; for example, most of the diphthong ai (as in the words ‘eye’, ‘I’)
consists of the a vowel, and only in about the last quarter of the diphthong does the
glide to i become noticeable. As the glide to i happens, the loudness of the sound
decreases. As a result, the i part is shorter and quieter. Foreign learners should,
therefore, always remember that the last part of English diphthongs must not be
made too strongly.

Diphthong comes from the Greek word diphthongos which means "having two
sounds." Notice the di- for "double." So diphthongs are double vowel sounds in
words like late, ride, or pout. If two vowels in a row are the same, as
in boot or beer, then it's not a diphthong. Linguists, scholars who study language,
analyze diphthongs, which differ from language to language. Ironically, the
word diphthong has no diphthongs.

You'll notice that, in some of the examples below, there's only one vowel. Well,
whenever there's movement in your mouth as you pronounce the letter and it
makes a long vowel sound, it's mimicking two vowels. That's why the "di" or
"two" remains, even though there may be only one vowel written.

Perhaps the easiest way to recognize a diphthong is to listen to the sound created
by the vowel or vowels when you say it out loud. If the vowel sound changes,
you've got yourself a diphthong. Without getting too detailed (or any more
confusing).

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2.2.2 Examples

A. /aɪ/

This diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like /i/, /igh/, and /y/ to form
sounds similar to "eye." Here are a few more examples:

 Cry

 My

 Like

 Bright

 Lime

B. /eɪ/

This diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like /ey/, /ay/, /ai/ and /a/ to
form sounds similar to "great." Here are a few more examples:

 Bake

 Rain

 Lay

 Eight

 Break

C. /əʊ/

This diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like /ow/, /oa/ and /o/ to
form sounds similar to "boat." Here are a few more examples:

 Go

 Oh

 Slow

 Loan

 Though

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D. /aʊ/

This diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like /ou/ and /ow/ to form
sounds similar to "ow!" Here are a few more examples:

 Bound

 House

 Brown

 How

 Now

E. /eə/

This diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like /ai/, /a/, and /ea/ to form
sounds similar to "air." Here are a few more examples:

 Pair

 Lair

 Stare

 Care

 Bear

F. /ɪə/

This diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like /ee/, /ie/ and /ea/ to form
sounds similar to "ear." Here are a few more examples:

 Career

 Here

 Near

 Year

 Pier

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 G. /ɔɪ/

This diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like /oy/ and /oi/ to form
sounds similar to "oil." Here are a few more examples:

 Boy

 Coy

 Toy

 Foil

 Coin

H. /ʊə/

This diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like /oo/, /ou/, /u/, and /ue/ to
form sounds similar to "cure." Here are a few more examples:

 Fur

 Sure

 Lure

 Pure

 Manure

2.3 Triphthongs
2.3.1 Definition

A triphthong is a long sound which is comprised of three combined vowel sounds

in a single syllable. The most complex English sounds of the vowel type are the
triphthongs. They can be rather difficult to pronunce, and very difficult to
recognise. A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all
produced rapidly and without interruption. For example, a careful pronunciation of
the word ‘hour’ begins with a vowel quality similar to a:, goes on to a glide
towards the back close rounded area (for which we use the symbol u), then ends
with a mid-central vowel (schwa, o). We use the symbol auo to represent the
pronunciation of‘hour’, but this is not always an accurate representation of the
pronunciation.

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 The triphthongs can be looked on as being composed of the five closing diphthongs
described in the last section, with 0 added on the end

2.3.2 Examples

A dot signals syllable boundary.

 /aʊə/: hour /aʊər/ and also /ˈaʊ.ər/. Compare with power, always /ˈpaʊ.ər/.
 /aɪə/: fire /faɪər/ and also /ˈfaɪ.ər/. Compare with liar, always /ˈlaɪ.ər/.
 /jʊə/: cure /kjʊər/ and also /ˈkjuː.ər/. Compare with fewer, always /ˈfjuː.ər/.

The following words are almost always heard as disyllables:

 /eɪə/: player /ˈpleɪ.ər/ could be pronounced /pleɪər/

 /ɔɪə/: royal /ˈrɔɪ.əl/ could be pronounced /rɔɪəl/
 /əʊə/: lower /ˈloʊ.ər/ could be pronounced /loʊər/

A rising triphthong begins with a semivowel [j] or [w]. In English rising

triphthongs are normally analyzed as sequences of two phonemes. There are many
rising triphthongs in English, as /j/ and /w/ can combine with many diphthongs.

 /jəʊ/: yoga
 /jɪə/: year
 /jʊə/: cure
 /waɪ/: quite
 /waʊ/: wow
 /weə/: square
 /weɪ/: way
 /wəʊ/: quote
 /wɪə/: weird

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion
3.1.1 Long Vowels
A long vowels is a vowel sound that is pronunced the same way as the name of
the letter itself. The lenght of all english vowels sound varies verry much
according to contexts (such as the type of sound that follows them) and the
presence or absence of stress. Long vowel words, then, are words that contain
a long vowel sound. It's important to note that the spelling of a word and the
way it sounds don't always match up so perfectly.

3.1.2 Diphthongs

A diphthong is a sound made by combining two vowels, specifically when it

starts as one vowel sound and goes to another

Perhaps the easiest way to recognize a diphthong is to listen to the sound

created by the vowel or vowels when you say it out loud. If the vowel sound
changes, you've got yourself a diphthong. Without getting too detailed (or any
more confusing).

3.1.3 Triphthongs
A triphthong is a long sound which is comprised of three
combined vowel sounds in a single syllable. A triphthong is a glide from one
vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without
interruption.

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 REFERENCE

Roach, P. (1991). English Phonetics and Phonology: Cambridge University Press.

Example of Long Vowels Word, retrieved from:

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-long-vowel-words.html

Diphthong, retrieved from: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/diphthong

Example of Diphthong, retrieved from: https://examples.yourdictionary.com/diphthong-

examples.html

Triphthong, retrieved from: https://teflpedia.com/Triphthong

Triphthong Dictionary, retrieved from: https://www.yourdictionary.com/triphthong

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