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Oracle 11g Advanced PL-SQL

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Oracle
Database 11
g
: Advanced
PL/SQL
Volume I
•
Student Guide
D52601GC10Edition
1.0March
2008D54299
Copyright © 2008,Oracle.
All rights
reserved.Disclaimer
This document contains
proprietary information
and is protected by
copyright and other
intellectual property laws.
You may copy and print
this document solely for
your own use in an Oracle
training course. The
document may not be
modified or altered in any
way. Except where your
use constitutes "fair use"
under copyright law, you
may not use, share,
download, upload, copy,
print, display,
perform,reproduce,
publish, license, post,
transmit, or distribute this
document in whole orin
part without the express
authorization of
Oracle.The information
contained in this document
is subject to change
without notice. If you find
any problems in the
document, please report
them in writingto: Oracle
University, 500 Oracle
Parkway, Redwood Shores,
California 94065 USA. This
document is not warranted
to be error-free.
Restricted Rights Notice
If this documentation is
delivered to the United
States Government or
anyone using the
documentation on behalf
of the United States
Government, thefollowing
notice is applicable: U.S.
GOVERNMENT RIGHTSThe
U.S. Government’s rights
to use, modify, reproduce,
release, perform, display,
or disclose these training
materials are restricted by
the terms ofthe applicable
Oracle license agreement
and/or the applicable U.S.
Government contract.
Trademark Notice
Oracle is a registered
trademark of Oracle
Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names
may be trademarks of their
respective owners.
Authors
Nancy GreenbergRick
GreenMarcie Young
Technical
Contributors and
Reviewers
Claire BennettTom
BestTammy
BradleyYantiChangKe
n Cooper Laszlo
CzinkoczkiDavid Jacob-
DaubFrancesco
FerlaMark FlemingClay
Fuller Laura GarzaYash
JainBryn
LlewelynTimothy
McGlueEssi
Parast Nagavalli
PataballaAlan
PaulsonChaya
RaoHelen Robertson
Lauran SerhalClinton
Shaffer Jenny
TsaiMichael Versaci
Ted Witiuk
Editors
Vijayalakshmi
NarasimhanSusan
Moxley
Graphic Designer
Steve Elwood
Publishers
Sujatha NagendraJobi
Varghese
iii
Contents
Preface 1
Introduction
Course Objectives
1-2 Oracle
Complete Solution
1-3 Lesson Agenda
1-4 Course Agenda
1-5 Lesson Agenda
1-7 Development
Environments:
Overview 1-8
Lesson Agenda 1-9
What Is Oracle SQL
Developer? 1-10
Starting SQL
Developer and
Creating a Database
Connection 1-11
Creating Schema
Objects 1-12 Using
the SQL Worksheet
1-13 Executing SQL
Statements 1-15
Executing Saved
Script Files: Method
1 1-16 Executing
Saved SQL Scripts:
Method 2 1-17
Creating an
Anonymous Block
1-18 Editing the
PL/SQL Code 1-19
Saving SQL Scripts
1-20 Debugging
Procedures and
Functions 1-21
Lesson Agenda 1-22
Using SQL*Plus 1-
23 Coding PL/SQL in
SQL*Plus 1-24
Lesson Agenda 1-25
Tables Used in This
Course 1-26 The
Order Entry Schema
1-27 The Human
Resources Schema
1-29 Summary 1-30
Practice 1
Overview: Getting
Started 1-31
2 PL/SQL
Programming
Concepts: Review
Objectives 2-2
Lesson Agenda 2-3
PL/SQL Block
Structure 2-4
iv
Naming
Conventions 2-5
Procedures 2-6
Procedure: Example
2-7 Functions 2-8
Function: Example
2-9 Ways to
Execute Functions
2-10 Lesson Agenda
2-11 Restrictions on
Calling Functions
from SQL
Expressions 2-12
Lesson Agenda 2-14
PL/SQL Packages:
Review 2-15
Components of a
PL/SQL Package 2-
16 Creating the
Package
Specification 2-17
Creating the
Package Body 2-18
Lesson Agenda 2-19
Cursor 2-20
Processing Explicit
Cursors 2-22
Explicit Cursor
Attributes 2-23
Cursor
FOR
 Loops 2-24 Cursor:
Example 2-25
Lesson Agenda 2-26
Handling Exceptions
2-27 Exceptions:
Example 2-29
Predefined Oracle
Server Errors 2-30
Trapping Non-
Predefined Oracle
Server Errors 2-33
Trapping User-
Defined Exceptions
2-34 Lesson Agenda
2-35 The
RAISE_APPLICATIO
N_ERROR
Procedure 2-36
Lesson Agenda 2-38
Dependencies 2-39
Displaying Direct
and Indirect
Dependencies 2-41
Lesson Agenda 2-42
Using Oracle-
Supplied Packages
2-43 Some of the
Oracle-Supplied
Packages 2-44
DBMS_OUTPUT
Package 2-45
UTL_FILE
Package 2-46
Summary 2-47
Practice 2:
Overview 2-48
v
3 Designing PL/SQL
Code
Objectives 3-2
Lesson Agenda 3-3
Guidelines for
Cursor Design 3-4
Lesson Agenda 3-9
Cursor Variables:
Overview 3-10
Working with
Cursor Variables 3-
11 Strong Versus
Weak
REF CURSOR
Variables 3-12 Step
1: Defining a
REF CURSOR
Type 3-13 Step 1:
Declaring a Cursor
Variable 3-14 Step
1: Declaring a
REF CURSOR
Return Type 3-15
Step 2: Opening a
Cursor Variable 3-
16 Step 3: Fetching
from a Cursor
Variable 3-18 Step
4: Closing a Cursor
Variable 3-19
Passing Cursor
Variables as
Arguments 3-20
Using the
Predefined Type
SYS_REFCURSOR
3-23 Rules for
Cursor Variables 3-
25 Comparing
Cursor Variables
with Static Cursors
3-26 Lesson Agenda
3-27 Predefined
PL/SQL Data Types
3-28 Subtypes:
Overview 3-29
Benefits of
Subtypes 3-31
Declaring Subtypes
3-32 Using
Subtypes 3-33
Subtype
Compatibility 3-34
Summary 3-35
Practice 3:
Overview 3-36
4 Working with
Collections
Objectives 4-2
Lesson Agenda 4-3
Understanding
Collections 4-4
Collection Types 4-5
Lesson Agenda 4-7
Using Associative
Arrays 4-8 Creating
the Array 4-9
Populating the
Array 4-10 Lesson
Agenda 4-12 Using
Nested Tables 4-13
Nested Table
Storage 4-14
vi
Creating Nested
Tables 4-15
Declaring
Collections: Nested
Table 4-16 Using
Nested Tables 4-17
Referencing
Collection Elements
4-19 Using Nested
Tables in PL/SQL 4-
20 Lesson Agenda
4-22 Understanding
Varrays 4-23
Declaring
Collections: Varray
4-24 Using Varrays
4-25 Lesson Agenda
4-27 Working with
Collections in
PL/SQL 4-28
Initializing
Collections 4-31
Referencing
Collection Elements
4-33 Using
Collection Methods
4-34 Manipulating
Individual Elements
4-38 Lesson Agenda
4-40 Avoiding
Collection
Exceptions 4-
41 Avoiding
Collection
Exceptions:
Example 4-42
Lesson Agenda 4-43
Listing
Characteristics for
Collections 4-44
Guidelines for Using
Collections
Effectively 4-45
Summary 4-46
Practice 4:
Overview 4-47
5 Using Advanced
Interface Methods
Objectives 5-2
Calling External
Procedures from
PL/SQL 5-3 Benefits
of External
Procedures 5-4
External C
Procedure
Components 5-5
How PL/SQL Calls a
C External
Procedure 5-6 The
extproc
Process 5-7 The
Listener Process 5-8
Development Steps
for External C
Procedures 5-9 The
Call Specification 5-
13 Publishing an
External C Routine
5-16 Executing the
External Procedure
5-17 Java: Overview
5-18 Calling a Java
Class Method by
Using PL/SQL 5-19
Development Steps
for Java Class
Methods 5-20
Loading Java Class
Methods 5-21
Publishing a Java
Class Method 5-22
vii
Executing the Java
Routine 5-24
Creating Packages
for Java Class
Methods 5-25
Summary 5-26
Practice 5:
Overview 5-27
6 Implementing
Fine-Grained Access
Control for VPD
Objectives 6-2
Lesson Agenda 6-3
Fine-Grained Access
Control: Overview
6-4 Identifying Fine-
Grained Access
Features 6-5 How
Fine-Grained Access
Works 6-6 Why Use
Fine-Grained
Access? 6-8 Lesson
Agenda 6-9 Using
an Application
Context 6-10
Creating an
Application Context
6-12 Setting a
Context 6-13
Implementing a
Policy 6-15 Step 2:
Creating the
Package 6-16 Step
3: Defining the
Policy 6-18 Step 4:
Setting Up a Logon
Trigger 6-21
Example Results 6-
22 Data Dictionary
Views 6-23 Using
the
ALL_CONTEXT
Dictionary View 6-
24 Policy Groups 6-
25 More About
Policies 6-26
Summary 6-28
Practice 6:
Overview 6-29
7 Manipulating
Large Objects
Objectives 7-2
Lesson Agenda 7-3
What Is a
LOB
? 7-4 Contrasting
LONG
and
LOB
Data Types 7-6
Components of a
LOB
7-7 Internal
LOB
s 7-8 Managing
Internal
LOB
s 7-9 Lesson
Agenda 7-10 What
Are
BFILE
s? 7-11 Securing
BFILE
s 7-12 What Is a
DIRECTORY
? 7-13
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