Impact Hardness Test

https://pursuitengineering.blogspot.com/2016/12/impact-test-difference-between-charpy.html
Theory
 Impact Testing involves the sudden and dynamic application
of the load. Parts such as shafts, bolts, anvils and dies
are examples of items subjected to impact loading.

 Impact test is defined as the resistance of a material to

rapidly sudden applied loads.

 Toughness is a property, which is capacity of a material to

resist fracture, (crack propagation), when subjected to impact.
The machine measures the amount of energy absorbed by the
specimen for the rapture

 Joules Unit is the amount of energy absorbed can give an

indication of the toughness of a material. It can classify the
different types of materials into either brittle or ductile
materials.
Two basic types of impact testing

1) Charpy impact test

The specimen is supported as a simple beam with the load

applied at the center.
The position of latching tube is set to 140°
The specimen is supported horizontally from two sides

2) The Izod test

The specimen is supported as a cantilever beam.

The position of latching tube is set to90°
How to measure absorbed energy

 The load is applied as an impact from a hammer that is released

from position h1

 The pendulum with a knife edge strikes and fractures the specimen
at the notch.

 The pendulum continues its swing, rising to a maximum height h2',

which is lower than h1.

 The energy is calculated from the difference in initial and final

heights of the swinging pendulum. Impact energy (toughness) from
the test is related to the area under the total stress-strain curve
Procedure
 Select the test (Charpy/Izod)
 Select and fit the respective striker in the hammer, first tighten the screws of the
wedge and then of strikers
 Fix the latching tube to corresponding position (for Charpy 140° position and for
Izod90° position)
 Place a specimen on the support of the block
 Bring the striker (hammer) closely to specimen and tough it lightly with
the specimen
 Pointer when touched to its carrier should read 300 J line for Charpy and 170J for
Izod. Otherwise correct it by losing and tighten the screw of the pointer carrier
 Remove the specimen. Latch the hammer. Place the pointer as 300 J for Charpy
and170 J for Izod
 Release the hammer. Hold back the releasing lever
 The pointer will show the frictional losses. This reading should be less than 1.5
joules for Charpy and 0.8 for Izod
 Thus the machine is ready for the test
Conducting the test
a) Charpy test

 Place the specimen onto the support with notch facing backside ofthe
striking direction
 Using the setting gauge. Center the notch in between the anvils
 Place the pointer to read 300 J. latch the hammer4) Release the hammer.
The pointer will indicate the amount of energy consumed by the specimen.

b) Izod test

 Place the specimen onto the support with notch facing forwards the
direction of striker of the striking direction.
 Using the setting gauge, center the notch to the reference level
 Face the pointer to read 170 J. latches the hammer
 Release the hammer. The pointer will indicate the amount of energy
consumed by the specimen for its rupture
Fracture surface

 Highly ductile fracture: specimen neck down to a point

 Moderator ductile fracture: rough plastic deformation
 Brittle fracture without any plastic deformation
Difference between Izod and Charpy
Test
 Position of Specimen
In the Izod method, the test material was placed in a vertical position, while
in the Charpy method, the test material was placed horizontally.

 Position of Notch
The notch in the Izod test is facing the striker, fastened in a pendulum,
while in the Charpy test, the notch is positioned away from the striker.

 Types of Notch
In the Charpy method, there are two kinds of notches, the V-notch and the
U-notch, while in the Izod method; there is only one kind of notch.

 Hammer Type
Hammer which use as striker is different in both test Izod use Farming
hammer as striker where as Charpy use Ball Pin hammer as striker
 Specimen Dimensions
Even if you are testing the same material the test specimens have different
dimensions for each test. The basic Izod test specimen is 75 x 10 x 10mm
(2.95" x 0.394" x 0.394"); the basic Charpy test specimen is 55 x 10 x
10mm (2.165" x 0.394" x 0.394")

 Striker Position
In Izod test the striker swings downward, hitting the test material in the
middle, at the bottom of its swing, and is Left free at top
In Charpy test the striker hits the center of the test material, behind a
machined notch. The notch is positioned away from the striker, fastened in
a pendulum

 Purpose of Each test

Izod test is also used to evaluate the materials for overall hardiness. It’s not
applicable to compound materials because of the influence of complicated
and inconsistent failure modes.
In Charpy Test higher speeds and collision energy could be achieved in a
Vertical style fall .This method proved to be reliable, and gave qualitative
collision data.
Error source
 Use sensors to measure resistance of air so that we
could calculate the energy losses by friction more
accurate.

 Try to place the centre of the notch on the specimen to

be at the centre of the impacting load.

 The data collected should be taken carefully vertically

so that to minimize the error from reading it.

 Using modern testing equipments that use digital

readers and load amplifiers to reach the most accurate
data.
Precautions

 Keep away from the machine during the

impact test.

 The test piece has to be carefully kept so

that area of impact is minimized.

 When the pendulum hammer is loaded at

maximum position make sure that it is
latched