Points:

The same reason there is not a universal laptop, Each company needs to make their profit, that is also why a lot of
laptops from a single company have different chargers. If you ask they will say ''design reasons'' or ''technical
reasons'' but it is really mostly down to planned obsolescence and market expansion.

Considered from a purely environmental basis, it’s a major success. The idea of having a common standard for
chargers means cellphones can be shipped without a charger unit. That instantly saves on the production of
billions of power bricks, reduces size and weight of packaging, and transportation costs as a result. The
environmental benefits of that are unarguable–and the new standard even aims at a 50% reduction in the
standby energy consumption of the charger brick.

That’ll require at least an extra lead or two in the box, losing some of the environmental benefit, and placing a
constraint on product designs.

This is typical of many average Americans, who according to a recent survey by Sophos[3], carry on an average
three electronic devices, including smart phones, tablets, mp3 players, and e-readers. This might not sound a lot,
but considering that personal carry on space is extremely limited and inconvenient, especially for the travelers,
people like Jim pay careful attention to selecting how many and what devices to carry, usually based on size, weight.

Personal carry on space is not just limited but also extremely saturated. There are already devices specialized to
handle everything from trading stocks to hiring a cab to measuring how many steps we take in a day.

his is a problem not just for him, but also for the environment. Annually, 51,000 metric tons of electronic waste
from chargers ends up in landfills just in Europe with worldwide figures crossing few hundred thousand metric tons.

. For example, printers have proprietary ink; game consoles have proprietary games and controllers, and
likes. Sometimes incompatibility is due to unique requirements of a product which cannot be addressed by an
existing technology, while at other times, incompatibility is due to strategic reasons. Sometimes compatibility is
required for an industry to function properly, for example, agreements on weights and measures, data exchange,
and language, while at other times compatibility is not required but desired for convenience and overall societal
good.

If you continually overcharge your device, you will shorten its lifespan.

Chargers protect your phone from power spikes or drawing too little power. Corrupt ones can trick your phone into
thinking it's charging, but an hour later, you find that all the adapter did was keep the lights on.

It's no secret that Apple's chargers are overly expensive, but the Chartered Trading Standards Institute performed a
test and found that 397 of the 400 chargers purchased online failed a basic safety test.
Problem statement:

To design a multipurpose programmable charger that can charge different types of batteries based on the
charging algorithms.

Abstract:
Nowadays, there are many kinds of batteries used in commercial as well as domestic sectors. Among them in
particularly high power applications, rechargeable batteries are being used. For ensuring safety & reliable
performance of the battery proper charging protocol has to be observed. Commercially, it is very difficult to find all
the different battery chargers in a single system. So, there is an attempt to design a charger that can resolve these
issues. In this charger different types of advanced charging algorithm are used, based on current researches on
batteries. This charger is based on SMPS topology which is more reliable and efficient. Charging status is monitored
and regulated with feedback system using PWM(pulse width modulation) in microcontroller. Whenever the battery
is connected, the charging suggestions are recommended based on current battery status to the user. Along with
this many safety features are taken into considerations.

Introduction :

Manufacturers are mindful of these limitations and compete fiercely to bring innovative products to the market –
products that are smaller, lighter, and more convenient to use. Unfortunately, one thing that gets overlooked, both
by consumers and by the manufacturers, is that each device/battery needs its own charger. Manufacturers oblige
by providing a charger, usually, compatible only with the specific device that was sold according to their ''design
reasons'' or ''technical reasons”. Most inexpensive chargers do not meet certain regulatory standards and may ruin
the battery or life of the battery. To avoid Incompatibility that exists in almost all types of chargers, an attempt has
been made to design a multipurpose programmable charger that can meet minimum requirements to relevant
standards.

Primarily the focus is on batteries up to 12v. Up to this limit we can charge batteries such as li-ion, li-po, Ni-Mh and
lead acid batteries using this charger.
Block diagram:

Working Principle:

When the user connects battery to the charger, firstly battery status is displayed, then the selection
battery type is taken from user and further based on it’s charging algorithm and based on current battery
status and capacity, the safe charging parameters such as current and voltage are suggested, further user
can adjust these parameters up to certain limit . Charging starts when user confirms these parameters.
According to entered data & charging algorithm of battery the microcontroller adjusts it’s PWM to the
buck converter using feedback circuitry. It may cc (constant current) or cv (constant voltage) or CV- CC
according to particular battery.

The fixed power supplies by SMPS is again regulated further by buck regulator as said earlier. There are
two feedback system one is for SMPS circuitry and other to microcontroller.

Also some safety features are regulated such as Reverse polarity protection, emergency thermal
shutdown, isolated/floating feedback protection and short circuit protection.