An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Agriculture accounts for, on average, 70% of all water withdrawals globally, and an even higher
share of “consumptive water use” due to the evapotranspiration requirements of
crops. Worldwide, over 330 million hectares are equipped for irrigation. Irrigated agriculture
represents 20% of the total cultivated land, but contributes 40% of the total food produced
worldwide. At the same time, water in agriculture will continue to play a critical role in global
food security. Population is expected to increase to over 10 billion by 2050, and whether urban or
rural, this population will need food and fiber for its basic needs. Combined with the increased
consumption of calories and more complex foods, which accompanies income growth in much of
the developing world, it is estimated that agricultural production will need to expand 70% by
2050. If this expansion is not to come at the expense of massive land conversions and the
consequent impact on carbon emissions, agriculture will have to intensify. Given that irrigated
agriculture is, on average, at least twice as productive per unit of land, provides an important buffer
against increasing climate variability, and allows for more secure crop diversification, it is certain
that irrigation will continue to play a key role in ensuring global food and nutrition security.

1.2 Literature Survey

The water transformation plays an important role in the rational allocation and avoiding
overexploitation of resources. The south to North water diversion project overcomes the water
scarcity of China and it is the largest water diversion in the world. A survey was conducted to
identify various issues such as the project cost, overruns, and delays. Poor water management
along with water scarcity is lowering the performance of small-scale irrigation scheme in Ethiopia.
In order to overcome this problem, several group discussion, and survey has been made. Further
measurement has been taken to verify formers perception.

Water sector reforms based on intelligent water resource management (IWRM) are blamed for not
considering context during its implementation. Remedies of IWRM lead to resistance and failures
of interventions. This proves the conflicts and disharmony caused by IWRM’s Instrument. Further,
some reforms advocated the concepts of IWRM to indicate peace and security which are
considered as good governance. Robust management strategies addressed the climate influenced
water scarcity.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 1

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

Many factors affect the water in a way that is robust to heterogeneity. In a case study, a model of
the complex mine water management system has been studied. Four conditions have been applied
to estimate the total sensitivity effect produced by the system. These sensitivity indicators pave
the way for the development of effective management strategies. Coastal Bangladesh faces a
number of challenges due to natural calamities which affect their livelihood and water management
systems.

Improvement of water management by employing water transport plate as bipolar plate has been
studied by Pardon et al. In this porous hydraulic water transport plate is used as a bipolar plate for
improving the water management. The performance of water transport has been studied using
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method. Centralized command governor strategies have
been followed to achieve an optimal water management system.

An IoT has been introduced for monitoring the children safety and other activities. The whole
concept has been implemented on the children’s transportation to monitor them from home to their
educational centers. The system also employs various other devices such as RFID, GPS, etc. to
ensure the safety of a child. Due to the atmospheric pollution, our health is at stake and we need
to continuously monitor our levels in order to survive. An IoT based condition monitoring system
has been introduced by Chellaswamy et al. Various parameters has been making a decision based
on the external parameters. It uses reliable information sharing along with the help of IoT devices.

An ideology has been proposed to improve the water management system. This system
automatically improves the quality, systematic operation, and maintenance of the control system
through sensors. An innovative system for quenching the search for water resource monitoring and
management has been layered into 3 major levels such as :

i) sensor monitoring
ii) information and updating
iii) storage and applications by the administrator

This new system is reliable and efficient for real-time usage. A brand new innovative system with
prototyping for smart agriculture has been proposed by Prathibha et al. which provide a solution
for water conservation, control, and smart farmer needs. Plant water requirements are an optimum
amount of water a land needs to grow without water stress.

The water needs of the plant must be met in order to achieve the highest yield. The net irrigation
requirement is the amount of water required to replenish the root zone soil moisture, representing
the difference between the crop water requirement and the effective rainfall. The daily water
demand depends on the local climatic conditions and the hydraulic characteristics of the crop.

Fig. 1 shows an example of net water demand for the crop, demand for irrigation, and the rainfall
of the test area supply by the dam. Here , a new approach based on IoT technique has been
incorporated for dam water management. Various IoT nodes have been placed in the agriculture

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 2

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

area and the data are updated in the database. The dam controller estimates the water requirement
for the particular area and activates the dam wiper (water flow control) based on the demand.

Fig. 1.1

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 3

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

CHAPTER 2
SIGNIFICANCE
Water is an important resource for all the livings on the earth. In that, some people are not
getting sufficient amount of water because of unequal distribution. Plant water requirements are
an optimum amount of water a land needs to grow without water stress. The water needs of the
plant must be met in order to achieve the highest yield. The net irrigation requirement is the amount
of water required to replenish the root zone soil moisture, representing the difference between the
crop water requirement and the effective rainfall. The daily water demand depends on the local
climatic conditions and the hydraulic characteristics of the crop. For this, a new approach based
on IoT technique has been incorporated for dam water management. Various IoT nodes have been
placed in the agriculture area and the data are updated in the database. The dam controller estimates
the water requirement for the particular area and activates the dam wiper (water flow control)
based on the demand.

This approach can be used so that everyone gets the equal amount of water. It is also used to
avoid the wastage of water during the distribution period. In the previous method, the employee
will go to that place and open the valve for a particular duration, then again the employee will go
to the same place and close the valve, it’s waste of time. The proposed system is fully automated.
Here human work and time are saved table text styles are provided. The formatter will create
these components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow. The real-time monitoring of
water resources information will benefit the water resources management department and the
public. The main concept of real-time IOT based dam water management system is to provide
comprehensive and accurate information. The system is developed through defining some
explicit water resource parameters then, water level and flow parameter are defined for water
measure & management, followed by a sensor network for water resources and information
monitoring is constructed based on IOT.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 4

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

CHAPTER 3
FLOW CHART

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 5

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

CHAPTER 4
MATERIALS & METHODS
Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economic growth of many developing countries. It can be
developed with new technologies such as IoT for large production demands and so on. The
collected data from various sensor nodes such as temperature, soil moisture, environmental data,
etc. are sent to the gateway over an unreliable channel. The productivity depends on the sensor
data so it should be protected from unauthorized access. Because any change in these data will
have a direct effect on agricultural growth. So spontaneous monitoring is very important
therefore it motivates us to develop a secure user authentication and key agreement portal using
wireless sensor network (WSN) for water management. The test area for this study has been
interfaced with different sensor nodes and linked with the cloud is shown in Fig below.

Fig. 4.1

We have designed a system which is able to monitor different variables that affect the water
management and uses appropriate techniques to analyze information so that the stakeholder can
take decisions. For this, a compact wireless device is placed in the field. It is capable of sensing
different parameters such as temperature, pressure, humidity, and rainfall. This allows farmers to
get information about the need and measures to be taken. The IoT nodes is an essential device for
monitoring the water requirement, collect and store the data which is received from different
nodes, and to be updated in the cloud for access. The architecture is defined and implemented for
this purpose and it has specific features which meet the requirements. It is implemented in a
manner that it can be easily shared and reused. It provides easy web services which enable the
information generated by most of the devices used in the context of agriculture.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 6

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

CHAPTER 5
MANAGEMENT
5.1 Managing Dam and Reservoirs
To ensure the exact volume of water in a reservoir (also known as a lake) is selected for agriculture,
the proposed method has many management options including:

• Read data from different sensor nodes.

• Choose water from different reservoirs.

• Choose water from different levels of the reservoir.

The water in the reservoir is delaminated through a process called delamination. Due to
temperature, light, density and oxygen differences, the properties of the earth layers can vary
widely. Water flowing from a catchment (tributary) into a reservoir moves at the same density and
temperature level. By monitoring inflows, we can predict that the incoming water will reach the
dam and settle down. Then the diversion can be made from a level outside the incoming waters in
order to maintain the quality. Temperature is an important indicator of stratification. We monitor
the storage through thermistors, which record the temperature at different depths in the dam. This
helps us to understand the water level at its best at all levels of the store. In the upstream of Kallanai
Dam, situated in Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, India consists of three extraction chambers, the
lever arrangement that allows water in the reservoir to flow into the Thanjavur area and the source
can be set at different levels. The controller decides to open or close the valve arrangements of the
dam based on the input received from various sensors placed in the field. In smaller water storages,
manual demister devices ('stirrers' or air bubbles) can be used to circulate the stored water and
reduce the possibility of low oxygen levels in the underneath layer of water. It helps in maintaining
a good quality of water by preventing the metal from becoming soluble. Soluble metals cannot be
eliminated during water filtration and can cause aesthetic problems such as taste, odor or spot
wash. By controlling the flow of water during the flood, reservoirs can prevent downstream floods.
Reservoirs can also be used to balance water flow under different weather conditions, such as
reducing the flow of water during heavy rainfall and releasing more water based on the deficiency.

5.2 Supply of Water for Drinking

Water from the reservoir is sent to treatment facilities for drinking. At the reservoirs, the water is
partially filtered as the silt and other particles sediment at the bottom of the reservoir, the algae,
and aerobic bacteria present destroys the harmful microbes. Hydropower engineering
embankments even after ten years of operation, the embankments are not well enough to reach

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 7

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

their expected operational levels: World Commission on Dams (WCD) report says 70% of dams
did not reach up to the mark and half of the supply goal is achieved by 25% of the dams for their
long-term supply of water. Studies have shown that people are willing to pay for a stable and good
supply of water and sanitation, even in underdeveloped countries. The residents are ready to pay
for better water and better health services always.

Table 5.1

The table above provides an overall view of the data from various sensors such as the data flow,
data types, formats, and the interval. It can be seen that all the sensors we used in this
measurements produce the data in the form of scalar quantity. The interval of data update can be
set once in 15 minutes or 30 minutes, depending on our requirements.

5.3 Rainfall and Crop Water Model

The additive water balance brings out the heads of inhaled and exhaled water fluxes at the
termination of the cropping season. Additive crop water needs in millimeter per season are defined
as the quality of water needed by the crop to cope up the dehydration due to evapotranspiration.
The above analysis gives the adequate water amount which is useful in solving real-life water
needs. The land and water division of FAO has developed a model as AQUACROP. The yield
response to water is simulated and it caters to the situations where water is an important limiting
factor. AQUACROP undertakes a water balance which conceals inhaled, exhaled water fluxes and
changes in soil water level. The effects of water loss are brought out in four stress response
coefficients and it is the function of the fractional depletion of total water available in the root area.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 8

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

These four coefficients are categorized for pollination failure, canopy aging, stomatal conductance
and leaf development based on their sensitivity to waters force.

Crop yield and water stress are related to getting the yield response which is a result of inadequate
water supply by irrigation or rain during the development period. An empirical function is used to
assess the yield response:

[1-(Y/X)] = k [ 1- (AT/AX) ] (1)

Where X and Y represents the maximum and actual yield respectively.

[1-(Y/X)] represent the relative decline and AX and AT are the maximum and actual
evapotranspiration , k is the proportionality factor between relative yield decline and relative
reduction in evapotranspiation , [1-(AT/AX)] represents the relative water stress.

The AQUACROP evolves in the following ways: The actual evapotranspiration (AT) into soil
evaporation (A) and crop transpiration (Tr):

AT = A + Tr (2)

The evaporation and transpiration are separated to prevent the effect of useless consumption of
water, this is fierce when there is sparse planting and the resultant yield (RY) into biomass (B) and
harvest yield (HY).

RY=HY×B (3)

The above separation is used for portioning of the functional relations in accord to the
environmental factors. The responses are unique and the isolations prevent the effects of the stress
on B and HY. The above facts are concentrated as below equation at the AQUACROP growth
engine:

B=PW∑Tr (4)

Where Tr represents the crop transition in mm, PW is the water productivity parameter. The
robustness of the discussed model is due to the conservativeness of PW (Steduto et al., 2007).
Marvel is that both the equations are water driven to improve the growth. To be more specific, Eq.
(1) is put forth in additional components like the development and yielding, water management,
the crop, rain, and CO2 concentration. The other advantageous add-ons are management aspects
that are valued explicitly since they affect the factors like development and soil water balance.
AQUACROP can also favor crop development under varied whether scenarios the other affecting
factors like weeds, insects, and plant infections are yet to be considered.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 9

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

CHAPTER 6
FIELD INFORMATION SYSTEM
The basic working concept involving IoT is shown in the above block diagram. The analyzed
data can be used for real time visualization etc. This IoT has given a wide range of space for
aspiring researchers to implement their prototype. It allows researchers to customize their own
sensor modes and establish data collection and also enables implementation of their smart app
prototypes. This IoT is widely used to implement high-level real-time scenarios. The
complexity of authentication and security in WSNs environment [18] has been addressed in this
paper. Let us consider a scenario wherein an agriculturist communicates with a crop sensor, let
the sensor sense the amount of nitrogen present. And with the result from that sensor, a
calibration supplies more/less nitrogen accordingly. The system initially authenticates to the
user-defined contingencies and it assures the correctness before transmission. Here in, we
consider sensors that measure data’s like temperature, humidity, soil pit, light CO2, etc. and send
it through IoT node to the server. These various sensors are used to monitor the field and crop’s
condition to maintain the flow of water from the dam. The proposed method has following
advantages so that the local authorities and decision-makers can implement this system to
manage the agriculture and water resource:

• Minimization of groundwater extraction, rivers, and lakes.

• Minimizing soil erosion, CO, and fuel consumption.

• Maximizing irrigation efficiency, crop yield, productivity etc.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 10

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

CHAPTER 7
DATA STORAGE
In IoT, data from sensors consume large storage space. Based on the requirement of the tenants,
data must be segregated for various requirements. Sharing and isolation of data in cloud platform
is a challenging one in the data storage.

7.1 Data Storage Type

RDBMS: It manages structured data. The various database is collected, combined (or relation of
all the data) which is essential for the multitenant data storage system. Traditional relational data
with virtual relational data is combined into the single schema and sends a unified data access
view for different tenants. Another form of RDBMS is ultra wrap which uses SPARQL queries
to get the data on the existing relational stored view.

NoSQL DBMS: It manages unstructured data in a key-value model. It is free in the scheme.
NoSQL DBMS provide some properties like horizontal scalability but not well at keeping
consistency, and cannot support distributed queries. Ontologybased data access in NoSQL stores
and exploit the semantic information representation in ontologies.

DBMS integration with HDFS: HDFS process the massive unstructured file. In IoT, data are
generated in XML format and dealing these small sized, huge XML files are the main challenge.
This can be achieved by optimizing storing and accessing all the small XML files in HDFS and
these small files are merged into large files to reduce metadata and related mechanism could
improve data store performance.

Main memory DBMS: It is a DBMS that relies on the main memory for computer data storage. It
implements large-scale RFID and provides multidimensional hash-based index design
framework.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 11

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

7.2 Data Isolation in Cloud Computing

Resource elasticity in the IoT cloud computing framework is another challenge in the IoT data
storage. The approach of allowing the tenants to share same computing resources for
improvement will cause inconsistency in data content.

Multitenant isolation: It is classified into shared table pattern, dependent table pattern, dependent
database pattern and dependent virtual machine pattern. Research of proposes database
management model that supports multiple databases integrating and unified data accessing and a
layered reference model is proposed for IoT data management.

Performance isolation: for resource provision, a tenant-based resource allocation for resource
management is needed, which provides formal measurements for provisioning virtualized
resources in a cloud environment and provide resource allocation to the application on the cloud
platform. Data consistency is maintained by designing a distributor caching and scheduling
middleware-microfuge. Microfuge uses an adaptive deadline aware cache eviction module to
reduce deadline misses.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 12

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

CHAPTER 8
SIMULATION
The measured signal which is received from various sensors is simulated by using Matlab 2016.
The simulation is carried out for measuring the temperature, humidity, rainfall for the test area we
considered. The hardware has been developed using Arduino Uno R3 with ESP 8266 for sensing
the signal and update it to the cloud server. We have selected Thanjavur region as a typical area,
to implement the proposed IoT-DWM for managing the water resources. The Thanjavur district
consists of Kallanai dam and the total area is split into three subsections called B1, B2, and B3 and
is shown in Fig.

Fig. 8.1

Fig. 8.1 shows that the area B1 make full use of surface water and groundwater. Conversely, the
B2 area, where groundwater has been depleted severely, does not adopt multiple cultivation
methods to significantly reduce the area of winter paddy yield. The area under the section B3 the
annual groundwater supply is less compared to the other two sections. The fluctuations in annual
precipitation limit the development and utilization of surface water is shown figure 8.2. Overuse
of groundwater resources from shallow and deep aquifers in the area has resulted in a decrease in
groundwater and many other environmental problems in the region. Surface water, groundwater,
and soil moisture for the test area is listed in Table 8.1. To protect the environment in Thanjavur

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 13

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

area, soil moisture and groundwater depth restrictions were set according to Table 8.2. All of the
sensor readings have been sent to the cloud platform for processing, storage, visualization, and for
future use. From the sensor data, the air temperature and the soil temperature is shown in Fig. 8.3.
The air and soil temperature is estimated in a day starting from 6 am to 1 pm and it shows that the
air temperature is gradual increases based on the solar radiation and the soil temperature is initially
decreased and slowly increases after 8 am. The data which is received from the humidity sensor is
shown in Fig. 10.1. The relative humidity is slowly decreasing from the starting time we
considered. The wind speed is estimated from the database is shown in Fig 10.2. The wind speed
is fluctuating more on that day and the maximum of 18.35 km speed we have received. The
hardware implementation using Arduino Uno R3 with ESP 8266 in the test field belongs to the
test area is shown in Fig. 10.3. The data which is received from the sensor node has been updated
in the cloud server. When all the data are updated in the server the controller provides information
through LCD display and it is illustrated in Fig. 10.3.

Fig. 8.2

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 14

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

Table 8.2

Fig. 8.3

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 15

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
An IoT based dam water management systems for agriculture fields to avoid water wastage and
decrease level of water scarcity is developed. Various sensor nodes have been installed in different
places of the test field of Thanjavur district, which is around the dam and all the nodes are
integrated with the IoT node mounded in the test area. The data has been received once in 15
minutes and update the data in the cloud server through the IoT node. The controller automatically
captures the data from the server and estimate the demand of the particular area which is used the
water from the dam. The controller automatically adjusts the lever of the flow control based on the
weather condition and it will lead to saving of a large amount of dam water. The simulation is
carried out using Matlab 2016 and the result shows that the proposed system is used for large-scale
water management system. An experimental setup has been developed and tested in the
agricultural field area.

Fig. 10.1

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 16

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

Fig. 10.2

Fig. 10.3

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 17

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

CHAPTER 11
FUTURE SCOPE
Smart farming is a concept quickly catching on in the agricultural business. Offering high-
precision crop control, useful data collection, and automated farming techniques, there are clearly
many advantages a networked farm has to offer. Of the many advantages IoT brings to the table,
its ability to innovate the landscape of current farming methods is absolutely groundbreaking. IoT
sensors capable of providing farmers with information about crop yields, rainfall, pest infestation,
and soil nutrition are invaluable to production and offer precise data which can be used to improve
farming techniques over time. New hardware, like the corn-tending Rowbot, is making strides by
pairing data-collecting software with robotics to fertilize the corn, apply seed cover-crops, and
collect information in order to both maximize yields and minimize waste.

Another direction in which smart farming is headed involves intensively controlled indoor growing
methods. The Open AG Initiative at MIT Media Lab uses "personal food computers" (small indoor
farming environments that monitor/administrate specific growing environments) and an open
source platform to collect and share data. The collected data is termed a "climate recipe" which
can be downloaded to other personal food computers and used to reproduce climate variables such
as carbon dioxide, air temperature, humidity, dissolved oxygen, potential hydrogen, electrical
conductivity, and root-zone temperature. This allows users very precise control to document,
share, or recreate a specific environment for growing and removes the element of poor weather
conditions and human error. It could also potentially allow farmers to induce drought or other
abnormal conditions producing desirable traits in specific crops that wouldn't typically occur in
nature.

Technologies and IoT have the potential to transform agriculture in many aspects. Namely, there
are 5 ways IoT can improve agriculture:

 Data, tons of data, collected by smart agriculture sensors, e.g. weather conditions, soil quality,
crop’s growth progress or cattle’s health. This data can be used to track the state of your
business in general as well as staff performance, equipment efficiency, etc.

 Better control over the internal processes and, as a result, lower production risks. The ability to
foresee the output of your production allows you to plan for better product distribution. If you
know exactly how much crops you are going to harvest, you can make sure your product won’t
lie around unsold.

 Cost management and waste reduction thanks to the increased control over the production.
Being able to see any anomalies in the crop growth or livestock health, you will be able to
mitigate the risks of losing your yield.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 18

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

 Increased business efficiency through process automation. By using smart devices, you can
automate multiple processes across your production cycle, e.g. irrigation, fertilizing, or pest
control.

 Enhanced product quality and volumes. Achieve better control over the production process and
maintain higher standards of crop quality and growth capacity through automation.

As a result, all of these factors can eventually lead to higher revenue.

 Monitoring of climate conditions

Probably the most popular smart agriculture gadgets are weather stations, combining various smart
farming sensors. Located across the field, they collect various data from the environment and send
it to the cloud. The provided measurements can be used to map the climate conditions, choose the
appropriate crops, and take the required measures to improve their capacity (i.e. precision
farming).Some examples of such agriculture IoT devices are allMETEO, Smart Elements,
and Pycno.

 Greenhouse automation

In addition to sourcing environmental data, weather stations can automatically adjust the
conditions to match the given parameters. Specifically, greenhouse automation systems use a
similar principle. For instance, Farmapp and Growlink are also IoT agriculture products offering
such capabilities among others. GreenIQ is also an interesting product that uses smart agriculture
sensors. It is a smart sprinklers controller that allows you to manage your irrigation and lighting
systems remotely.

 Crop management

One more type of IoT product in agriculture and another element of precision farming are crop
management devices. Just like weather stations, they should be placed in the field to collect data
specific to crop farming; from temperature and precipitation to leaf water potential and overall
crop health. Thus, you can monitor your crop growth and any anomalies to effectively prevent any
diseases or infestations that can harm your yield. Arable and Semios can serve as good
representations of how this use case can be applied in real life.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 19

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

 End-to-end farm management systems

A more complex approach to IoT products in agriculture can be represented by the so-called farm
productivity management systems. They usually include a number of agriculture IoT devices and
sensors, installed on the premises as well as a powerful dashboard with analytical capabilities and
in-built accounting/reporting features.This offers remote farm monitoring capabilities and allows
you to streamline most of the business operations. Similar solutions are represented
by FarmLogs and Cropio.

In addition to the listed IoT agriculture use cases, some prominent opportunities include vehicle
tracking (or even automation), storage management, logistics, etc.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 20

 An Iot Based Dam Water Management System for Agriculture

REFERENCE
[1] P. M. Pujar, Harish. H. Kenchannavar, U. P. Kulkarni, "Wireless Sensor Network based
Water Monitoring Systems: A survey," IEEE International Conference on Applied and
Theoretical Computing and Communication Technology (iCATccT), pp. 155-159, 2016.

[2] Hamid Al-Hamadi, Ing-Ray Chen, “Trust based decision making for health IoT systems,” IEEE
Internet of Things Journal, vol. 4(5), pp. 1408-1419, 2017.

[3] Goran Bakalar, Myriam Beatriz Baggini, Sebastian Gabriel Bakalar, “Remote alarm reporting
system responsive to stoppage of ballast water management operation on ships,” IEEE
International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and
Microelectronics (MIPRO), PP. 1038-1043, 2017.

[4] C. Chellaswamy, R. Aishwarya, Sanjna L. N Murthy, C. Vigneshwar, "Green controller for

rail track condition monitoring and information system," International Conference on Green
Computing, Communication and Conservation of Energy (ICGCE), pp. 562-567, 2013.

[5] Prachet Verma, Akshay Kumar, Nihesh Rathod, Pratik Jain, Mallikarjun.S, Renu
Subramaniam, Bharadwaj Amrutur, M.S.Mohan kumar, Rajesh Sundaresan, "Towards an IoT
Based Water Management System for a Campus,” IEEE International Smart Cities Conference
(ISC2), pp. 1-6, 2015.

DEPARTMENT OF EEE , FISAT 21