Physics (All India)

G e n e r a l In s t r u c t io n s
1. All questions are compulsory. There are 26 questions in all.
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
3. Section A contains five questions of one mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks
each, Section C contains twelve questions of three marks each, Section D contains one value based
question of four marks and Section E contains three questions of five marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question of two
marks, one question of three marks and all the three questions of five marks weightage. You have to
attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary.
c = 3 ´ 10 8 ms-1 ; h = 6.63 ´ 10 -34 J-s ; e = 1.6 ´ 10 -19 C; m 0 = 4p ´ 10 -7 T m A -1 ;
1
e 0 = 8.854 ´ 10 -12 C 2 N -1m-2; = 9 ´ 10 9 N m2C -2; Mass of electron = 9.1 ´ 10 -31 kg;
4pe 0
Mass of neutron = 1.675 ´ 10 -27 kg; Mass of proton = 1.673 ´ 10 -27 kg;
Avogadro’s number = 6.023 ´ 10 23 per gram mole; Boltzmann constant = 1.38 ´ 10 -23 JK -1

Time : 3 hours Max. Marks : 70

SET-I
SECTION A
1. Nichrome and copper wires of same length and
same radius are connected in series. Current I is
passed through them. Which wire gets heated up
more? Justify your answer.
2. Do electromagnetic waves carry energy and
momentum?
3. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a
glass prism vary, if the incident violet light is
replaced by red light? Give reason.
4. Name the phenomenon which shows the
quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation.
5. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the
situation described below:
A (ii) 10 -3 m < l < 10 -1 m
S N S N
B Write one use for each.
SECTION B
6. Draw the intensity pattern for single slit
diffraction and double slit interference. Hence,
state two differences between interference and
diffraction patterns.
OR
Unpolarised light is passed through a polaroid P1 .
When this polarised beam passes through another
polaroid P2 and if the pass axis of P2 makes an angle
q with the pass axis of P1 , then write the expression
for the polarised beam passing through P2. Draw a
plot showing the variation of intensity, when q
varies from 0 to 2p.
7. Identify the electromagnetic waves whose
wavelengths vary as
(i) 10 -12 m < l < 10 -8 m
 8. Find the condition under which the charged
particles moving with different speeds in the
presence of electric and magnetic field vectors
can be used to select charged particles of a
particular speed.
9. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to exite a
gaseous hydrogen atom at room temperature.
Determine the wavelengths and the
corresponding series of the lines emitted.
10. Write two properties of a material suitable for
making (i) a permanent magnet and
(ii) an electromagnet.
SECTION C
11. (i) The potential difference applied across a
given resistor is altered, so that the heat
produced per second increases by a factor
of 9. By what factor does the applied
potential difference change?
(ii) In the figure shown, an ammeter A and
a resistor of 4 W are connected to the
terminals of the source. The emf of the
source is 12 V having an internal resistance
of 2 W. Calculate the voltmeter and ammeter
readings.
V
12 V 2Ω
A
R=4 Ω
12. (i) How is amplitude modulation achieved?
(ii) The frequencies of two side bands in an AM
wave are 640 kHz and 660 kHz, respectively.
Find the frequencies of carrier and
modulating signal. What is the bandwidth
required for amplitude modulation?
13. (i) In the following diagram, is the junction
diode forward biased or reverse biased?
+5 V
(ii) Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave
rectifier and state how it works?
14. Using photon picture of light, show how
Einstein’s photoelectric equation can be
established. Write two features of photoelectric
effect which cannot be explained by wave
theory.
15. (i) Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is
incident from air on a water surface. If m for
water is 1.33, find the wavelength, frequency
and speed of the refracted light.
(ii) A double convex lens is made of a glass of
refractive index 1.55 with both faces of the
same radius of curvature. Find the radius of
curvature required, if the focal length is 20 cm.
16. Define mutual inductance between a pair of coils.
Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of
two long coaxial solenoids of same length wound
one over the other.
OR
Define self-inductance of a coil. Obtain the
expression for the energy stored in an inductor
L connected across a source of emf.
17. (i) Write the principle of working of a metre
bridge.
(ii) In a metre bridge, the balance point is found
at a distance l1 with resistance R and S as
shown in the figure.
R S
G
l1
A B
An unknown resistance X is now connected in
parallel to the resistance S and the balance
point is found at a distance l2. Obtain a formula
for X in terms of l1 , l2 and S .
18. Draw a block diagram of a generalised
communication system. Write the functions of
each of the following:
(i) Transmitter (ii) Channel (iii) Receiver
19. (i) Write the functions of the three segments of
a transistor.
(ii) The figure shows the input waveforms A and B
for ‘AND’ gate. Draw the output waveform and
write the truth table for this logic gate.
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8
A
(Input)
B
20. (i) Draw a ray diagram depicting the formation
of the image by an astronomical telescope in
normal adjustment.
24. (i) Derive an expression for the electric field E
(ii) You are given the following three lenses.
Which two lenses will you use as an
eyepiece and as an objective to construct an
astronomical telescope? Give reason.
Lenses Power (D) Aperture (cm)
L1 3 8
L2 6 1
L3 10 1 for the torque acting on the dipole in both the
21. (i) State Biot - Savart’s law and express this law
in the vector form.
(ii) Two identical circular coils, P and Q each of
radius R, carrying currents 1 A and 3 A
respectively, are placed concentrically and
perpendicular to each other lying in the XY
and YZ planes. Find the magnitude and
direction of the net magnetic field at the
centre of the coils.
22. Two identical S 25. A device X is connected to an AC source,
parallel plate
capacitors A and B
are connected to a E A B
battery of V volts
with the switch S
is closed. The switch is now opened and the free
space between the plates of the capacitors is filled
with a dielectric of dielectric constant K. Find the
ratio of the total electrostatic energy stored in
both capacitors before and after the introduction
of the dielectric.
SECTION D
23. Asha’s mother read an article in the newspaper
about a disaster that took place at Chernobyl. She
could not understand much from the article and
asked a few questions from Asha regarding the
article.
Asha tried to answer her mother’s questions
based on what she learnt in Class XII Physics?
(i) What was the installation at Chernobyl
where the disaster took place? What,
according to you, was the cause of this
disaster?
(ii) Explain the process of release of energy in
the installation at Chernobyl.
(iii) What, according to you, were the values
displayed by Asha and her mother?
SECTION E
due to a diople of length 2l at a point distant r
from the centre of the dipole on the axial line.
(ii) Draw a graph of E versus r for r >> a .
(ii) If this dipole is kept in a uniform external
electric field E 0, diagrammatically represent
the position of the dipole in stable and
unstable equilibrium and write the expressions
cases.
OR
(i) Use Gauss’s theorem to find the electric field
due to a uniformly charged infinitely large
plane thin sheet with surface charge density s.
(ii) An infinitely large thin plane sheet has a
uniform surface charge density +s. Obtain the
expression for the amount of work done in
bringing a point charge q from infinity to a point,
distant r , in front of the charged plane sheet.
V = V0 sin wt . The variation of voltage, current and
power in one cycle is shown in the following graph.
Y
A
B C
0 π 2π ωt
(i) Identify the device X.
(ii) Which of the curves A, B and C represent the
voltage, current and the power consumed in
the circuit? Justify the answer.
(iii) How does its impedance vary with frequency
of the AC source? Show graphically.
(iv) Obtain an expression for the current in the
circuit and its phase relation with AC voltage.
OR
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of an AC generator.
Obtain the expression for the emf induced in
the rotating coil of N turns each of
cross-sectional area A, in the presence of a
magnetic field B.
(ii) A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long
extending from East to West is falling with a
speed 5.0 ms -1 at right angles to the horizontal
component of the earth’s magnetic field,
0.3 ´ 10 -4 Wb m -2. Find the instantaneous
value of the emf induced in the rod.
26. (i) Define wavefront. Use Huygens’ principle to
verify the laws of refraction.
(ii) How is linearly polarised light obtained by the
process of scattering of light? Find the
Brewster angle for air-glass interface, when
the refractive index of glass = 15
..
OR (i) Draw a ray diagram to show the image
formation by a combination of two thin
convex lenses in contact. Obtain the
expression for the power of this combination
in terms of the focal lengths of the lenses.
(ii) A ray of light passing from air through an
equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum
3
deviation when the angle of incidence is th
4
of the angle of prism. Calculate the speed of
light in the prism.

ANSWERS
1. For same length and same radius, resistance of wire Intensity pattern for double slit interference pattern is
R µr (r : resistivity) shown.
Intensity
As rnichrome > r copper
Hence, resistance of nichrome section is more. 4I0

In series, same current flows through both sections

and heat produced = I2 Rt.
So, more heat is produced in nichrome section of
wire. Path
–λ –λ 0 λ λ difference
2 2
2. Yes, electromagnetic waves carry energy and
momentum. Difference between diffraction and interference patterns are
(i) In interference pattern, all maximas and all minimas
h 1 are of same width but in diffraction pattern, width of
Momentum, p = and energy density = e 0 E 2
l 2 central maxima is maximum and for successive
3. Wavelength of violet light is smaller than that of red maximas, it goes on decreasing.
light. Also, angle of minimum deviation, (ii) In interference pattern, each maxima have same
intensity while in diffraction pattern, intensity of
d m = (m - 1)A Þ d m µ m
central maxima is largest and it decreases rapidly for
As, m R < mV Þ(d m ) R < (d m )V successive maximas.
As, deviation is less for red light, hence, angle of OR
deviation decreases.
The figure when unpolarised light beam is passed through
4. Photoelectric effect is the phenomemon which polaroid light is shown below.
shows quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation. Unpolarised light P1
5. The polarity of the capacitor shown below. Polarised light
P2
I0
2
+A
S N S N I0
–B θ I′= cos2 θ
2

By law of Malus,
I0
From Lenz's law, induced current produces same intensity received after P2 = I¢ = cos 2 q.
2
polarity as that of approaching pole. So, plate A will
Variation of intensity with angle q is shown below.
have +ve polarity and plate B will have -ve polarity.
Intensity
6. Intensity pattern for single slit diffraction is shown
I0
below 2
cos θ
Intensity
Imax

Angle
θ=0º θ= π θ=π θ= 3
π θ=2π (θ)
2 2
θ
–λ λ Angular
a a
position
 7. (a) 10 -12 m - 10 -8 m = .01Å-100Å _(X-ray). m (t)

It is used in crystallography.
(b) 10 -3 m - 10 -1m = 0 .1 cm - 10 cm_ (Radio waves). t

It is used in radio communication.

8. A diagram in which particle moves in magnetic and c(t)
t
electric field is shown below
B Message signal is superimposed over
+ + + + carrier in form of amplitude variation

E v> E
B c[m(t)]
E
v= t
V B
E
v< In this way, a modulated wave is obtained
– – – – B

The output voltage is carrier signal varying in

Forces on a charged particle are amplitude in accordance with biasing modulation
Fe = electric force = qE voltage.
Fm = magnetic force = Bqv (ii) Given, USB frequency = 660 kHz
For a particle to go straight without any deflection; and LSB frequency = 640 kHz
E As USB = f c + f m = 660 kHz
Fe = Fm Þ qE = Bqv Þ v =
B and LSB = f c - f m = 640 kHz
E
In this way, particles having speed, v = are separated. \ 2 f c = 660 + 640 = 1300
B
So, carrier frequency
9. Given, energy of electron beam, E= 125 . eV
hc f c = 650 kHz and 2 f m = 20 kHz
Comparing with E = , we get Message frequency is,
l
(1240 eV-nm) Þ f m = 10 kHz
Þ E= = 125. eV
l Bandwidth of frequencies required
[Q hc = 1240 eV nm] = USB - LSB = 660 - 640 = 20 kHz
1240
\Wavelength, l = nm = 992 . nm = 992Å 13. (i) The given diagram shown below.
125.
This wavelength corresponds to “Lyman series” of
hydrogen atom. +5 V
10. (i) For making permanent magnets, we need high
coercivity and high retentivity in material.
The circuit above can be redrawn as follows
(ii) For electromagnet, we need a ferromagnetic
substance of low retentivity and low coercivity.
V2
11. (i) Heat produced per second = I 2 R= R
R
So, when voltage is made three times, heat
produced increase nine times for same R.
E 12 As the p-section is connected to negative terminal
(ii) Current in the circuit is, I = = = 2A of the battery, the diode shown is reverse biased.
R+r 4 +2
(ii) During the first half of input cycle, the upper end of
Also, terminal voltage across the cell, the coil is at positive potential and lower end at
V = E - Ir = 12 - 2 ´ 2 = 8V negative potential. The function diode D 1 is forward
So, ammeter reading = 2A biased and D2 in reverse biased. Current flows in
and voltmeter reading = 8V output load in the direction shown in figure.
12. (i) For amplitude modulation, a message signal is used During the second half of input cycle, D2 is forward
to modulate amplitude of a high frequency wave in biased. In this way, current flows in the load in the
input transistor of ‘E’ amplifier. single direction as shown in figure.
 D1 16. Mutual Inductance When two coils (or solenoids) are
mutually coupled, then change in current of first coil
causes a change in flux of second coil and as a result, an
emf is induced in second coil. This process is called
mutual induction. Mutual inductance is the number of
Output flux linkages of second coil per unit current in first coil.
D2 (N f )
M = M 12 = M21 = 2 B II
Circuit diagram of full wave rectifier (I ) I
14. To explain photoelectric effect, Einstein postulated that Its unit is Henry.
emission of photoelectron was the result of the For 2 long solenoids, assuming perfect coupling,
interaction of a single photon with an electron, in S1
which the photon is completely absorbed by the
electron. The minimum amount of energy required to
eject an electron out of the metal surface is called work
function of the metal (W). Hence, when photon of
energy hn is absorbed by an electron, the amount of l
energy W is used up in liberating the electron free and
S2
the difference hv - W becomes available to the electron
æ1 ö Two long co-axial solenoids
in the form of kinetic energy ç mv 2 ÷ . of same length l
è2 ø
1 2 1 As, flux linked with IInd solenoid µ current in I st solenoid.
Hence, mv = hn - W Þhn = W + mv 2
2 2 \ N 2 1f B µ I 1
Features not explained by wave theory. N 2 1f B
I. The intensity of incident radiation does not change = constant = M
I1
the kinetic energy of the ejected electron.
= mutual inductance of IInd coil w.r.t I st .
II. The ejection of electron is instantaneous when a
radiation of frequency above threshold is used. So, we have
NBA n I (m 0 n1 I1)A2
15. (i) In refraction, frequency remains same so, M = M21 = 2 1 2 = 2 = m 0 n 1n2 A2 I
frefracted beam = f incident beam I1 I1
v f l1 l1 Here, I 1 = I2 = I
Also, m21 = 1 = = [Q v = f l]
v2 f l2 l 2 Also, A2 = A 1 = A (they are wound over same core).
v Hence, M = m 0 n 1n2 AI (Henry)
3 ´ 10 8
Þ v2 = 1 = = 225. ´ 10 8 ms -1 We can re-write the above eq. as,
m21 .
133 mN N A
l1 M= 0 1 2
589 I
\ l2 = =
m21 133
. OR
= 442.85 » 443 nm Self inductance is the property of a coil by virtue of
which coil opposes any change in the strength of the
So, wavelength of reflected beam » 443 nm and its
current flowing through it by inducing an emf in itself.
speed = 2.25 ´ 10 8 ms -1
It is defined as for a solenoid or coil as the number of
(ii) For a biconvex lens, using lens maker’s formula, flux linkages per unit current.
1 æ1 1ö Nf B
= (m - 1) ç - ÷ \ Self inductance, L =
f è R1 R2 ø I
Here,f = 20 cm, m = 155. Energy stored in a solenoid or inductor
Nf
R1 = + R and R2 = - R As, L = B Þ Nf B = L I
\ We have, I
1 2 and rate of change of flux = induced emf
= (m - 1) d d
f R So, E = induced emf = Nf B = L I
dt dt
Þ R = 2(m - 1) f = 2 ´ (155
. - 1) ´ 20 = 22 cm For a charge dq flowing through inductor,
\ Radius of 22 cm is required.
 d dq S I (100 - I 1)
work done, dW = E dq = L I × dq Þ dW = L I Þ +1= 2
dt dt X I 1(100 - I 2 )
dq æ dq ö
Þ W = ò dW = ò L(dI) S I 2 (100 - I 1) - I 1(100 - I 2 )
dt ò
= L IdI ç\ = I÷
è dt ø Þ =
X I 1(100 - I 2 )
1
= LI2 SI 1(100 - I 2 )
2 Þ X= W
1 2 100(I 2 - I 1)
So, energy stored = LI
2 18. Block diagram for a generalised communication system
17. (i) A metre bridge is based upon principle of wheat is shown below
stone’s bridge. Transmitter Receiver
Intelligent Output
Channel
P Q information

(i) Transmitter Amplifies, converts intelligent

G
information into suitable form (electrical) and
R S
modulates it, so that it is suitable to transmit
through channel of propagation.
(ii) Channel Let the signal to pass through it with least
possible attenuation.
P R (iii) Receiver Amplifies, demodulates and converts
Under balance (I g = 0) condition, = information into a form which is suitable for receiver
Q S
(user).
In case of a metre bridge, resistance Rand S are
taken in form of a wire. 19. The functions of all these segments of transistor are
R S given below.
R.B.
(i) The emitter supplies the majority carriers for current
flow. The collector collects them. The base acts as
l1 100 – l1
an accelerator for charge carriers and send them to
collector. It also regulates the flow of majority
carriers in the circuit.
G
(ii) Output of an AND gate is at high potential when
+ – both inputs A and B are supplied with high
potential. So, wave form is
R S
In balance condition, = t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8
I 1 100 - I 1
(ii) In given metre bridge, initially
R S A
= …(i)
I 1 100 - I 1 (Input)
When a resistance X is placed in parallel with S,
SX B
then net resistance in gap =
S+X
So, in balance (with S and X are in parallel), (Output)
æ SX ö
ç ÷
R è S + Xø
= …(ii) Truth table for AND gate is given below.
I 2 100 - I 2
Inputs Output
Substitute the value of Rfrom eq. (i) to eq. (ii),
A B Y
we get
I1 X 0 0 0
=
I 2 (100 - I 1) (S + X)(100 - I 2 ) 1 0 0
0 1 0
ì I (100 - I 1)ü
Þ S + X = Xí 2 ý 1 1 1
î I 1(100 - I 2 )þ
20. (i) An astronomical telescope is an optical instrument idlsinq
dB µ
which is used for observing distinct images of r2
heavenly bodies like planets, stars, etc. It has two This relation is called Biot-Savart’s law.
convex lens (objective and eye lens) placed coaxially
If conductor is placed in air or vacuum, then
and separated by some distance in normal
m idlsinq
adjustment. Final image is formed at infinity as dB = 0
depicted below. 4p r 2
Objective lens m
fo fe where, 0 is a proportionality constant, m 0 is the
Parall
from oel rays Eye lens 4p
infinity bject at permeability of free space.
α B fo, fe m 0 = 4p ´ 10 -7 Tm/A or weber/ ampere-metre.
α β C2
C1 I Eye Thus, in vector notation
ge idl ´ r m idl ´ r
im
a dB µ 3 = 0 . 3
al nity r 4p r
Fin infi
at The above expression holds when the medium is
The final image is magnified and inverted vacuum. The magnitude of this field is
m Idl sinq
(ii) In the astronomical telescope, aperture of objective | dB| = 0 . 2
4p r
must be less than eyepeice. Therefore, possible
combinations are (L1 and L3 ) or (L1 and L2 ). Also, focal
length of the objective ( f o ) must be greater than (ii) Q
Bnet
that of eyepeice ( f e ). BP
\ fo > fe BQ P
1 1
Þ < I
fo fe
Þ Po < Pe
\Power of objective (Po ) must be less than power of Magnetic field due to circular wire P,
eyepiece (Pe ). m 2p I 1
BP = 0 ´ (along vertically upwards)
Now, for (L1 and L3 ) combination, 4p R
æ f o ö Pe 10 m I
ç ÷ = = = 0 1
è f e ø 1 Po 3 2R
For (L1 and L2 ) combination, Magnetic field due to circular wire Q,
æ fo ö P m 2pI 2
ç ÷ = e BQ = 0 ´ (along horizontal towards left)
è f e ø 2 Po 4p R
æf ö m I
6 = 0 2
= =2< ç o ÷ 2R
3 è fe ø 1
Net magnetic field at the common centre of the
Thus, the best combination of the lenses is (L1 and L3 ). two coils,
2 2
21. (i) Biot-Savart’s Law This law deals with the magnetic æm I ö æm I ö
field induction at a point due to a small current B = B 2P + B 2Q Þ B = ç 0 1 ÷ + ç 0 2 ÷
è 2R ø è 2R ø
element (a part of any conductor carrying current).
2
Y Current
æm ö m
element B = ç 0 ÷ (I 21 + I 22 ) Þ B = 0 I 21 + I 22
θ è 2R ø 2R
Idl -7
4p ´ 10
r
B= (1)2 + ( 3)2
P dB 2´R
4p ´ 10 -7
B= Tesla
R
X
Resultant magnetic field makes angle q with
direction of B Q , which is given by
According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnitude of B 1
magnetic field intensity (dB) at a point P due to a tan q = P = Þ q = 30°
current element is given by, BQ 3
22. The given figure is shown below. 24. (i) Electric field due to dipole at axial point
S We have to calculate the field intensity E at a
point P on the axial line of the dipole at distance
OP = x from the centre O of the dipole.
E A B A O B EA EB
–q +q P
2l
r–l
When switch S is closed, the potential difference across r
capacitors A and B are same r+l
Q Q Resultant electric field intensity at the point P is
i.e. V= A = B
C C EP = EA + EB
Initial charges on capacitors The vectors EA and EB are collinear and opposite.
Q A = Q B = CV \ EP = EB - EA
When the dielectric is introduced, the new capacitance 1 q
of either capacitor Here, EA = × ;
4pe 0 (r + l)2
C¢ = KC
As switch S is opened, the potential difference across 1 q
EB = ×
capacitor A remains same (V volts). 4pe 0 (r - l)2
Let potential difference across capacitor B be V¢. When 1 é q q ù
dielectric is introduced with switch S open (i.e. battery \ EP = ê - ú
4pe 0 ë (r - l) (r + l)2 û
2
disconnected), the charges on capacitor B remains
unchanged, so 1 4q x l
= ×
Q B = CV = C¢ V ¢ 4pe 0 (r 2 - l2 )2
C V 1 2p × x
Þ V ¢ = V = volt \ EP = ×
C¢ K 4pe 0 (r 2 - l2 )2
Initial energy of both capacitors
If the length of dipole is short i.e. 2 l<<r, then
1 1
U i = CV 2 + CV 2 = CV 2 2p
2 2 EP =
4pe 0 ×r 3
Final energy of both capacitors
2 1
1 1 1 1 æV ö The direction of EP is along BP produced. So, EP µ
U f = C¢ V 2 + C¢ V ¢ 2 = (KC) V 2 + (KC) ç ÷ r3
2 2 2 2 èK ø
1
1 é 1 ù 1 2 æ K 2 + 1ö (ii) E µ . As r will increase, E will sharply decreases.
= CV 2 r3
2 êëK + K úû = 2 CV çè K ÷ø The shape of the graph will be as given in the
figure.
Ui CV 2 2K
= = 2
U f 1 2 æ K + 1ö K + 1
2
CV ç ÷
2 è K ø
E

23. (i) Installation at chernobyl is a pressurised fusion

reactor. Possible cause of disaster is melt down of
core due to excessive heat development, which
occurs when k (multiplication factor) become
more than 1.
(ii) In a fusion reaction,
O r
(iii) When the dipole were kept in a uniform electric
field E0 . The torque acting on dipole, t= p ´ E
+q

energy released = (mass defect) ´ c2 .

E
(iii) According to Asha—subject knowledge and
knowledge sharing. –q
θ

According to Asha’s Mother—awareness and

inquisition.
 I. If q = 0°, then t= 0, p ||E 25. (i) Device X is a capacitor.
As, the
E p
current is leading voltage by radians.
2
–q +q
(ii) Curve A represents power.
The dipole is in stable equilibrium. Curve B represents voltage.
II. If q = 180°, then t= 0, p || -E Curve C represents current;
As, E(t)= Eo sinwt
E Current, I (t) = I o cos wt
As, in the case of capacitor,
+q –q
æ pö
= I O sin ç wt + ÷ (current is leading
è 2ø
The dipole is in unstable equilibrium.
voltage)
OR
Average power, P = E(t) I (t) = E0 I O cos f/ 2
(i) According to the ++
question, s is the
^
n + ^ n where, f= phase difference
+ ++
surface charge E +
+ ++
E 1
+ (iii) As, X c = capacitive reactance =
density of the sheet. ^ n + +
+
+ ^
n Cw
From symmetry, E n +++
+
n where, wis angular frequency,
on either side of the r + + +
r
sheet must be So, reactance or impedance decreases with increase
perpendicular to the plane of the sheet, having same in frequency.
magnitude at all points equidistant from the sheet. We Graph of X C versus wis shown below,
XC
take a cylinder of cross-sectional area A and length 2r as
the Gaussian surface. On the curved surface of the
cylinder, E and n$ are perpendicular to each other.
Therefore, the flux through the curved surface of the
cylinder = 0.
ω
Flux through the flat surfaces = EA + EA = 2EA
The total electric flux over the entire surface of cylinder (iv) For a capacitor fed with an AC supply
f E =2EA
q
Total charge enclosed by the cylinder, q =sA V = or q = CV
C
According to Gauss’s law, ò E × dA
dq E æ pö
\ I = = o sinç wt + ÷
q sA dt X c è 2ø
Þ fE = Þ 2AE =
e0 e0 Phasor diagram
s
or E= E E0
2e 0
I
π/2
E is independent of r, the distance of the point from the ωt
plane charged sheet. E at any point is directed away X′ X
from the sheet for positive charge and directed towards Current leads emf by π/2 radians
the sheet in case of negative charge. OR
(ii) Surface charge density of the uniform plane sheet (i) The labelled diagram of AC generator is shown
which is infinitely large = +s. The electric potential (V) below.
due to infinite sheet of uniform charge density +s Refer to Delhi set Q. 24.
-sr Let at any moment t, the perpendicular vector to
V=
2e 0 the plane of coil makes angle q with the direction
of magnetic flux.
The amount of work done in bringing a point charge q
So, for the coil, instantaneous flux is,
from infinite to point, at distance r in front of the
charged plane sheet. f B = NB × A = NBA cosq
- sr s r×q¢ = BNA cos wt
W = q ¢ ´ V = q ¢× =- Joule [Q q = wt , w is angular frequency]
2e 0 2e 0
 d d should take the same time to reach the
Induced emf, e = - f B = - (NBA cos wt)
dt dt corresponding points on the refracted wavefront.
= - (- NBAwsin wt) So, t should not depend upon AF.
or e = NBA wsin wt volt This is possible only, if
Maximum value of the e is attained when, sini sinr sini v 1
- = 0; = =m
sin wt = ±1 v1 v2 sinr v 2
So, emax = NBAw Now, if c represents the speed of light in vacuum,
So, e = emax sin wt c c
then m 1 = and m2 = are known as the
(ii) Instantaneous emf induced in conducting rod v1 v2
e = Blv volt refractive indices of medium 1 and medium 2,
(As rod is falling perpendicularly to B) respectively.
Here, B = B H = 03 . ´ 10 -4 T sini
Then, m 1 sin i = m2 sin r Þ m =
l = 10 m sinr
v = 5 ms -1 This is known as Snell’s law of refraction.
So, induced emf, (ii) Polarisation also occurs when light is scattered
e = 03. ´ 10 -4 ´ 10 ´ 5 = 15. ´ 10 -3 volt = 15
. mV while travelling through a medium. When light
strikes the atoms of a material, it will often set the
26. (i) Wavefront A wavefront is the locus of all particles
electrons of those atoms into vibration. The
oscillating in same phase (a surface of constant
vibrating electrons then produce its own
phase) of oscillations. A line perpendicular to a
electromagnetic wave that is radiated outward in
wavefront is called a ray.
all directions. This newly generated wave strikes
Laws of refraction (Snell’s Law) at a plane surface by neighbour atoms, forcing their electrons into
Huygens’ principle vibrations at the same original frequency.
Let 1, 2, 3 be the incident rays and 1¢ , 2¢ , 3¢ be the These vibrating electrons produce another electro-
corresponding refracted rays. magnetic wave that is once again radiated outward
N 3 N′ in all directions. This absorption and re-emission of
2 incident
light wave causes the light to be scattered about the
1
wave
front
B medium. The scattered light is partially polarised.
Medium 1
i E Rarer medium
v1 , µ 1
From Brewster’s law
i F C
X
Medium 2 A r Denser medium
Y m = tan i p
v2 , µ 2
G r where, i p = Brewster’s angle
D
Refracted
wavefront
Given, m = 15
.
1′ 2′
3′
15. = tan i p
æ3ö
If v 1 , v 2 are the speed of light in the two mediums i p = tan -1 ç ÷
è2ø
and t is the time taken by light to go from B to C to D
or E to G through F, then OR
EF FG (i) Combination of thin lenses in contact Consider
t= + two lens A and B of focal length f 1 and f2 placed
v 1 v2
in contact with each other. An object is placed at
EF a point O beyond the focus of the first lens A. The
In D AFE, sin i =
AF first lens produces an image at l1 (virtual image),
FG AF sin i FC sin r which serves as a virtual object for the second lens
In D FGC, sin r = or t = + B, producing the final image at l.
FC v1 v2 A B

AC sin r æ sin i sin r ö

or t= + AF ç - ÷
v2 è v1 v2 ø O
P
l
l1
v
For rays of light from different parts on the incident u v1
wavefront, the values of AF are different. But light
from different points of the incident wavefront Since, the lenses are thin, we assume the optical
centres (P) of the lenses to be co-incident.
 For the image formed by the first lens A, we obtain P = P1 + P2
1 1 1 (ii) According to the question
- = ...(i)
v1 u f1 3
A = 60°; i = ´ 60° = 45°;
For the image formed by the second lens B, we 4
obtain At minimum deviation, angle of incidence = angle
1 1 1 of emergent i.e., Þ i=e
- = …(ii)
v v 1 f2 A + d m = i + e = 45° + 45°; 60° + d m = 90°
Adding eqs. (i) and (ii), we obtain Þ d m = 30°
1 1 1 1 Using prism formula,
- = + …(iii)
v u f 1 f2 æ A + dm ö æ 60° + 30° ö
sinç ÷ sin ç ÷
If the two lens system is regarded as equivalent to a è 2 ø è 2 ø
m= =
single lens of focal length f. sin A / 2 sin 60°/2
1 1 1 sin 45° 1 2
We have, - = …(iv) = = ´ = 2 = 141 .
v u f sin30° 2 1
1 1 1 c
From eqs. (iii) and (iv), we obtain = + ...(v) Also, m =
f f 1 f2 v
c 3 ´ 10 8
In terms of power, eq. (v) can be written as v= = = 212
. ´ 10 8 m/s
m 141
.

SET-II (Only Uncommon Questions from Set I)

SECTION A
1. A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated
by the arrow between two coils PQ and CD.
Predict the direction of the induced current in
each coil.
P Q C D
N S
A A
2. Write the relation for the speed of
electromagnetic waves in terms of the
amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields.
SECTION B
9. The short wavelength limit for the Lyman series
of the hydrogen spectrum is 9134 . Å. Calculate
the short wavelength limit for Balmer series of
the hydrogen spectrum.
SECTION C
12. (i) Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of
image by a reflecting telescope.
(ii) Write two advantages of a reflecting
telescope over a refracting telescope.
15. Explain giving reasons for the following:
(i) Photoelectric current in a photocell increases
with the increase in intensity of the incident
radiation.
(ii) The stopping potential (V0 ) varies linearly with
the frequency (v ) of the incident radiation for
a given photosensitive surface with the slope
remaining the same for different surfaces.
(iii) Maximum kinetic energy of the
photoelectrons is independent of the
intensity of incident radiation.
16. (i) In the following diagram, which bulb out of B1
and B 2 will glow and why?
D1 D2
+9 V
B1 B2
(ii) Draw a diagram of an illuminated p-n junction
solar cell.
(iii) Explain briefly the three processes due to
which generation of emf takes place in a solar
cell.
17. (i) Draw a ray diagram for the formation of
image by a compound microscope.
 (ii) You are given the following three lenses. t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8
Which two lenses will you use as an eyepiece
and as an objective to construct a compound
microscope? A
Lenses Power (D) Aperture (cm) (Input)
L1 3 8
B
L2 6 1
L3 10 1
20. Two identical loops P and Q each of radius 5 cm
(iii) Define resolving power of a microscope and are lying in perpendicular planes such that they
write one factor on which it depends. have a common centre as shown in the figure.
19. (i) Draw the circuit diagram for studying the Find the magnitude and direction of the net
characteristics of a transistor in common magnetic field at the common centre of the two
emitter configuration. Explain briefly and coils, if they carry currents equal to 3A and 4A,
show how input and output characteristics respectively.
are drawn. Q
(ii) The figure shows input waveforms A and B to
a logic gate. Draw the output waveform for an
OR gate. Write the truth table for this logic P
gate and draw its logic symbol.

ANSWERS
1. By applying Lenz's law, we can find out direction of 13 .54
Energy of n = 2, energy level = = 3387
. eV
current in the coil. On the right hand side coil, South 22
pole is approaching towards the coil, so at end C, South 12375
pole will be produced and on the left hand side, North So, short wavelength of Balmer series = = 3653 Å
3387
.
pole is moving away, so at end Q coil, South pole will be
produced. 12. (i) Ray diagram showing the formation of image by
reflecting telescope is shown below.
\ In CD coil, current produced will be clockwise.
In PQ coil, current produced will be anti-clockwise. Eyepiece
M1 = Parabolic mirror
2. Relation between the speed of electromagnetic waves
in terms of amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields is
given below.
Rays arrive
Speed of electromagnetic waves parallel from
Amplitude of electric field very distant
= object
Amplitude of magnetic field
E
i.e. v = 0 M2 = Plane mirror
B0
(ii) Advantage
9. Lyman series, n = 2, 3, 4… to n = 1
I. Due to availability of paraboidal mirror, image
For short wavelength, n = ¥ to n = 1 formed is free from chromatic aberration.
12375 12375 II. It has large resolving power to see even the
Energy, E = = eV = 13 .54 eV
l(Å) 913.4 fine details of distant stars due to large
13 .54 aperture of mirror.
Also, energy of nth orbit, E = 2
n 15. (i) When we increase the intensity of incident
So, energy of n = 1, energy level = 13 .54 eV radiation in a photocell, there is increase in number
of photons. Each photon creates a pair of electron
hole which is responsible for current in photo cell.
 Therefore, increase in number of photon results in (ii) As magnification of a compound microscope is
increase in current in photo cell. LD
m= = LD × Po × Pe (\ P = 1/ f )
(ii) Einstein equation for photoelectric effect is fo fe
hf f Þ m µ P0 and m µ Pe
eV0 = hf - f 0 ÞV0 = - 0
e e So, we use eyepiece and objective of largest
In this equation, f and V0 are variables. Comparing possible power but eyepiece must have diameter
it with the equation of a straight line more than objective.
f So, for objective, we use (L3 ) lens and for eyepiece,
y = mx + c Þm = h / e and c = 0
e we use (L1) lens.
So, graph between v and V0 will be a straight line (iii) R.P of microscope
h 1
with slope equal to , which is constant and it does =
e dmin
not depend on nature of surface. 2n sinb
(iii) When we increase the intensity of incident =
1× 22l
radiation, only the number of photon gets
nD
increased. There is no change in the energy of =
individual photon. Therefore, kinetic energy of 1× 22lf
photoelectrons remain unchanged. So, R.P µ diameter of objective lens.
16. (i) D 1 diode is forward biased, hence current will flow 1 1
and R.P µ µ
in B 1 bulb and D2 is reverse biased, so there will be l wavelength of light used
no current in B 2 . Hence, B will glow.
19. (i) The circuit diagram for studying the characteristics
(ii) The diagram of illuminated p-n junction solar cell is of a transistor in common emitter configration is
given below. given below.
IC
R
hν C
– +
mA
IB
Depletion B +
layer + µA – VCE –
+ E
VBE VCC
VBB – IE
p n IB IC
(iii) I. When light photon reach the junction, the
excited electrons from the valence band to
conduction band creating equal number of Common emitter configuration
holes and electrons.
Input characteristics It is graph between base
II. These electron hole pair move in opposite
direction due to junction field. Their current I B and base-emitter voltage VBE at constant
movement in opposite direction creates collector-emitter voltage VCE .
potential difference (photo-voltage). VCE =10 volt
III. When load is connected in the external
circuit, current starts flowing through it due IB
to photo-voltage. (µA)
17. (i) Image formation in a compound microscope is
VBE ( V )
shown below
Eyepieces
Output characteristics It is graph between
collector current I c and collector emitter voltage
VCE at constant base current I B .
L
fo fe IB = constant
Object fo
IC
Objective (mA)

Final image at infinity

VCE(v)
(ii) t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8
20. Magnetic field due to circular loop P,
m 0i p
BP =
2r
A
Magnetic field due to circular loop Q,
(Input) Q

BP Bnet
B

(Output) P
BQ

m 0i Q
Output of an OR gate is a high potential when BQ =
either of the input A and B are supplied with high 2r
potential. So, the waveform is, So, net magnetic field at the common centre of the
Output loop is,
Input A Input B
(OR gate) 2 2
æm i ö æm i ö
t1 - t 2 0 0 0 B net = B + B = ç 0 p ÷ + ç 0 Q ÷
2
P
2
Q
t2 - t3 1 0 1
è 2r ø è 2r ø
t3 - t4 1 1 1 m0 2 2 4p ´ 10 -7
= iQ +iQ = ´5
t4 - t5 0 1 1 2r 2 ´ 5 ´ 10 -2
t5 - t6 0 0 0 = 2p ´ 10 -5 T
t6 - t7 1 0 1 Resultant magnetic field makes an angle q with B Q
t7 - t8 0 1 1 which is given by,
B i 3
Logic symbol for OR gate is tan f = P = P = .
BQ iQ 4
A
Y
B

SET-III (Only Uncommon Questions from Set I & II)

SECTION A
3. What is the direction of induced currents in metal
rings 1 and 2, when current I in the wire is
increasing steadily?
4. In which directions do the electric and magnetic
field vectors oscillate in an electromagnetic wave
propagating along the X -axis?
14. (i) Draw the circuit diagram of an n-p-n
SECTION B
8. Why does current in steady state not flow in a
capacitor connected across a battery? However,
momentary current does flow during charging or
discharging of the capacitor. Explain.
9. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is
-13.6 eV. If an electron makes a transition from
an energy level - 151
. eV to - 34
. eV, then
calculate the wavelength of the spectral line
emitted and name the series of hydrogen
spectrum to which it belongs.
SECTION C
transistor amplifier in common emitter
configuration.
(ii) Derive an expression for voltage gain of the
amplifier and hence show that the output is
opposite in phase with the input voltage.
18. The following graph shows the variation of (iv) Draw this graph for three different values of
photocurrent for a photosensitive metal: intensities of incident radiation I1 , I 2 and I 3
(I1 > I 2 > I 3) having same frequency.

Photocurrent 21. (i) In the following diagram, S is a

semiconductor. Would you increase or
decrease the value of R to keep the reading of
the ammeter A constant when S is heated?
Give reason for your answer.
X
A O V
– + S
(i) Identify the variable X on the horizontal axis.
(ii) What does the point A on the horizontal axis
represent?
(iii) Draw this graph for three different values of A
frequencies of incident radiation n1 , n 2 and n 3 R
( n1 > n 2 > n 3 ) for same intensity. (ii) Draw the circuit diagram of a photodiode and
explain its working. Draw its I-V characteristics.

ANSWERS
3. Wavelength of spectral line emitted
Induced current
hc
S is clockwise Þ l=
DE
I (increasing)
Taking, hc = 1240 eV-nm,
N
Induced current is
We have, DE = - 1.51 - (- 3.4) = 1.89 eV
anticlockwise 1240
\ l= » 656 nm
.
189
4. E and B are perpendicular to direction of propogation
This belongs to ‘Balmer’ spectral series.
of light. Also, direction of propagation is parallel to
E ´ B. 14. (i) n-p-n CE transistor amplifier
Hence, E is along j or +Y axis and B is along k or +Z axis. C VCE
IB
Ro Vo
8. In steady state, electric flux between plates of a Vin
B
Ri E
capacitor is constant.
So, displacement current is, IE IC
df df
i d = e 0 E and E = 0 + –
dt dt VBB
– +
VCC
Þ id = 0
So, there is no current between plates when steady (ii) Output voltage without any input is
state is reached. Vo = VCC - I c Ro
During charging, flux is increasing. where, I c is saturation collector current.
df E When an alternating input is made at input (base)
\ ¹0
dt side, during first half of input cycle base is more
Hence, a displacement current exists in the capacitor positive, hence base current increases as a result
df E collector current also increases. So, output voltage
which is i d = e 0 . decreases.
dt
Vi
9. Energy levels of H-atom are as shown below
phase with input

+
123

Output is out of

– t
–1.51 eV
n=3
Vo
λ
–3.4 eV +
n=2 t
–
–13.6 eV
n=1
 In next half of input cycle when base bias decreases, 21. (i) When S is heated, more electrons and holes are
I B and I c also decreases. So, output voltage generated in the semiconductor and its resistance
increases. decreases, so we have to increase the value of R to
Voltage gain, keep ammeter reading constant.
V DI R (ii) Symbolically, a photodiode is shown in the figure.
AV = o = c o
Vi DI B R i
hν
æ DI ö R R
= ç c ÷ o = b ac o
è DI B ø R i Ri
µA
18. (i) Variable X is anode potential of photocell. p-side n-side
(ii) Point A represents stopping potential.
(iii) For different frequencies, graph is
Photocurrent A photodiode is a p-n junction of suitable
semiconductor (Eg » hf ) in reverse bias.
Intensity is
Working of Photodiode
ν1 same for all Photodiode is an opto-electronic device in which
ν2 frequencies
current carriers are generated by photons through
ν3
photo excitation, i.e. photo conduction by light. A
Stopping V01 V02 V03 Anode
photodiode is a special type of p-n juncton diode
potential potential made of photosensitive semiconductor material. In
such a diode, a provision i.e. transparent window is
(iv) For different intensities, graph is made to allow the light of suitable frequency to fall
on it.
Photocurrent
Suppose, the wavelength is such that the energy of
I1 a photon, hc/ l is sufficient to break valence
I2 bond.When such light falls on the junction, new
I3
hole-electron pairs are created. The number of
frequency is same charge carriers increases so, the conductivity of p-n
Stopping Anode junction photodiode increases with the increase in
V
potential V0 potential intensity of light falling on it.