Human

Resource
Development
in the Indian
Army
Submitted by:
KARAN RAGHAV
BBS 2C
8111
 CONTENTS

S.NO. TOPICS
1. OVERVIEW OF INDIAN ARMY
2. MILITARY ACADEMIES IN INDIAN ARMY
3. TALENT ATTRACTION IN INDIAN ARMY
4. RECRUITMENT
5. TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT
6. TALENT RETENTION
7. POST RETIREMENT & WELFARE SCHEMES
 INDIAN ARMY
The Indian Army (Bharatiya Sthalsena) is one of the armed forces of India and has the responsibility for land-based
military operations. Its primary objectives include defending India from external aggression, maintaining peace and
security within the country, patrolling borders and conducting counter-terrorist operations. It also conducts rescue
and humanitarian operations during calamities and disturbances. Control and operation of the Army is administered
by the Ministry of Defence.

With more than 1,130,000 soldiers in active service and about 1,200,000 reserve troops, the Indian Army is the
world's second largest. It is a completely voluntary service and though there is a provision for military draft in the
Indian constitution, it has never been imposed.

The Indian Army was formed soon after India gained independence in 1947 and retained most of the regiments of
the British Indian Army. The Army is deployed in many of the world's conflict zones as a part of the United Nations
Peacekeeping forces. The force is currently headed by the Chief of Army Staff, General Deepak Kapoor. The Field
Marshal is the highest attainable rank in the Indian Army and it is awarded by the President of India, on advise of
the Union Government, only in exceptional circumstances. So far, only two officers have attained this rank.

OBJECTIVES

The Indian Army doctrine defines the role of the Indian Army as - "The Indian Army is the land component of the
Indian Armed Forces which exist to uphold the ideals of the Constitution of India." As a major component of
national power, along with the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force, the roles of the Indian Army are as follows :

• Primary: Preserve national interests and safeguard sovereignty, territorial integrity and unity of India
against any external threats by deterrence or by waging war.

• Secondary: Assist Government agencies to cope with ‘proxy war’ and other internal threats and provide aid
to civil authority when requisitioned for the purpose."

STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN ARMY

Initially, the army's main objective was to defend the nation's frontiers. However, over the years, the army has also
taken up the responsibility of providing internal security, especially in insurgent-hit Kashmir and north-east.

The army has a strength of about a million troops and fields 34 divisions. Its headquarters is located in the Indian
capital New Delhi and it is under the overall command of the Chief of Army Staff (COAS), currently General
Deepak Kapoor.
Commands

The army operates 6 tactical commands . Each command is headed by General Officer Commanding-in-Chief with
the rank of Lieutenant General. Each command is directly affiliated to the Army HQ in New Delhi. These
commands are given below in their correct order of raising, location (city) and their commanders. There is also one
training command known as ARTRAC.

Command Command HQ GOC-in-C

Southern Command Pune Lt Gen Noble Thamburaj

Eastern Command Kolkata Lt. Gen. V K Singh

Central Command Lucknow Lt Gen. H.S. Panag,PVSM,AVSM*,ADC

Western Command Chandimandir (Chandigarh) Lt. Gen. TK Sapru

Northern Command Udhampur Lt. Gen. P C Bhardwaj

South Western Command Jaipur Lt. Gen. C.K.S. Sabu

Corps

Field formation

A Corps is an army field formation responsible for a sector within a Command. There are 3 types of Corps in the
Indian Army: Strike, Holding & Mixed. A Command generally consists of 2 or more Corps. A corps has Army
Divisions under its command. The Corps HQ is the highest field formation in the army.

Corps Head Quarter Command Divisions

Mathura, Uttar 4 Inf Div (Allahabad), 6 Mtn Div (Bareilly), 33 Armd

1 Corps Central Command
Pradesh Div (Hisar)

1 Armd Div (Ambala), 14 RAPID (Dehradun), 22 Inf

2 Corps Ambala, Haryana Western Command
Div (Meerut)

Rangapahar
3 Corps Eastern Command 23 Inf Div (Ranchi), 57 Mtn Div (Leihmakong)
(Dimapur), Nagaland

2 Mtn Div (Dibrugarh), 5 Mtn Div (Bomdila), 21 Mtn

4 Corps Tezpur, Assam Eastern Command
Div (Rangia)

Yol, Himachal 26 Inf Div (Jammu), 29 Inf Div (Pathankot), 2,3,16 Ind
9 Corps Western Command
Pradesh Armd Bdes

16 Inf Div (Sri Ganganagar), 18 RAPID (Kota), 24

10 Corps Bhatinda, Punjab Western Command
RAPID (Bikaner), 6 Ind Armd Bde
 7 Inf Div (Firozpur), 9 Inf Div (Meerut), 15 Inf Div
11 Corps Jalandhar, Punjab Western Command
(Amritsar), 23 Armd Bde, 55 Mech Bde

South Western 4 Armd Bde, 340 Mech Bde, 11 Inf Div (Ahmedabad),
12 Corps Jodhpur, Rajasthan
Command 12 Inf Division (Jodhpur)

14 Corps Leh, Ladakh Northern Command 3 Inf Div (Leh), 8 Mtn Div (Dras),[21] artillery brigade

Srinagar, Jammu & 19 Inf Div (Baramulla), 28 Inf Div (Gurez, Bandipora
15 Corps Northern Command
Kashmir District), artillery brigade

Nagrota, Jammu & 10 Inf Div (Akhnoor),[22] 25 Inf Div (Rajauri), 39 Inf
16 Corps Northern Command
Kashmir Div (Yol), artillery brigade, armoured brigade?

17 Mtn Div (Gangtok), 20 Mtn Div (Binnaguri,

33 Corps Siliguri, West Bengal Eastern Command
Jalpaiguri district), 27

Regimental Organisation

In addition to this (not to be confused with the Field Corps mentioned above) are the Regiments or Corps or
departments of the Indian Army. The corps mentioned below are the functional divisions entrusted with specific
pan-Army tasks.
Arms

1. Indian Infantry Regiments

2. Armoured Corps Regiments - The Armoured Corps School and Centre is at Ahmednagar.
3. Regiment of Artillery - The School of Artillery is at Devlali near Nasik.
4. Corps of Engineers - The College of Military Engineering is at Dapodi, Pune. The Centers are located as
follows- Madras Engineer Group at Bangalore, Bengal Engineer Group at Roorkee and Bombay Engineer
Group at Khadki, Pune.
5. Corps of Army Air Defence-Center at Gopalpur in Orissa State.
6. Mechanised Infantry - Regimental Center at Ahmednagar.
7. Corps of Signals
8. Army Aviation Corps

Services

1. Army Dental Corps

2. Army Education Corps - Center at Pachmarhi.
3. Army Medical Corps - Center at Lucknow.
4. Army Ordnance Corps - Centers at Jabalpur andSecunderabad.
5. Army Postal Service Corps
6. Army Service Corps - Center at Bangalore
7. Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers- Centers at Bhopal and Secunderabad .
8. Corps of Military Police [2] - Center at Bangalore
9. Intelligence Corps - Center at Pune.
10. Judge Advocate General's Deptt. - Institute of Military Law kamptee,Nagpur.
11. Military Farms Service
12. Military Nursing Service
13. Remount and Veterinary Corps
14. Pioneer Corps
 Other Field Formations

• Division: An Army Division is an intermediate between a Corps and a Brigade. It is the largest striking
force in the army. Each Division is headed by [General Officer Commanding] (GOC) in the rank of Major General.
It usually consists of 15,000 combat troops and 8,000 support elements. Currently, the Indian Army has 34
Divisions including 4 Rapid (Re-organised Army Plains Infantry Divisions) Action Divisions, 18 Infantry Divisions,
10 Mountain Divisions, 3 Armoured Divisions and 2 Artillery Divisions. Each Division composes of several
Brigades.
• Brigade: The Brigade is smaller than the Division and generally consists of 3 Infantry Battalions along with
elements of various Combat & Support Arms & Services. It is headed by a Brigadier equivalent to a Brigadier
General. The Indian Army also has 5 Independent Armoured Brigades, 15 Independent Artillery Brigades, 7
Independent Infantry Brigades, 1 Independent Parachute Brigade,3 Independent Air Defence Brigades, 2
Independent Air Defence Groups and 4 Independent Engineer Brigades. These Independent Brigades operate
directly under the Corps Commander (GOC Corps).
• Battalion: A Battalion is commanded by a Colonel and is the Infantry's main fighting unit. It consists of
more than 900 personnel.
• Company: Headed by the Major, a Company comprises 120 soldiers.
• Platoon: An intermediate between a Company and Section, a Platoon is headed by a Lieutenant or
depending on the availability of Commissioned Officers, a Junior Commissioned Officer, with the rank of Subedar
or Naib-Subedar. It has a total strength of about 32 troops.
• Section: Smallest military outfit with a strength of 10 personnel. Commanded by a Non-commissioned
officer of the rank of Havildar or Sergeant.

Regiments

Infantry Regiments

There are several battalions or units under the same formation in a Regiment. The Gurkha Regiment, for instance,
has several battalions. All formations under a Regiment are battalions of the same arms or Corps (i.e., Infantry or
Engineers). Regiments are not exactly field formations; they mostly do not make a formation. All Regiments of the
Gurkha's for instance would not fight together as one formation, but can be dispersed over various Brigades or
Corps or even Commands.

Artillery Regiments

The Regiment of Artillery constitutes a formidable operational arm of Indian Army. Historically it takes its lineage
from Moghul Emperor Babur who is popularly credited with introduction of Artillery in India, in the Battle of
Panipat in 1526. However evidence of earlier use of gun by Bahmani Kings in the Battle of Adoni in 1368 and King
Mohammed Shah of Gujrat in fifteenth century have been recorded.

INDIAN ARMY STAFF

Strength

Indian Army statistics

Active Troops 1,300,000

Reserve Troops 1,200,000

Territorial Army 200,000**

Main Battle Tanks 4500

Artillery 12,800

Ballistic missiles 100 (Agni-1,Agni-2)

Cruise missiles BrahMos

Aircraft 10 squadrons of helicopters

Surface-to-air
90000
missiles

* includes 300,000 1st line troops and 500,000 2nd line troops

** includes 40,000 1st line troops and 160,000 2nd line troops

Statistics

• 4 RAPID (Reorganised Army Plains Infantry Divisions)

• 18 Infantry Divisions
• 10 Mountain Divisions
• 3 Armoured Divisions
• 2 Artillery Divisions
• 13 Air Defence Brigades + 2 Surface-to-Air Missile Groups
• 5 Independent Armoured Brigades
• 15 Independent Artillery Brigades
• 7 Independent Infantry Brigades
• 1 Parachute Brigade
• 4 Engineer Brigades
• 14 Army Aviation Helicopter Units

Sub-Units

• 63 Tank Regiments
• 7 Airborne Battalions
• 200 Artillery Regiments
• 360 Infantry Battalions + 5 Para (SF) Battalions
• 40 Mechanised Infantry Battalions
• 20 Combat Helicopter Units
• 52 Air Defence Regiments

RANK STRUCTURE

The various rank of the Indian Army are listed below in descending order:
COMMISSIONED OFFICERS

• Field Marshal1
• General (the rank held by Chief of Army Staff)
• Lieutenant-General
• Major-General
• Brigadier
• Colonel
• Lieutenant-Colonel
• Major
• Captain
• Lieutenant
• Second Lieutenant2

JUNIOR COMMISSIONED OFFICERS (JCOS)

• Subedar Major/Honorary Captain

• Subedar/Honorary Lieutenant
• Subedar Major
• Subedar
• Naib Subedar

NON COMMISSIONED OFFICERS (NCOS)

• Regimental Havildar Major

• Regimental Quarter Master Havildar
• Company Havildar Major
• Company Quarter Master Havildar
• Havildar
• Naik
• Lance Naik
• Sepoy

Note:
•1. Only two officers have been made Field Marshall so far: Field Marshal K M Cariappa – the first Indian
Commander-in-Chief (a post since abolished) – and Field Marshal S H F J Manekshaw, the Chief of Army Staff
during the Army in the 1971 war with Pakistan.
•2. This has now been discontinued. Non-Commissioned Officers in the rank of Havildar are elible for Honorary
JCO ranks.
•3. Given to Outstanding JCO's Rank and pay of a Lieutenant, role continues to be of a JCO.

AWARDS and HONOURS FOR THE INDIAN ARMY PERSONNEL

For the purpose of classification, Indian honours and awards can be divided into two categories :

(a) Gallantry awards.

(b) Non-gallantry awards.

The gallantry awards are again divisible into two categories:

(a) Those for gallantry in the face of the enemy.
(b) Those for gallantry other than in the face of the enemy.

The first category of the gallantry awards comprises :

1. Param Vir Chakra

2. Maha Vir Chakra
3. Vir Chakra
4. Sena, Nao Sena and Vayu Sena Medal
5. Mention in Dispatches
6. Chiefs of Staff Commendation Card

The second category of the gallantry awards comprise the following :

1. Ashoka Chakra *
2. Kirti Chakra *
3. Shaurya Chakra *
* These were originally named Ashoka Chakra Class I, Class II, Class III
 Military Academies in India
EDUCATION AND TRAINING BEFORE ENTERING THE ARMY

Sainik Schools:

The Scheme to establish Sainik Schools was started in 1961 to broad base recruitment and remove regional
imbalance in the officer's cadre of Defence Forces. Sainik Schools are joint venture of the Central and States
Governments. At present 18 Sainik Schools are being administered by Sainik Schools Society. The Sainik Schools
are fully residential and admit students in classes VI & IX only, strictly in order of merit decided as per the All India
Sainik Schools Entrance Examination, held in February each year subject to medical fitness. The medium of
instructions in Sainik Schools is English although knowledge of English is not a pre-requisite for admission in these
schools. Schools give due attention to both co-curricular and extra-curricular activities for all round development of
their cadets. These Schools are affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education and follow 10+2 pattern in
science stream only.

During the year 2002, a total of 108 students from Sainik Schools joined NDA, which takes about 600 cadets every
year. Besides, 16 students joined Navy and Army through technical 10+2 entry scheme during 2001. As on date,
about 6000 officers of the Defence Forces are alumni of Sainik Schools.

Military Schools

There are five Military Schools in the country.

• Chail Military School Chail (oldest one) (Previously known as King George Royal Indian Military College)
Shimla
• Ajmer Military School Ajmer
• Bangalore Military School Bangalore
• Belgaum Military School Belgaum
• Dholpur Military School Dholpur

They admit boys in Class VI based on an All India Entrance Examination. In Military Schools, 67% vacancies are
reserved for the wards of the JCOs/Other Ranks called "entitled category". Out of 33% non-entitled category seats,
20% are reserved for the wards of service officers and 13% for the wards of civilians.

The aim of the Military Schools is to impart quality education to enable the boys to take the All India Secondary
School Examination and Senior Secondary Certificate Examination conducted by the CBSE and also to facilitate
their entry into the NDA.

Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC), Dehradun

The Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC) was founded on March 13,1922 with the objective of providing
necessary preliminary training for boys of Indian birth or domicile, wishing to become officers in Indian Armed
Forces. The institution now serves as a feeder institution to the National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla (Pune),
where in cadets of the Army, Navy and Air Force receive their initial training. The aim of this College is to train
suitable candidate for admission to NDA. Selection for the RIMC is through a written examination-cum-viva-voice
conducted through the state government. Seats for respective States are reserved based on their population. Intake
into RIMC is biennial in January and August, 25 cadets per term with maximum strength of RIMC being 250. The
intake of boys is at class VIII in the age group of 11& 1/2 years to 13 years. The College run classes from 8th to
12th on 10+2 CBSC patternThe Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC), Dehradun was founded on 13 March
1922 with the object of providing necessary preliminary training for boys of Indian birth or domicile, wishing to
become officers in Indian Armed Forces. The institution now serves as a feeder institution to the National Defence
Academy, Khadakwasla (Pune), wherein cadets of the Army, Navy and Air Force receive their initial training.

THE ARMY (PRE INDUCTION)

The chief institutions training its officers are:

National Defence Academy ( NDA):

The National Defence Academy (NDA), Khadakwasla is a premier Inter-Service training institution where future
officers of Armed Forces are trained. The training involves an exacting schedule of three years before the cadets join
their respective Service Academics, viz., Indian Military Academy, Naval Academy and Air Force Academy.

The National Defence Academy (NDA) is a premier Joint Services institution for training of young cadets as future
officers of Defence Services. It has four fold aim : -

(a) Attain requisite educational standard and acquire mental, moral and physical qualities essential to the cadet's
progressive and continued development as officers of the fighting services.

(b) Obtain such basic service training as will assist in developing their character, initiative, self-confidence and
above all qualities of leadership.

(c) Develop ability to appreciate inter-service aspect of the armed forces; and also

(d) Develop interest in extracurricular activities particularly out-door oriented.

Entry into NDA is based on a competitive examination conducted by UPSC. Cadets of all three Services viz Army,
Navy and Air Force undergo combined training at NDA for three years. After passing out from the NDA, the Cadets
go to their respective Service academies for specialized training before being commissioned in the Armed Forces.
The Academy is a unique institution wherein Inter Services aspects are developed right from the formative stages of
an officer, thus developing a bond of friendship and respect for each other's service.

The academic curriculum of NDA is in tune with the national educational format of 10+2+3. The syllabus of the
Academy has been approved by the Jawaharlal Nehru University for grant of B.A. or B.Sc. degree at the time of
passing out from the Academy.

The training curriculum at NDA is structured to impart Service and Academic training to the cadets with a great
amount of emphasis being laid on extracurricular and out-door activities to develop the concept of holistic man and
the finer qualities which are pre-requisites of the officer cadre in the Defence ServicesA number of cadets from
friendly foreign countries like Bhutan, Nepal, Seychelles, Singapore, Afghanistan, Tanzania, Ghana, Maldives etc
have undergone training at NDA.
Indian Military Academy (IMA):

The Indian Military Academy, founded in 1932, boasts of a glorious and colorful history. The Academy is located
between the Shivalik ranges and the Himalayan foothills in the beautiful valley of Dehradun. Aim of IMA is to
train Gentlemen Cadets (GCs) for commission into the Army. It also has a Wing for training Service cadets selected
for commission in the Army.

It aims at the fullest development of intellectual, moral and physical qualities with basic military training and abroad
academic education. It develops the qualities of dynamism, initiative and understanding, which form the very of
leadership in war, as well as in peace.

The various modes of entry into IMA are:-

(a) On graduation from NDA;

(b) On graduation from Army Cadet College, which is a Wing of the IMA itself;

(c) Direct entry graduate cadets, who join on qualifying in the Union Public Service Commission

Examination and the Services Selection Board;

(d) Technical graduates;

(e) University Entry Scheme for engineering college students in Final/Pre-Final year of studies; and

(f) 10+2 Technical Entry Scheme for candidates who have passed 10+2 with more than 70% marks in Physics,
Chemistry, Math.

The IMA also imparts training to Gentlemen Cadets from friendly countries.

The Indian Military Academy (IMA), Dehradun transforms young men into courageous, dynamic and erudite young
officers of integrity, who are to bear the brunt of battle, or hardship whilst guarding the Nation's frontiers. The IMA
established in 1932, caters training to cadets for commission into the Army.

Army Cadet College:

Army Cadet College (ACC), Dehradun is a Wing of IMA which caters for training of service cadets selected for
commission. The academic format is similar to the NDA on the lines of 10+2+3 and the syllabus is common. On
completion of the course, these cadets also qualify for a B.A. or B.Sc. degree, recognized by the Jawaharlal Nehru
University.

Armored Corps Centre and School (ACCS):

The Indian Cavalry has a proud heritage and a glorious history with some of its older regiments tracing their origins
to as far back as 1773. Mechanization of the Indian Army began in 1938, and a need was felt for formal
institutionalized training for the Armored Corps. The Cavalry and now the Armored Corps has its alma mater as the
Armored Corps Centre and School, Ahmednagar, which is the seat of learning for all disciplines of mechanized
warfare.

Role

• Impart basic military training for Armored Corps recruits.

• Train all Armored Corps personnel in the tactical and technical aspects of mechanized warfare.

Officers Training Academy (OTA):

The Officers Training Academy (OTA), Chennai moulds young men and women into courageous, dynamic and
honorable officers of the Indian Army. The training at the OTA aims at inculcating in the Gentlemen and the Lady
cadets (GCs/LCs) moral values, leadership traits, mental and physical prowess, a spirit of adventure and a will to
win.

Army War College:

It is premier All Arms Tactical Training Institution for officers and performs important functions of evaluation of
concepts and doctrines in the fields of tactics and operational logistics. The institution was earlier known as College
of Combat, Mhow and has been re-designated as 'Army War College, Mhow' from 1 January 2003.

Infantry School:

The Infantry School, Mhow is the largest and the oldest military training centre of the Indian Army. The institution
is responsible to develop the complete spectrum of tactical drills and concepts pertaining to infantry operating in
varied terrain and environment and introduce them from time to time. This premier institution also trains the
National Shooting Team under the aegis of Army Marksmanship Unit (AMU) which is part of Infantry School.

Junior Leaders Wing:

The Junior Leaders Wing, Belgaum is part of Infantry School, Mhow and trains junior officers and junior leaders in
sub-unit level in tactical and special mission techniques to enable them to carry out assigned operational missions in
varied terrain conditions under severe stress and strain.

Junior Leader's Academy (JLA):

The Junior Leader's Academy (JLA), Bareilly and Ramgarh conduct institutionalised leadership training for
Junior Leaders comprising of Junior Commissioned Officers and Non-Commissioned Officers of the Army.

Defense Services Staff College (DSSC):

The Defense Services Staff College, Wellington is a premier tri-service training establishment imparting training
to middle level officers (Majors and equivalent) of the three wings of Indian Armed Forces, friendly foreign
countries and Indian civil services.

High Altitude Warfare School (HAWS):

The High Altitude Warfare School, Gulmarg is a unique training establishment imparting specialised Mountain
Warfare and Winter Warfare Training to Indian Army personnel.

Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare (CIJW) School:

Popularly known as CIJW School, Vairengte (Mizoram), this premier institution imparts training as per its motto
'Fight the Gureilla like a Gureilla'. The institution has risen to be nodal agency for imparting counter insurgency
training.

College of Defense Management:

Realization of the necessity to set up a institution devoted to imparting modern, scientific management training was
felt sometime after the Indo-Pak War of 1965. The size of the Indian Defense Services, their deployment in far
flung areas, high cost of equipment, limited resources, socio-economic changes, all necessitated that military
commanders be exposed to modern management concepts and techniques to enable them to operate in an effective
and optimum manner. Such skills could neither be imparted from within the existing framework of training in the
Armed Forces nor could they be borrowed from the civilian management stream. This felt need of the services gave
birth to the Institute of Defense Management (IDM) at Secunderabad in June 1970. The IDM was
renamed as the College of Defense Management (CDM) in 1980. The College has trained over 5,000 officers
of the rank of Major to Major General and equivalents of the three Services through its on-campus programmers. It
has also given exposure in defense management to a large number of officers through external capsules. Officers
from Para-Military Forces, Ministry of Defense, Research and Development Organizations and friendly foreign
countries also attend various on-campus program.

The College shifted to its new campus in May 2001. This 53.7 acre sprawling campus is equipped with modern and
state-of-art training aids. A well laid out IT center with over 100 computers and an equal number of printers, a three
storied library with over 27000 books on management and 25 computer based work stations besides other
educational and training support equipment and infrastructure is provided therein.

College of Materials Management (CMM):

The College of Materials Management (CMM), Jabalpur is the hub centre of all logistics courses for Army. It
runs courses like advance material management, higher mention course and quarter master courses for officers,
JCOs and NCOs. It also imparts basic training to store keepers technical.

The college owes its lineage to 'Indian Army Ordnance Corps (IAOC) School of Instruction' established in October,
1925. The School was later re-designated as 'IAOC Training Centre' in 1939. In January, 1950, it became the 'AOC
School'. With the changing doctrine of training and advanced concepts introduced, the AOC School was renamed as
the College of Materials Management (CMM) in 1987.

The College was affiliated to the University of Jabalpur (Rani Durgavati Vishwa Vidyalaya) in 1987 and its proven
excellence earned it an Autonomous status in 1990. The college is also registered as a 'Government College' with
the University Grants Commission. The approval of All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) was another
achievement of the College.

National Defense College:

The National Defense College (NDC) was inaugurated on April 27, 1960 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first
Prime Minister of independent India. NDC is a pioneering institute of its type in Asia. The role of the college has
remained largely unchanged since 1959, when the President of India sanctioned "the setting up of a National
Defense College for providing instruction to senior service and civil officers in the wider aspects of higher direction
and strategy of warfare". Today, NDC continues to provide future decision-makers with the necessary skills and
background for filling senior positions in national security and associated fields.

It is the only institution in the country that imparts knowledge on all aspects of national security and strategy. Senior
Defense and Civil Service Officers participate in a 47-week comprehensive program of national security and
strategy. The NDC, located at 6, Tees January Marg, New Delhi has been conducting the courses for our senior
officers on National Security and Strategy Studies since its inauguration by our first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawahar
Lal Nehru on 27th April, 1960. During the last 45 years, the NDC has established a name for itself worldwide as a
center of excellence. The College has provided education & training to a large number of senior Defense and
Civilian officers. Many of its alumni have reached the top of their professions in India and abroad and some have
even become heads of their country

The NDC course on National Security and Strategic Studies is of 47 weeks duration. The aim of this course is to
equip future policy maker with the background to give them a broad understanding of the multifarious economic,
political, military, scientific and organizational aspects, involved in the planning of National Strategy. Defense
forces officers of the rank of Brigadier, civil services officers of the rank of Joint Secretary are nominated for
training at the College. Some officers from the Defense Public Sector Undertakings also attend this course.

The 45th Course commenced in January 2005 at NDC with a strength of 87 officers of the Army (34), Navy (05), Air
Force (10), Civil Services (16) and Friendly Foreign Countries (22). The course curriculum consists of study
capsules, lectures and panel discussion, field tours, research activities - thesis writing, seminar and politico-strategic
gaming exercises. For the 45th NDC Course, three study capsules have already been conducted and fourth one is in
progress. 96 eminent experts have so been invited for lectures and panel discussions and 66 more are planned to be
invited. Field Tours form an extremely important part of the curriculum. These help in validating the knowledge
gained in the classroom by relating it to the ground situation. The Course Members proceed on two tours to foreign
countries and six tours within India .

Research Activity-Thesis Writing: To enable course members to make an original contribution on a subject of
national or international importance that has a bearing on National Security, each course member is required to
undertake thesis writing work.

Army Air Defence College:

The Army Air Defence College (AADC), Gopalpur imparts training for provision of effective Air Defence
Artillery protection to ground forces against long and medium altitude enemy air attacks and also to preserve
specified tactical and strategic vital areas and pivotal points from critical danger and destruction from enemy air
attacks.

Army Air Defence College erstwhile functioned as a wing of School of Artillery Deolali till October, 1989, when it
was moved to Gopalpur as a precusor to bifurcation of Air Defence Artillery from the main branch of Artillery.
Located at "Gopalpur-on-Sea" it is a premier Category 'A' training establishment, which trains personnel of Air
Defence Artillery, other arms and armed forces personnel of foreign countries in Air Defence related subjects.

The aim of the Army Air Defence College is :-

a) To impart technical and tactical training in all aspect of Air Defence Gunnery and radars to Officers, Junior
commissioned Officer and Non commissioned Officers.

b) to evaluate tactical and technical doctrine related to Army Air Defence, conduct trials on Air Defence equipment
and produce suitable notes and pamphlets concerning handling of Army Air Defence Weapons.

c) To act as a centre of excellence for all matters concerning Air Defence Artillery.

The Army Air Defense College conducts a number of courses of instruction. Some of the important courses are
Long Gunnery Staff Course (Officers) - Young Officers Course, Electronic Warfare Course, Senior Command Air
Defense Course, Long Gunnery Staff Course Junior Commissioned Officer (JCOs)/Non-commissioned Officers
(NCOs), Technical Instructions Fire Control Course, Aircraft Recognition course, Unit Instructors and Crew Based
Training and Automated Data Processing Course.

School of Artillery:

School of Artillery, Deolali is a premier institution of the Army and imparts effective training, evaluation of new
equipment for induction and development of new concepts/ doctrine for application of artillery fire.

The School of Artillery, located in the sylvan surroundings of the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, is the academic
centre for various sub-disciplines of the science and methodology of artillery warfare.

The charter and functions of School of Artillery is to impart technical training to officers, JCOs and NCOs of the
Regiment of Artillery on artillery weapons and systems including training of pilots of Air Observation Post duties.
Besides this, review of doctrines, study and trials of artillery equipment, both Indian and foreign is also carried out.

Army Supply Corps (ASC) Centre and College:

The ASC Centre and College, Bangalore imparts training to Officers, personnel below officer rank of Army
Service Corps and other arms and services indicating personnel from foreign countries in various disciplines of
suppliers, fuel, oil and lubricants, mechanical transport, animal transport and air dispatch. The Centre also trains
recruits for induction into service into Army Service Corps.

The beginning of the Army Service Corps (ASC) alma mater dates back to 1908 when the Supply and Transport
Training School was established at Chaklala now in Pakistan. In 1947, it shifted to Bareilly. In 1999, consequent to
the merger of ASC School, Army School of Mechanical Transport (ASMT) and ASC Centre (South), the ASC
Centre and College came into existence at Bangalore; thus becoming a premier institution for imparting training in
logistics related facets. ASC College is recognized and affiliated to the Rohilkhand University, Bareilly for award of
diplomas/degrees in Logistics and Resource management to student officers.

Army Education Corps (AEC) Training College and Centre:

The AEC Training College and Centre, Pachmarhi is a Category 'A' establishment, a Regimental Training Centre
for AEC personnel and an Autonomous College affiliated to Barkatullah University, Bhopal.

The history of this institution dates back to World War-I when importance of education as an integral part of troops
training was realized. The Army School of Education was established in the year 1920 with its Indian Wing at
Belgaum and the British Wing at Wellington (Nilgiris). In 1924, the British Wing also moved to Belgaum. In 1939
Army School of Education moved to Pachmarhi from Belgaum.

The aim and role of AEC Training College & Centre is detailed as follows:

a) to function as a category 'A' training establishment for the Indian Army and a category 'B' establishment for AEC
personnel under Line directorate at Army Headquarters and Headquarters Army Training Command;

b) to function as an Autonomous College of the Barkatullah University, under UGC, conducting Post-Graduate,
Graduate, Diploma and Certificate Courses and examinations;

c) to devise need based educational training courses for the personnel of the Para Military Forces and defense
personnel of the friendly foreign countries;

d) to function as a teacher's training institute under NCTE norms;

e) to create a corpus of resource personnel in the field of education, map reading, foreign languages, computer
applications and military music;

f) to train Military Bands, Pipes and Drums, Bands and Musicians of Army, Air Force, Navy, Para Military Forces
and friendly foreign countries at the Military Music Wing as well as create a corpus of music instructors;

g) to function as a nodal agency for ADP training of minor Corps;

h) to provide technical training to AEC personnel to develop human resources in the Indian Army and;

i) to train and provide interpreters for Border Personnel Meetings (BPMs).

Army Airborne Training School:

The Army Airborne Training School (AATS), Agra imparts training in aerial delivery and air transportation of men
and material. It is also responsible for carrying out Research and Trial pertaining to air portability and para dropping
of all types of equipment.

Institute of National Integration:

The Institute of National Integration (INI), Pune imparts training to Officers, Personnel Below Officer Rank and
Religious Teachers in a phased manner, highlighting rich cultured heritage, spirit of tolerance and national amity.

Institute of Military Law:

The Institute of Military Law (IML), Kamptee imparts training to officers of Judge Advocate General Branch as
well as other arms and services in military and allied law.

College of Military Engineering:

The role of College of Military Engineering (CME), Pune encompasses three aspects, i.e., training, advisory,
projects research and experimentation.

Military College of Telecommunication Engineering:

The Military College of Telecommunication Engineering (MCTE), Mhow is a premiere training institute of the
Corps of Signals. A variety of courses catering for the training needs in Information Technology and
Communication for the Indian Army are conducted at MCTE. A number of courses are attended by students from
friendly foreign countries and Para-Military Forces also.

Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC):

The AFMC is located in Pune, near Mumbai in Maharashtra State. It is an Inter-Services institution. AFMC has
multiple roles to perform. These are primarily training of medical undergraduates and post-graduates, dental
postgraduates, nursing cadets and paramedical staff. Patient care forms an integral part of its training curriculum and
the attached hospital benefits from the expertise available at AFMC. The institution is responsible for providing the
entire pool of specialists and super-specialists to Armed Forces by giving them in service training.

The AFMC is well known as one of the premier medical institutions of India, and its entrance test is written by
thousands of High School students throughout India (both male and female), who vie for its approximately 130
seats. Selected candidates are also required to pass a medical and fitness test on par with those for Officer Cadets.
The 5 year course also includes basic military training, on par with that received by all Officer Cadets at other
Academies of the Armed Forces, as well as training in battle-field medicine. After graduation, Cadets are to serve
for a minimum of seven years in the Indian Army, after which they are free to leave or continue as Commissioned
Medical officers.

Army Medical Corps (AMC) Centre and School:

The AMC Centre and School, Lucknow conducts from basic to advance courses for Army Medical Corps and
Military Nursing Service Officers. The Centre also trains recruits for induction into service into Army Medical
Corps

Military College of Electronic and Mechanical Engineering:

The Military College of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering (MCEME), Secunderabad (Andhra Pradesh) is a
premier institution of technical education in the Army. The College was awarded ISO-9001 for excellence in
training and also won the coveted Golden Peacock National Training Award-1997 as well as Golden Peacock
National Quality Award.

Remount and Veterinary Corps (RVC) Centre and School:

The RVC Centre and School, Meerut Cant., imparts basic military and technical training to young veterinary
graduates on commission and to various technical tradesman of the corps like dressers, riders, furriers, army dog
trainers, laboratory attendants and other categories to make them proficient in the singular and noble profession of
service to mute animals which are used as war machine.

Corps of Military Police (CMP) Centre and School:

The CMP Centre and School, Bangalore imparts basic military training to all personnel enrolled in Corps of
Military Police and also conduct courses for officers on deputation to the corps.

Army School of Physical Training:

The Army School of Physical Training (ASPT), Pune is a class 'A' Establishment running physical and allied
Sports Training Course for Army personnel, central police organization, paramilitary forces and friendly foreign
countries to train instructors capable of imparting physical training and sports coaching at appropriate level.

ASPT is a premier institution imparting systematic and comprehensive instruction to selected all ranks of the Army
regarding the conduct of Physical Training in units and Sub units. It also imparts basic training in Sports & Games
with a view to improve standard in the Army and complement physical training through recreation in games and
sports. The school conducts a total of 36 physical training and sports coaching courses in a training year which are
attended by Officers, JCOs, and ORs of the Army, Para Military Forces and from friendly foreign countries like Sri
Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, Ghana, Myanmar, Mauritius and Maldives.

Army Sports Institute:

To restore national pride in the hearts of our fellow countrymen and to project a winning image of the Army, the
Government has approved the establishment of an Army Sports Institute (ASI) at Pune and Army Sports Nodes in
selected disciplines at various places in the country. Appropriate funds have been earmarked for state-of-the-art
infrastructure and equipment coupled with food habitat, foreign exposure and training under foreign coaches.

Military Music Wing (MMW):

The Military Music Wing (MMW), Pachmarhi, was raised in October, 1950. The Wing has not only been prolific
with over 200 musical compositions to its credit, but has also excelled in maintaining the standard of Military Music
in India through its diverse range of courses designed to take recruit bandsmen, pipers or drummers, form the
rudiments of music to a stage of enviable musical proficiency. The MMW has grown extensively from its initial
designed capacity of 132 to 264 students, although at times upto a strength of 364 is required to be trained.

Accessible to the bands of all the three Services, Para Military Forces, and musicians from friendly foreign
countries, the Military Music Wing runs 10 courses, of which four are designed purely for the Military Band, the
most advanced of which is the Potential band Master's Course, run over three years, which besides developing
practical skills over all musical instruments of a Military Band, imparts effective training in composing, arranging
and conducting, culminating in the award of the 'Licentiate in Military Music'. The students are also taught Indian
instruments and, by the end of the course, are eligible for the Diploma in Hindustani Sangeet.

Combat Army Aviation Training School (CAATS):

CAATS is the main training course for aviators of the air wing of the Indian army,The Army Aviation Corps,it is
located at the Army Aviation Base in Nashik. It replaced the Indian Air Force's premier academy,the Helicopter
Training School(HTS),as the main training school for army aviators.CAATS is responsible for the creation some of
the best aviators the Indian Army.It mainly operates Cheetahs and Chetaks andd also has Simulators.

Structured training is carried out in the under mentioned faculties:-

• Faculty of Higher Ordnance Management (FOHOM): It imparts learning in Advance Managerial skills
and techniques related to Materials, Human Resources, Financial management and Operational Logistics.
• Faculty of Munitions (FOM) : This faculty imparts training in design and functioning of Missiles,
Armament, Ammunition and Improvised Explosive Devices.
• Faculty of Technical Stores (FOTS) : Under this faculty personnel are trained in Warehousing
management and Inventory Control of Aviation, Armament, Opto-electronics, Engineering,
Telecommunication, Combat Vehicles, Apparel and General Stores Inventory.
• Faculty of Ordnance Logistics Support (FOLS): This faculty is dedicated to impart training to young
officers on Ordnance Functional processes and civilian Personnel management and training of
Officer/Junior Commissioned Officers/Other Ranks on Quartermaster Duties.
• Faculty of Computer Technology (FOCT) : It imparts training in Information Technology
• Faculty Of Management Studies (FOMS): Keeping in view the inherent advantage of decades of
experience in the field of management, this college was called upon to commence Management courses for
the wards of Army personnel. Thus, a new chapter was written in history of Indian Army, with the
establishment of the Faculty Of Management Studies (FOMS) in 1994.
 Talent Attraction
First we look at the factors which encourage and then the factors which discourage young people from
seeking a career in the army.

Motivating Factors

An army career seeks to appeal to the deeply ingrained values of patriotism, service, and a spirit of
adventure. For people with these values as Career Anchors the army is the best place to pursue their careers.
The army life also brings with it a prestige/status and benefits rarely seen in other professions. In a country
with huge unemployment the job security that an army career brings is another motivating factor.

Discouraging Factors

• Fear of the hardships that soldiers have to encounter not to mention death.
• Long periods of staying away from family/friends.
• The collapse of the Joint Family system. Officers are unsure of the well-being of their spouses and
children, while nuclear family parents are overprotective of their children and do not want them to
join the Army.
• Compensation being poor when compared to the private sector
• A steep organizational pyramid causing promotions to become rarer
• A plethora of alternative career choices
• Negative media publicity regarding alleged harassment by superiors, unfriendly attitudes towards
women, and other similar issues.
• Various social pressures such as difficulty to find brides in certain communities
• The negligent attitude towards veterans and soldiers Killed In Action

Strategies

The Army should remember that in today’s societal context it cannot rely purely on emotional pull to excite
people to join them. It should be prepared to fight out in the market as any other employer. A multi-pronged
approach should be considered in order to market the armed forces as a preferred career option.
Catch Them Young:
• Interact with students in schools and colleges about the life of an army person. Make extensive
use of multimedia to create a lasting impression on the young minds. Use women officers to
appeal to prospective female recruits.
• Use mainstream media to bring army people closer to the rest of the country. Derive mileage
from programs like Param Vir Chakra, Jai Jawan and movies like Lakshya and Border.
Encourage and support filmmakers to make similar movies.
• Create a website which disseminates information about the Army and the various career options.
The website should contain information about the army life, blogs by officers, simulation
games, veterans support, discussion forums etc. There should be extensive audio/video content.
It is to be noted that the current website is very staid and user unfriendly.
• Take advantage of the popularity of computer games. Collaborate with any software company to
create a computer game. The game can be modeled after the highly popular US Army designed
computer game: America’s Army. The game should incorporate the values that guide the
soldiers in the Army.
• Sell official Army merchandise like caps, slacks, model tanks and planes to increase awareness
and create a sense of curiosity.

The army cannot and should not compete with the salaries offered by the private sector. Instead, the pot
should be sweetened just enough that the discrepancy between private offers and Army pay won’t seem so
glaring. For comparison, a recent Army recruitment drive for women officers with a degree/PG there was an
integrated pay scale of Rs. 8250-300-10050 with gross emoluments a month leading to Rs. 9023. Under
such scenario a military job becomes a last option rather than a preferred choice.

Inform the general public about the contribution of the army. Highly qualified army engineers and officers
can provide part time services to small enterprises as well as teach in colleges and schools.

There should be a sustained effort towards changing the mindset and image of the army. Focus on the
numerous benefits that an army life provides. Among other things army people live a good, long and healthy
life. It instills professional ethics, confidence, decision making qualities and leadership in an individual which
are indispensable in any sphere.

Unlike civilians, the pay and pension is index linked. Adding on the facilities of CSD, the purchasing power
of an army/ex-army person is actually high. This aspect should be highlighted while discussing benefits.

The Army should build schools, hospitals and clubs not just around cantonments but also in villages which
have historically sent a large number of people.
 Recruitment of Officers in the Army
Recruitment of Commissioned Officers in the Armed Forces is mainly through the Union Public Service
Commission (UPSC). For Technical Branches, women special entry scheme, NCC special entry scheme and
service entries is made directly through the respective Recruiting Directorates for the Army, the Navy and
the Air Force.

Recruitment through the UPSC

The UPSC holds an all-India competitive examination, known as the Combined Defense Services
Examination (CDSE), twice a year. University graduates are eligible to appear in the examination.
Successful candidates join the respective training academies, viz., the Indian Military Academy (IMA) for
the Army, the Naval Academy for the Navy and the Air Force Academy for the Air Force.

The UPSC also holds, twice a year, an examination for entry into the National Defense Academy (NDA).
Candidates on completion of the 10+2 Examination or while in the 12th standard, are eligible to compete in
this examination. Successful candidates thereafter join the NDA. On completion of the NDA course, they
are sent to the respective service academies for their pre-commission training.

Recruitment through Selection Boards

Recruitment through Service Selection Boards/Air Force Selection Board is made for the following
branches of the Army, Navy and Air Force:-

• ARMY : All Arms and Services.

• NAVY : Electrical Engineering, Engineering (Naval Architects), Logistics, Law, Education,
Air Traffic Control.
• AIR FORCE : Aeronautical Engineering (Electronics), Aeronautical Engineering
(Mechanical), Education, Administration, Logistics, Accounts and Meteorology.

University Entry Scheme

Final/pre-final year students in engineering disciplines are eligible for induction into the technical
branches/services of the Army, as Commissioned Officers under the University Entry Scheme.

Short Service Commission (Technical) Entry Scheme

The Short Service Commission (Technical) Entry Scheme envisages recruitment of qualified technical
graduates through the SSBs, to attend the Officers Training Academy (OTA), Chennai, after medical tests,
for a 10 months course. On completion of training at the OTA, successful candidates are inducted as Short
Service Commissioned Officers in the technical branches of the Army.

Recruitment of Medical Officers

Medical graduates from the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune are directly inducted as permanent
Commissioned Medical Officers in the Armed Forces. For recruitment of Regular Commissioned/Short
Service Commissioned Medical Officers from the graduates/Post graduates of Civil Medical Colleges, the
Director General of the Armed Forces Medical Services conducts an all India competitive examination.

Recruitment of Women Officers

Eligible women are recruited as officers on Short Service Commission basis in the following Branches of
the Armed Forces.

ARMY : EME, Signals, Engineers, Army Education Corps, Army Ordnance Corps, Army Service Corps,
Intelligence and Judge Advocate General’s Branch.

NAVY : All Branches of the Indian Navy

AIR FORCE: Flying, Aeronautical Engineering (Electronics), Aeronautical Engineering (Mechanical)

Education, Administration, Logistics, Accounts and Meteorology.

Recruitment through NCC

University graduates possessing NCC ‘C’ Certificate with minimum ‘B’ grading and 50% marks in
graduation are inducted in the Navy and Air Force as Regular Commissioned Officers and as Short Service
Commission Officers in the Army. These graduates are exempted from appearing in the CDSE conducted
by the UPSC and are selected through the SSBs.

Induction under Special Commissioned Officers Scheme

Government has approved the creation of a 6,000 strong Support Cadre of Special Commissioned Officers.
These posts will be filled up by eligible JCOs and OR. Under this entry, serving JCOs/ NCOs/OR in the age
group of 30-35 years, with an Army Senior School Certificate Pass (Class XI CBSE Pattern) qualification,
will be eligible for commission after screening/selection through Service Selection Board and a Medical
Board. They have to undergo a pre-commission training of six months duration. The officers so
commissioned earn promotion upto the rank of Colonel. The rules for substantive promotion and acting
promotion are the same as for regular officers. These officers are employed in units as sub unit Cadres/QM
job/ERE appointments etc. upto the rank of Major. They retire at the age of 57 years after serving about 20-
25 years as officers. The scheme not only improve the career prospects of the existing JCOs/NCOs/OR but
also help in making up the deficiency of officers in the Army to a considerable extent.

10 + 2 Technical Entry Scheme

Under this scheme, candidates with 10+2 qualification, after selection through SSB, is sent for military and
engineering training at IMA and the College of Military Engineering , Pune. Initial six months military
training is followed by Degree Engineering training of 4 years. The objective of this scheme is to help in
bringing down the deficiency of officers in technical Arms/Services.

Recruitment of Other Ranks (OR) in Army

Recruitment of Airmen to the Air Force is done through the Central Airmen Selection Board, located at the
Air Force Station, New Delhi . There are 13 selection centres under this Board.

Recruitment of Jawans through Open Recruitment Rallies

A new system of recruitment has been introduced with effect from April 01, 1998 . Under the revised
system, recruitment of jawans in the Army is carried out through open recruitment rallies only. Recruitment
rallies are planned well in advance, keeping in view the geographical, demographical and topographical
considerations. At least one such rally is held in each month, combining districts, areas and regions,
depending upon the response anticipated, thereby giving every aspirant, irrespective of his place of
residence, minimum one opportunity in a year to get himself enrolled in the Army. In the old system of
Branch Recruiting Office-oriented recruitment, aspirants had to travel long distances to reach the nearest
BRO for enrolment, whereas in the revised system, recruitment has been brought closer to their area of
domicile. Advance publicity regarding an ensuing rally in a particular area/district is given by putting up
hoardings, advertisement in local newspapers, radio etc.

Publicity for Recruitment

Measures have been taken to make the youth of our country more aware of the opportunities in the Army,
both for officers including women officers and other Rank categories. The means of publicity adopted to
attract better talent are as follows:

a) Press advertisements : Advertisements are released through the Directorate of Advertising and Visual
Publicity (DAVP) in the Employment News/Rozgar Samachar and in newspapers in different languages for
various entries viz – National Defence Academy, Combined Defence Services Examination, Technical
Graduate Course, Short Service Commission (Technical & Non-Technical), University Entry Scheme, Law
Graduates, Induction in Medical Services for both men and women, Special Entry Scheme (Officers),
Havildar Instructors, Junior Commissioned Officers (Catering and Religious Teachers) etc. A composite
advertisement on various entries in the Army is also brought out periodically both in English and Hindi.
Concerned Zonal Recruitment Offices (ZROs)/ Branch Recruitment Offices(BROs) also publish
advertisements on recruitment of Other Ranks in local regional newspapers.

b) Advertisements in Journals/Magazines: These are normally brought out in the journals of educational
institutions

c) Hoardings are erected at ZRO/BRO premises as well as adjacent to Engineering Colleges all over the
country to attract technical talents into the Army. DAVP approves the sites and thereafter, the hoardings
giving detailed information are installed and maintained by them.

d) Printed Publicity: Information folders, leaflets, brochures, data cards, posters and blow-ups, prepared
through DAVP and private professional agencies are widely distributed.

e) Exhibition and Fair: Each year, at the Defence pavilion at the India International Trade Fair, New
Delhi , a stall is established where recruiting information is provided to visitors. This is also done in other
organised fairs, which are career oriented and meant for students.

Image Projection Campaign

To meet out the shortage of officers and bring out awareness of the opportunities that are available on
commissioning in the Army amongst the target group (youths) an advertising campaign was launched in
September 1997 with the assistance of a professional advertising agency to project positive aspects of a
wholesome career available to Service Officer. The aim of the campaign was to reach out to every corner of
the country through the print, audio, visual and audio-visual media. An evaluation check of the impact of the
campaign through independent market research agency MODE revealed that the campaign worked in the
desired direction. On this basis the campaign is continuing.
 TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

TRAINING OF INDIAN ARMY PERSONNEL

The Aim of Training

The Indian Military Academy (IMA) transforms young men into courageous, dynamic and erudite young officers of
integrity, who are to bear the brunt of battle, or hardship whilst guarding the Nation's frontiers, or take part in peace
keeping missions abroad on behalf of the United Nations. The training at the Indian Military Academy aims to
inculcate in the gentlemen cadets (trainees, who are commonly called GCs) moral values, leadership qualities
interdependent upon honour and duty, mental and physical prowess, a spirit of adventure and the will to win. The
objectives are achieved by training in character building, discipline, military and academic subjects, physical
exercise, drill, sports and adventure activities. The underlying theme of activity at the Academy is camaraderie and
team spirit and a commitment to excellence. Duty, honour, integrity and self esteem are stressed upon during each
stage of training; these are important abstract qualities to be imbibed by every gentleman cadet. The curriculum and
syllabi keep pace with current doctrines and technological developments, at the same time imbibing the basic
principles/tenets of the military profession.

Intake/Entry

The Indian Military Academy presently has four main entry streams: the National Defence Academy cadets from
Pune, the Army Cadet College cadets (for servicemen only), the Graduate Direct Entry Scheme from the technical
institutions/colleges. The duration of training is one year except for the Direct Entry Scheme, for which it is one and
a half years.

Service Training

The aim of service training is to prepare a GC for command of an infantry platoon in war and peace. Subjects taught
include Tactics and Map Reading, Organization and Administration, Integrated General Leadership Training
(IGLT), Weapon Training, Physical Training and Drill. The syllabus for service training enables a GC to:-

:: Assume command of men in battle.

:: Obtain standards of physical fitness and drill higher than soldier recruits.
:: Acquire basic knowledge of tactics and its application as a platoon commander.
:: Achieve standards of weapon training in all platoon weapons, as applicable to trained soldiers.
:: Learn basics of administration.

Leadership

The ethos of the Indian Army is to lead from the front. The art of command and leadership is imbibed by gentleman
cadets through lectures, discussions on leadership traits and principles, case studies of leaders, honour code
meetings, interaction with officers who act as role models, adventure activity, games and performance of duties as
appointments in tactical exercises and during the daily routine within the Academy. The essence of duty and honour
is constantly impressed upon a GC to make him a responsive leader and a dignified citizen of the Nation.
Tactical Training

The art of war miniaturized is the essence of service training at the Academy. Whilst gaining knowledge of basic
tactical training at platoon level, a gentlemen cadet learns the use of ground and fire and movement tactics. Use of
supporting arms and services is co-opted to develop the concept of an all arms battle philosophy. The irregular
warfare spectrum forms an important segment of the syllabus to prepare officers for quelling and regressing
insurgent movements. Low intensity conflict is taught to create awareness and generate responses when faced with
such a dilemma. Tactical exercises generate opportunity for leadership development, independent thinking, stress
endurance and team building.

Physical Training

A challenging obstacle course, individual physical proficiency tests, endurance marches, battle efficiency tests,
expertise in swimming and equitation training endeavors that a young officer leaving the Academy can outperform
his command in physical terms. The large spectrum of games at the Academy teaches gentlemen cadets to learn
those played by Indian troops as wellas allows pursuit of individual games. It is a tough man who passes out of the
portals of the Academy.

Adventure Activity

Risk, chance, fortune and luck are the hallmarks of successful leaders. These aspects being inherent in adventure
activity, the Academy takes keen interest to encourage and provide opportunity to all GCs to pursue at least one
adventure sport. The range of activity spans river rafting, para jumping, rock climbing, trekking, mountaineering and
desert safari.

Academic Training

As all GCS are graduates upon joining the Academy, academic training aims at the overall development of a GC.
The main objectives of academic training are to:-

:: Provide a broad educational base, essential for future professional development.

:: Enhance power of analysis, reasoning and expression, both verbal and written in Hindi and English.
:: Provide scientific orientation to keep abreast with technological advancements in the field of warfare.
:: Teach relevant functional skills and develop creative and critical faculties.

Reorientation of Existing Knowledge

One of the tasks of the Academic department is to identify common knowledge base of GCS and suitably augment
and orient this knowledge for use in their professional enhancement. Subjects like Science and Warfare, Military
History, Military Geography, Military Psychology and Computer Application are the product of this reorientation.

Communication Skills

Communication skills break down barriers, lead to better understanding of orders/instructions, reduce execution time
in war and improve interpersonal relations. Both Hindi and English are paid attention; Hindi as it is the language of
the troops, whereas English as it is the medium for international ideas/government communication.
To improve his English, each GC is required to write book reviews and articles for publication in the IMA Journal.
The ultimate aim is to enable a GC to use the language with felicity but simply and effectively.

Current Affairs and International Relations

India's role in world affairs, cooperation with other armies, participation in UN operations and understanding the
tenets behind national security are the raison d'etre for an officer to keep himself abreast of international and
national affairs. Topics of professional interest, general awareness and current affairs including international
relations with special reference to area studies of our neighbouring countries are studied in all terms. This kind of
self-updating is functionally necessary for the potential Army officer.

Science and Warfare

Technological development have revolutionised methods to wage war. Hence instruction at the Academy includes
the basic characteristics of weapons, developments in weapon technology and support equipment. Problems posed
by Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Electronic warfare are evaluated to find solutions. A capsule on computer
application enables the GCS to handle computers confidently.

Recreational Pursuits

The Academy encourages GCS to develop hobbies and interests through various recreational clubs. Outdoor clubs
include Riding and Polo, Driving & Maintenance, Yoga, Shooting, Cycle Polo, Weight Lifting & Body Building,
Flora & Fauna and Angling. Indoor clubs are Photography, Arts, Science & Technology, Computers, Dramatics,
Music and Workshop. A foundation is provided to all GCS to pursue a hobby later in life. Incorporating all facets of
life at the IMA, a journal is published each term with contributions from GCS and staff alike.

Army Cadet College Wing

Army Cadet College Wing (ACC Wing) imparts the first phase of pre-commission training to selected. Other Ranks
to meet their aspirations to become officers in the Indian Army. The Wing runs a three years degree course spread
over six semesters of six months each. It is affiliated to the Jawahar Lal Nehru University for award of BA/BSc
degrees. After graduating from the ACC Wing, the cadets join IMA in the second term and undergo one year
training before being commissioned as regular officers in the Army.

The aim of training at ACC Wing is to improve upon the following:-

:: Character qualities.
:: Leadership traits.
:: Basic military knowledge.
:: Broad based academic education.
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONNELS IN INDIAN ARMY

Individual Self-Development

Learning is a lifelong process. Army civilians must commit to a lifetime of professional and personal growth to stay
at the cutting edge of their profession and keep pace with changing Army environment. Every civilian is responsible
for his own development. Accurate assessment, by individuals, commanders, and supervisors of individuals is key to
determining strengths, weaknesses, and developmental needs. An individual may choose a professional reading and
writing program, professional conferences, affiliations with professional organizations, correspondence courses, off
duty advanced schooling, or other appropriate self-development activities. Self-development provides a means to
acquire knowledge not developed in the schoolhouse or operational experience and follows the Army’s lifelong
learning philosophy.

Supervisors should work with employees to identify training and development needs, and encourage participation
in the continuing educational activities of schools and professional associations. Self-development efforts are
initiated and usually funded by the employee and are normally completed during non-duty hours. In some cases,
however, accommodations may be made if an employee wishes to attend an education, training or development
activity on duty time, especially if it has the potential of increasing the employee’s contributions to the mission. For
example, the employee’s hours of duty, work schedule, or lunch period may be changed temporarily to allow for
self-development activities.

One of the three domains of leader development is self-development. Self-development is continuous and should be
emphasized in both institutional and operational assignments. Successful self-development requires a team effort.
Self-development starts with an assessment of individual strengths, weaknesses, potential, and developmental needs.
Com-manders and leaders provide feedback to enable subordinates to determine the reasons for their strengths and
weaknesses. Together, they prioritize self-development goals and determine courses of action to improve
performance.

Self-development is a planned process involving the leader and the subordinate being developed. It enhances
previously acquired skills, knowledge, behaviors, and experience; contributes to personal development; and
highlights the potential for progressively more complex and higher-level assignments. Self-development focuses on
maximizing individual strengths, minimizing weaknesses, and achieving individual development goals.

Initial self-development is very structured and generally narrow in focus. The focus broadens as individuals
understand their strengths and weaknesses, determine their individual needs, and become more experienced. Each
individual's knowledge and perspective increases with experience, institutional training, and operational
assignments. It is accelerated and broadened by specific, goal-oriented self-development actions. Self-development
actions may include self study, reading programs, Advanced Civil Schooling (ACS), or community leadership
positions that support development goals.

As a major national employer, the Army makes sure that its soldiers are given the best possible opportunity for
personal development and to gain qualifications. This is done through accredited military courses, providing all staff
with a Personal Development Record, giving advice on personal development and funding towards qualifications.

ACCREDITATION

The Army works very closely with civilian training and educational institutions, awarding bodies and professional
membership organisations to ensure our courses are accredited and meet the highest standards.
This includes vocational and management or leadership based training of respective Arms or Service which means
that soldiers and officers can gain civilian awards and skills during their military service that are recognised once
they leave the Army.

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT RECORD (PDR)

The PDR is issued to all ranks of the Regular and Territorial Army. We use this tool to help our personnel to record
their work and learning experiences, to help them plan and achieve their goals during their Army career and beyond.
It can also help soldiers map their plans against career and personal goals. Advice and training that support personal
development plans are also given in Army Education Centres all around the UK. These centres ensure that all ranks
are able to get whatever education they or their families may want.

FUNDING

Standard learning credits (SLCs) allow service personnel to claim 80% of their fees for certain personal
development courses, examinations and support, up to a maximum of £175 per year. For those potentially more
expensive courses at A level equivalent or above, there are Enhanced Learning Credits (ELCs) available to our
serving personnel and is tiered against the number of years of eligible service.

Whichever courses our personnel take, we make sure the best education is available and positively encouraged
throughout the soldier's career.

The Army is committed to ensuring that soldiers and officers have the knowledge and skills required for their rank.

Command, Leadership and Management (CLM)

The CLM program provides the training and education to enable Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) and Warrant
Officers (WOs) to full fill their roles.

Officer Career Development (OCD)

The OCD program is designed to provide education and training for all officers. This includes leadership and
management, military knowledge (MK) and intellectual development.
 RETENTION STRATGIES IN THE INDIAN ARMY
Why do people want to leave the Army?

• The wide variety of choices available outside

• Rigid hierarchies leading to a sense of non-accomplishment and the self-actualization need left unsatisfied.
Low individual empowerment.
• Officers suffering from a sense of potential being wasted
• High Stress levels leading to burnout
• Domestic problems: marital discord, aged parents, property disputes
• Promotions being rejection-based and not selection-based

Strategies

Any retention strategy is based on an organization being able to provide competitive compensation, an ability to
grow from within, a workplace that offers flexibility and an environment of camaraderie. Our suggestions use the
same aspects:

Avoid burning out the best talent.

The best talent of the Army should be at its motivated best when in Operations. Optempo will be very high in critical
zones like J&K. Personnel should be rotated in and out of these zones. For example: A three or four month active
duty deployment, followed by rest and retraining, a low intensity assignment and then back to the critical zone.

Retaining mid-career and high performing officers

Since the promotion hierarchy is quite steep, 20-year service personnel can be given retention bonuses depending on
the years of service extension. If a service member is deployed in a combat zone, the bonus could be tax-free.

Enhance the Employability of Officers

Ironically a key strategy that will help the Army attract good people as well as retain them is to make them highly
employable outside. Providing educational opportunities within the service that will make an officer an even more
desirable job candidate down the line is one tactic. Therefore ample training and skills development initiatives
should be given. Training Methodologies should be innovative.
 POST RETIREMENT AND WELFARE SCHEMES
IN INDIAN ARMY

RESETTLEMENT and POST RETIREMENT PLANS

Resettlement: The primary thrust of the Directorate General of Resettlement, Kendriya Sainik Board, Rajya Sainik
Boards and Zila sainik Boards is on dignified resettlement and efforts are made to explore various avenues for
employment of ex-servicemen. To resettle/re-employ ex-servicemen, the Central Government arranges the
following:-

(a) Training programs to reorient retiring Defense personnel towards civil employment.

(b) Reservation of posts for providing employment opportunities in government/semi government/

public sector organizations and assistance in employment with corporate sector.

(c) Schemes for self-employment and

(d) Assistance in entrepreneurship and setting up small scale industries

TRAINING PROGRAMMES

Training Programmes: Training for preparing both ex-servicemen and retiring service personnel for their
resettlement in civil life is one of the major functions entrusted to the Directorate General of Resettlement. This
year the Directorate General of Resettlement has introduced some new courses which will provide nationally /
internationally accepted certification to facilitate retired persons to get quick employment within / outside the
country. The programme includes courses on information technology, managerial science, technical skills and agro
based industries. Constant endeavour is made to improve the quality of training by regular monitoring. The courses
are reviewed every year to include courses in new fields based on the participation in current requirements of civil
market and corporate world and also to delete obsolete courses.

Officers’ Training :

The Directorate General of Resettlement organizes employment oriented training programs for officers to enhance
their qualifications and enable them to seek suitable employment after retirement. The Resettlement Training
Programs range from vocational courses of three months’ duration to degree /diploma courses, via distant learning
program of one to three years duration. The courses are conducted in multifarious fields like Information
Technology, Security Services, Entrepreneurship Development, Business Administration, Personnel Management,
Hotel Management, Tourism, Human Resources Development, Law, Insurance and miscellaneous topics. Recently,
management courses of six months duration have been introduced at Management Development Institute, Gurgaon
and Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow. These courses have received an overwhelming response from
officers and resulted in good job placements in the corporate sector. In order to meet the aspirations of retiring
officers many more reputed institutes, including IIM Ahmedabad and IIM Indore, have been empanelled to run
additional courses. Computer diploma and Engineering courses of six months have also been introduced in various
institutions across the country. Besides this, especially designed two week programs in Second Career Transition
have also been introduced for officers looking to build successful new careers in the corporate/self entrepreneurial
sectors.

JCOs / ORs Equivalent Training :

Resettlement Training Programs for Junior Commissioned Officers / Other Ranks and their equivalent from the
other services are carried out under head Vocational Training. The training courses are conducted in diversified
fields for a duration of upto one year in government, semi-government and private institutes spread all over the
country. The salient fields covered are Security Services, Management, Information Technology, Travel & Tourism
including Adventure Tourism, Entrepreneurship & Small Business Management, technical (including medical)
trades, non-technical trades, secretarial support services, agro based industry and many other miscellaneous trades.
This year courses offered by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) under the City and Guilds banner, with
internationally accepted certification, have been introduced for Personnel Below Officers Rank (PBOR) to improve
their employment avenues. Three day capsules on Second Career Transition/Preparation have also been introduced
for retiring PBOR in order to arm them with sufficient information for a smooth transition to a second career in the
civil market. The courses are conducted free of cost to the PBOR and the course fee is paid directly to the institutes
through the DGR budget allotted by MOD. The course duration is treated as Temporary Duty and PBOR are
permitted to avail Free Railway Warrant for the journey to and fro. Details of courses are published each year
through a brochure distributed down to each unit and Zila Sainik Board.

Ex-Servicemen (ESM) Training :

Under this scheme, funds are allotted to RSBs for conducting vocational training for ESM in their States. The
scheme is primarily meant for those ESM who could not avail the facility of resettlement training while in service.
The scheme has also been extended to the widow / one dependent of an ESM, irrespective of whether his death is
attributable to military service or not. The fields/trades in which training is being conducted and the course fees is
approved by MOD. The course is free of cost for the ESM and a stipend of Rs. 700/- per month is paid to each
trainee.
SCHEMES FOR SELF EMPLOYMENT

Introduction:

As it is not feasible to provide government jobs to all ex-servicemen after their retirement from the Armed Forces,
government has formulated several schemes for encouraging and giving financial support by way of loans to ex-
servicemen entrepreneurs intending to set up small and medium industries. Major self-employment schemes are
SEMFEX-II, SEMFEX-III and National Equity Fund Scheme. Applications for sanction of loans are submitted by
ex-servicemen directly to concerned Zila Sainik Boards in the states who scrutinise the applications and recommend
for sanction of loan through Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), Central Cooperative Banks, State
Land Development Banks and Regional Rural Banks aided by National Bank for Agriculture and Rural
Development (NABARD) and the State KVIB/Banks aided by the Khadi and Village Industries Commission
(KVIC).

SEMFEX-II Scheme.

The scheme has been promoted with the assistance of NABARD to set up agriculture and allied activities, including
State Road Transport Operators (SRTO), and also for setting up of village, cottage, tiny and small scale industries in
rural areas. Agro/food processing units can be set up irrespective of location in rural and urban areas. There is no
upper age limit for loan in respect of projects under farm sector including agro/food processing units. The financial
assistance in case of non-farm sector activities is available up to SSI limit, for setting up industries in rural areas.
This scheme is operative from the year 1988-89. Rs.124.87 crore loan has been sanctioned to 20455 ex-servicemen
since inception and up to June 2005.

SEMFEX-III Scheme.

The scheme is operative in collaboration with the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC). The maximum
loan limit for individual entrepreneurs, cooperative societies/institutions and trusts is Rs. 25 lakh per project to
establish industries in rural areas. This scheme is operative from the year 1992-93. Rs. 12.65 crore loan has been
sanctioned to 1074 ex-servicemen since inception and up to June, 2005

National Equity Fund Scheme (NEF).

The scheme has been launched in collaboration with SIDBI. Financial assistance is available to set up projects in
tiny/small scale industrial sector, service enterprises and also for undertaking expansion, technology up gradation,
modernization and revival of viable sick units in SSI Sector. The maximum loan limit is Rs 50 lakh per
project. This scheme is operative from the year 2000-01. Rs.2.30 crore loan has been sanctioned to 44
ex-servicemen since inception and up to June 2005.
Allotment of Army Surplus Vehicles.

Ex-Servicemen and widows of defence personnel, who died while in service, are eligible to apply for allotment of an
Army surplus phased out Class V-B Vehicles. The application forms are routed through Zila/Rajya Sainik Boards in
case of retired personnel, and through units for those in their last six months of service, to DGR for registration and
onward submission to Army Headquarters for allotment on the basis of depot-wise seniority maintained by them.
During the year 2005, 2519 applications were registered with DGR for allotment of army surplus vehicles.

Coal Transportation Scheme.

DGR sponsors Ex-Servicemen Coal Transport Companies for providing loading and transportation of coal in
various coal subsidiaries of Coal India Limited (CIL). The unemployed retired officers and JCOs registered with
DGR, are selected to form ESM Coal Transport Companies and are sponsored to respective coal subsidiaries for five
years, extendable by another four years. Presently, 94 such companies are operating under the various coal
subsidiaries of CIL. The functioning of these companies is monitored by DGR.

Coal Tipper Scheme.

The widows of Defence personnel, who died while in service due to causes attributable to military service and
disabled soldiers also can be sponsored by DGR for attaching one tipper truck in their name with an ESM Coal
Transport Company. Eligible widow/disabled soldier is required to make a deposit of Rs.85,000/- with any of the
nominated coal transport company. The company pays them Rs. 3000/- per month for a period of five years, after
which the deposited amount of Rs.85,000/- is paid back to widow/disabled soldier. The functioning of these
companies is monitored by DGR. At present 436 widows/disabled ex-servicemen are availing the benefit of this
Scheme.

Allotment of Oil Product Agencies.

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has reserved 8% of the Oil Product Agencies, i.e. LPG Dealership, Petrol
Pumps, Kerosene Distributorship etc. for widows and dependants of those who died due to causes attributable to
military service and disabled soldiers with disability of 20 percent and above attributable to military service. Eligible
persons can apply as and when such a vacancy under ‘Defence Category’ is advertised in the newspapers. The DGR
sponsors eligible candidates by issuing eligibility certificate to them. Interview is conducted by a Dealer Selection
Board constituted by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. Final allotment is made by the concerned oil
company to the selected candidates. During 2005, 472 eligibility certificates have been issued by DGR .

Mother Dairy Milk and Fruit & Vegetables Shops.

Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) / Other Ranks (OR) are allotted Mother Dairy Milk shops and fruit &
vegetable shops in the National Capital Region. 686 milk shops and 282 fruit & vegetable shops are being operated
by ex-servicemen. Dependant sons (where the Ex-Servicemen are not eligible) are also considered for allotment of
fruit & vegetable shops in and around Delhi.

Management of CNG Stations in National Capital Region (NCR).

The scheme for management of CNG stations belonging to Indraprastha Gas Limited was launched as a pilot project
in July 2001. On success of the pilot project, the scheme has been extended to retired officers. As on date, there are
60 retired officers managing 84 CNG station Three ex-lady officers have also been allotted CNG stations in Delhi.
This scheme is presently available in Delhi only.

Reservation in CSD.

The Canteen Stores Department of India (CSDI) has reserved 15% of the 30 selected CSD items and the Ministry of
Defence has reserved 10% of the 262 selected items manufactured by Ex-Servicemen Entrepreneurs under the
Defence Purchase Programme for which Ex-Servicemen manufacturing units alone are eligible.

New Initiatives and Thrust Areas

PM Scholarship Scheme:

To encourage higher technical and professional education for the wards of widows and ex-servicemen of the armed
forces, it has been decided to introduce a new scholarship scheme to be known as “Prime Minister’s Merit
Scholarship Scheme” from the academic year 2006-07. The scheme would provide a scholarship of Rs. 1250/- p.m.
for boys and Rs.1500/- p.m. for girls for the recognised professional and technical courses for a duration ranging
from 2 to 5 years. A total number of 5000 scholarships would be available to be funded from National Defence
Fund, out of which 4000 scholarships will be for wards of widows/ex-servicemen from armed forces and the
remaining 1000 will be available to the wards of central para-military forces being managed by Ministry of Home
Affairs and Railway Protection Force (Ministry of Railways).

Self Employment Schemes:

Intensive interaction with state governments was undertaken to set up pilot projects or suitable schemes in the areas
having concentration of ex-servicemen in various sectors, based on local resources and skills, such as food
processing, dairy, weaving, etc. Other central government ministries/departments such as Banking, Animal
Husbandry, Health, Food Processing and institutions such as banks KVIC, NBARD were invited for discussions.
 References
• www.wikipedia,com
• www.army.mil
• www.defence.pk