ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
BOARD EXAM REVIEW 2019
 WHAT IS ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY?
• defined as the study of
geometry using a coordinate
plane/system.

• also known as coordinate

geometry or Cartesian
geometry

• representation of geometry
using algebraic equations

• founded by French philosophers

and mathematicians Rene
Descartes and Pierre Fermat
during the 17th century
 PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
• CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
- Named after Rene Descartes (Cartesius)
- Defined by two perpendicular lines:
- x-axis; horizontal
- y-axis: vertical

Utilizing these two axes, we can define any

point in the plane using an ordered pair of
numbers.

(x , y)
(abscissa, ordinate)
 DISTANCE FORMULA
• The distance between two points in a
plane with Cartesian Coordinates
(x1,y1) and (x2, y2) is derived from the
Pythagorean Theorem.

• 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
• (x2−x1)2 +(y2−y1)2 = D2

D= (x2−x1)2 +(y2−y1)2
 PTHAGOREAN THEOREM
DERIVATION
The Pythagorean Theorem says that, in a right triangle, the square
of a (a2) plus the square of b (b2) is equal to the square of c (c2) Sample proof 2:

Sample proof 1:

Sample proof 3
•
DISTANCE FORMULA
Sample problems
1. Find the distance between the points
(3, −4) and (5, 7)
D= (x2−x1)2 +(y2−y1)2
D = (5−3)2 +(7+4)2
ans. 11.18

2. Find the distance between the points

(3, −1) and (-2, 5)
D= (x2−x1)2 +(y2−y1)2
D= (−2−3)2 +(5+1)2
ans. 7.81

3. Find k if the distance between (k,0)

and (0, 2k) is 10 units.
D= (x2−x1)2 +(y2−y1)2
10 = (0−k)2 +(2k−0)2
100 = k2 + 4k2
100 = 5k2
k2 = 20
k = 20
ans. k = ± 4.472 units
 DIVIDING LINE SEGMENTS
The section formula tells us the coordinates of the point which divides a given line
segment into two parts such that their lengths are in the ratio m1:m2
The section formula builds on it and is a more powerful tool; it locates the point
dividing the line segment in any desired ratio.

▲PMA is similar to ▲BNP

Therefore:
𝑚1 𝐴𝑀 𝑀𝑃
= =
𝑚2 𝑃𝑁 𝑁𝐵

𝑚1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
= =
𝑚2 𝑥2 − 𝑥 𝑦2 − 𝑦

Simplifying:

𝒎𝟏𝒙𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐𝒙𝟏
𝒙=
𝒎 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐

𝒎𝟏𝒚𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐𝒚𝟏
𝒚=
𝒎 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
 DIVIDING LINE
SEGMENTS
Sample problem
2
• 1. Find the point of the way from (1, 3) to (7, 8)
3
Given: m 1 = 2 ; m 2 = 1

𝒎𝟏𝒙𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐𝒙𝟏 (𝟐)(𝟕) + (𝟏)(𝟏)

𝒙= = =𝟓
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎 𝟐 𝟐+𝟏

𝒎𝟏𝒚𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐𝒚𝟏 (𝟐)(𝟖) + (𝟏)(𝟑) 1

𝒚= = =6
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎 𝟐 𝟐+𝟏 3

1
Thus, the point (5, 6 3) is 2/3 of the way from the given points.
 DIVIDING LINE
SEGMENTS
• Sample problem:
A, B, and C are collinear, and B is between A and C. The ratio of 𝑨𝑩 to BC is 3:1. If A is
at (-2, -8) and B is at (1,1), what are the coordinates of point C?
given:
m1 = 3 ; m2 = 1
segment AC is from point A (-2, -8) to point C (x2 , y2)

Req’d: point C (x2 , y2)

solution:

𝒎𝟏𝒙𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐𝒙𝟏 (𝟑)(𝒙𝟐) + (𝟏)(−𝟐)

𝒙= = =𝟏
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎 𝟐 𝟑+𝟏
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐

𝒎𝟏𝒚𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐𝒚𝟏 (𝟑)(𝒚𝟐) + (𝟏)(−𝟖)

𝒚= = =1
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎 𝟐 𝟑+𝟏
y𝟐 = 𝟒

• point C = (2, 4)
 DIVIDING LINE
SEGMENTS
• Exercise problems:
• 1. Find the coordinates of point B on AC, such that AB is 1/3 of
AC.
A = (2, -5) ; C = (5, 7)
answer: B = (3, -1)

• 2. Find the point B on AC, such that the ratio of AB to BC is 1:3.

A = (-8, -5) ; C = (2, -3)
answer: B = (-5.5, -4.5)
 SLOPE
• SLOPE
• a number that measures a line’s “steepness”, denoted by the
letter “m”
• the ratio between the line’s vertical rise and the horizontal run
• Also referred to as “gradient”
 SLOPE
• Find the slope of the line joining the
points (−4, −1) and (2, −5).
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 −5+1
• m= =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2+4
2
• m=-
3
• Note that the slope is negative. The
line is going "down hill" as we move
left to right.

• EXERCISE:
• What is the slope of the line through
(-7,-2)and (-6, 7)?
• Ans. m = 9
 PARALLEL LINES
• Defined as two lines in a plane that do not intersect
at any point.
• Two lines are parallel if they have the same slope, or
if they are both vertical or horizontal.
 PARALLEL LINES
• PROPERTIES OF PARALLEL LINES
• If two lines are cut by a transversal and the
corresponding alternate interior angles are
congruent, then the lines are parallel
• If angle 1 ≅ angle 2;
therefore lines ‘l’ and ‘m’
are parallel lines.
(CONVERSE OF THE CORRESPONDING
ANGLE POSTULATE)
PERPENDICULAR LINES
• PROPERTIES OF PERPENDICULAR LINES
• Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular if and only if the
product of their slopes is -1
• Vertical and horizontal lines are perpendicular
• The slopes are negative reciprocals of each other.
 PARALLEL AND
PERPENDICULAR LINES
Are the lines parallel,
perpendicular, or neither?
• One line passes through the
points (-3,-1) and(1,−9). Another line
passes through points (1,4)and
(5,6).
• Ans. Perpendicular

• One line passes through the

points (6,5) and(2,-7). Another line
passes through points (-1,5)and
(8,2).
• Ans. Perpendicular

• One line passes through the

points (-8,1) and(4,4). Another line
passes through points (-9,-7)and (9,-
3).
• Ans. neither
 EQUATION OF A
PERPENDICULAR LINE
• What line is perpendicular to x + 3y = 6
and travels through point (1,5)?
SOLUTION:
o y = -1/3x + 2 (y = mx+b)
o m1 = -1/3
o Get the slope of the perpendicular line
(negative reciprocal of m1)
o m2 = 3
o y = mx + b
o Solve for b, use the point (1,5) as the value
for x and y
o 5 = 3(1) + b
o b=2
o Substitute b and m to the slope-intercept
form of a line
o y = 3x + 2
 EQUATION OF A
PERPENDICULAR LINE
• What line is perpendicular
to 3x+5y=15 and passes
through (3,2)?
5
o y = 3x − 3

• What is the equation of a line

that runs perpendicular to the
line 2x + y = 5 and passes
through the point (2,7)?
𝑥
o y=2+6
 INCLINATION
• angle formed by the intersection of the line and the
x-axis
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
• tan(𝛼) = =m
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

• Find the inclination of the

line with slope 2.
• tan(𝛼) = 2
• 𝛼 = arctan (2)
• 𝛼 = 63.43 deg
 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO
LINES
• Angle formed at the point of intersection between
two lines

• Method 1: If the inclination

angles 𝛼 and β are given,
therefore, the angle between
the lines can be solved by:
𝜶–β
• (by using exterior angle theorem
and vertical angle theorem)
 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO
LINES
• Method 2: using slopes of
the given lines
• m1 = tan 𝜃1
• m2 = tan 𝜃2

• 𝛼 = 𝜃1-𝜃2
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 = tan(𝜃1−𝜃2)
o Tangent trigonometric identity
tan 𝜃 − tan 𝜃2
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 = 1+tan1𝜃
1 tan 𝜃2

m1−m2
• 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶 =
𝟏 + m1m2
 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO
LINES
• Sample problems:
• 1. Find the angle between the two lines:
y = 2x + 3 | y = -3x + 5
o m1 = 2, m 2 = -3
2−(−3)
o 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶 = 𝟏 +(𝟐)(−𝟑)
o 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜶 = −𝟓
o 𝜶 = 45 deg.

• 2. If A (-2, 1), B (2, 3) and C (-2, -4) are

three points, find the angle between
the straight lines AB and BC:
3−1
o Slope of AB = 2−(−2) = 0.5
−4−3
o Slope of BC = = 1.75
−2−2
0.5−1.75
o tan 𝜶 = =- 0.67
1+(0.5∗1.75)
o 𝜶 = 33.69 deg.
 FORMS FOR THE
EQUATION OF A LINE
Used when you have the slope and the y-
SLOPE-INTERCEPT y = mx + b
intercept.

POINT-SLOPE y – y1 = m(x – x1) (x1, y1) is a point on the line.

If possible, A is nonnegative and A, B,

and C are relatively prime integers.
STANDARD FORM Ax + By = C The standard form coefficients A, B, and
C have no particular graphical
significance

𝑥 𝑦
TWO-INTERCEPT + =1 Used when you have both intercepts.
𝑎 𝑏

VERTICAL x=a All points have x-coordinate a.

HORIZONTAL y=b All points have y-coordinate b.

 SLOPE-INTERCEPT
FORM
• PROBLEM 1
o Find an equation of the line in slope-intercept form with slope 3 and y -intercept
(0,−2).
o ANSWER: y = 3x – 2

• PROBLEM 2
o Find an equation of the line in slope-intercept form with y -intercept (0,4) and passing
through the point (2,9)
𝟓
o ANSWER: y = 𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟒

• PROBLEM 3
o Rewrite the equation y−1=−3(x+2) in slope-intercept form.
o ANSWER: y = -3x - 5
 POINT SLOPE FORM
• PROBLEM 1
o Write the equation of a line in slope-intercept form with slope 3 that passes through the point (-2, 5)
o y − 5 = 3(x + 2)
o y = 3x + 11

• PROBLEM 2
o Write the equation of a line in slope-intercept form that goes through the points (1, 7) and (5,19)
o y − 7 = 3(x − 1) OR y − 19 = 3(x − 5)
o y = 3x – 3 + 7 OR y = 3x-15 + 19
o y = 3x + 4

• PROBLEM 3
o Find the equation of the line in slope-intercept form that passes through the point (7, 8) and is
parallel to the line x − 5y = 4
𝒙 𝟑𝟑
o y = 𝟓+ 𝟓

• PROBLEM 4
o Find the equation of the line in slope-intercept form that passes through the point (1, −2) and is
perpendicular to the line −7x + 5y = 4.
−𝟓𝒙 𝟗
o y= −𝟕
𝟕
 STANDARD FORM
• Ax + By = C
𝐴
• Slope = - 𝐵
𝐶
• y-intercept = 𝐵

• Utilizing the STANDARD FORM, we can immediately

find the value of the slope as well as the y-intercept.
 STANDARD FORM
• PROBLEM 1
o Find the slope and the y-intercept of the following equations:
o 3x + 2y = 6
o 5x + 8y= −2
o 5y = 7x + 4
o x = 5y – 4
o 7x – 2y = -8

• Answers
o m = -2/3 , b = 3
o m = -5/8 , b = -1/4
o m = 7/5 , b = 4/5
o m = 1/5, b = -4/5
o m = 7/2, b = 4
TWO-INTERCEPT FORM
• PROBLEM 1
o Determine the equation of the line in standard form with x-intercept a = 2, y-
intercept b = 3.
𝑥 𝑦
o + =1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
o + =1
2 3
o 3x + 2y = 6

• PROBLEM 2
o A line forms a triangle with the axes where the length of the leg formed by the
x-axis is twice the length of the leg formed by the y-axis. If the line passes
through the point A = (3, 2), what is its equation in standard form?
o SOLUTION:
𝑥 𝑦
• + = 1 (two-intercept form)
𝑎 𝑏
• Substitute the values of point A
3 2
• + = 1 (let a = 2b)
2𝑏 𝑏
; 2b = 7
7
• b=
2
• x + 2y = 7
 DISTANCE BETWEEN A
LINE AND A POINT
• The distance between a point and a line, is defined as the
shortest distance between a fixed point and any point on the
line.
• It is the length of the line segment that is perpendicular to the
line and passes through the point.
• The distance from a point (m, n) to the line Ax + By + C = 0 is
given by:
 DISTANCE BETWEEN A
LINE AND A POINT
• Find the perpendicular distance from the point
(5, 6) to the line −2x + 3y + 4 = 0
o SOLUTION:
o (m, n) = (5, 6)
o A = -2, B = 3, C = 4
𝐴𝑚+𝐵𝑛+𝐶
o 𝑑=
𝐴2 +𝐵 2
(−2)(5)+(3)(6)+4
o 𝑑=
(−2)2 +(3)2
o 𝑑 = 3.328 units
 DISTANCE BETWEEN A
LINE AND A POINT
• Find the distance from the point (−3, 7) to the line
6
y = 5𝑥 + 2
o 𝑑 = 5.506 units
DISTANCE BETWEEN
PARALLEL LINES
 DISTANCE BETWEEN
PARALLEL LINES
• Find the distance between the two parallel lines
y = 2.65x – 13
y = 2.65x + 4
• Solution
o Rearrange the equation to the standard form
o 2.65x – y -13 = 0; A = 2.65, B = -1, C = -13
o 2.65x – y + 4 = 0; A = 2.65, B = -1, C = 4
|𝐶1−𝐶2|
o 𝑑=
𝐴2 +𝐵 2
|−13−4|
o 𝑑=
(2.65)2 +(−1)2
o 𝑑 = 6 units
 LOCUS
• a set of points that satisfy a certain condition
• Locus is a Latin word which means "place".
• The criteria that defines the locus has to be translated to an
algebraic language in order to solve problems involving types
of locus.
EQUATION OF A LOCUS
• EXAMPLE:
o Find the equation of locus of a point equidistant from point A(2,0) and the
Y-axis.
o Solution
o P(x1 , y1) on locus
o PA = PN
o PN = |x1|
o 𝑥 1 − 2 2 + 𝑦1 − 0 2 = x1
o x12 -4x + 4 + y12 = x12
o y12 - 4x + 4 = 0
Equation that satisfies the conditions,
therefore this is the locus of P(x1, y1)
EQUATION OF A LOCUS
• Find the equation to the locus of a moving point which is always
equidistant from the points (2, -1) and (3, 2). What curve does the locus
represent?
• Solution:
• Let A (2, -1) and B (3, 2) be the given points and (x, y) be the coordinates
of a point P on the required locus.
• PA2 = (x - 2)2 + (y + 1)2 and PB2 = (x - 3)2 + (y - 2)2

PA = PB or, PA2 = PB2

(x - 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = (x - 3)2 + (y - 2)2

x2 - 4x + 4 + y2 + 2y + 1 = x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 4y + 4

• 2x + 6y = 8
• x + 3y = 4 is the required equation to the locus of the moving point.
• first degree equation in x and y; hence, the locus of P is a straight line
whose equation is x + 3y = 4.
 INTRODUCTION TO
CONIC SECTIONS
• conic sections are the intersection between a cone and a plane.

• TYPES:
o CIRCLE
o PARABOLA
o ELLIPSE
o HYPERBOLA
 ECCENTRICITY
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑐
• Eccentricity, e = =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑥 𝑎
• It is how much a conic section (a circle, ellipse, parabola or
hyperbola) varies from being circular.

• If e = 0, the conic is a circle

• If e = 1, the conic is a parabola
• If 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse
• If e > 0, the conic is a hyperbola
 CIRCLE
• DEFINITION
o It is the set of all points in
a plane that are equidistant
from a given point

o A simple closed curve which

divides the plane into two
regions namely an interior and
an exterior

o Also defined as a special kind

of ellipse in which the
two foci are coincident and
the eccentricity is 0.
 EQUATION OF A
CIRCLE - DERIVATION
• Assume that (x, y) are the coordinates of a point on the
circle shown.
• The center is at (h,k) , and the radius is r .
• Use the distance formula to find the equation of a
circle.

• D = (x2−x1)2 +(y2−y1)2
• Substitute
o (x1, y1) = (h, k)
o (x2, y2) = (x, y)
o D=r
• r= (x − h)2 +(y − k)2

• r2 = (x − h)2 +(y − k)2

 EQUATION OF A
CIRCLE
• The standard form equation of a circle is a way to
express the definition of a circle on the coordinate
plane.

(x−h)2 + (y−k)2 = r2
• h and k are the x and y coordinates of the center of the circle
• Example 1:
o (x−4)2 + (y−3)2 = 25

is a circle centered
at (4,3) with a radius
of 5
 EQUATION OF A
CIRCLE
• Example 2:
o Find the center and radius of the circle having the following equation:
4x2 + 4y2 – 16x – 24y + 51 = 0.

The center is at (2, 3).

The radius is r = 1/2
 EQUATION OF A
CIRCLE
• Example 3
o Consider the circle (x - 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 20.
Find all points on the circle with y-coordinate being -5
 EQUATION OF A
CIRCLE
• Example 4
o Find the coordinates of all points where the circle
x2 + (y - 3)2 = 50 and the line y = -2x + 8 intersect.
 EQUATION OF A
CIRCLE
• Example 5
• Consider the circle x2 + y2 = 10. Find an equation for
the tangent line drawn to the circle at the point (3 , 1).
o Solution: The tangent line is perpendicular to the
radius drawn to the point of tangency.
o We can easily solve for the slope of the line
segment connecting the center of the circle; (0,0)
and the point of tangency; (3, 1). We use the
slope formula,

o The tangent line must have slope of -3, the

negative reciprocal of 1/3.
o It must also pass through the point (3 , 1)
o The point-slope form of this line’s equation is then
y-1 = -3 (x - 3):
We simplify this and obtain y = -3x + 10
 EQUATION OF A
• PROBLEM 1
CIRCLE
o Find the center and radius of the circle with the following equation:
100x2 + 100y2 – 100x + 240y – 56 = 0.
o ANSWER: The center is at ( 1/2, – 6/5 ) and the radius is 3/2 units.
• PROBLEM 2
o Consider the circle 6x - 2y + x2 + y2 = 15. Find an equation for the tangent line (in slope-intercept form) drawn to the circle at the point
(1,-2)
𝟒 𝟏𝟎
o 𝒚= 𝒙 −
𝟑 𝟑
• PROBLEM 3
o Determine the equations of the tangents to the circle x2 + (y – 1)2 = 80, given that both are parallel to
the line y = ½x + 1
o ANSWER: y = ½x + 11, y = ½x - 9
• PROBLEM 4
o Consider the circle x2 + y2 -2y + 6x - 7 = 0. Find an equation for the tangent line drawn to
the circle at the point (-2, 5)
1 9
o 𝐲=− 𝑥+
4 2
• PROBLEM 5
o The straight line y = x+4 cuts the circle x2 + y2 = 26 at P and Q.
Calculate the coordinates of P and Q. Determine the midpoint of segment PQ. Determine the equation of the tangent
lines at P and Q. Determine the coordinates of the intersection of the tangent lines.
o P(x2,y2) = (-5, -1)
o Q(x1, y1) = (1, 5)
o Midpoint PQ = (−𝟐, 𝟐)
o y = -5x – 26
𝟏 𝟐𝟔
o y = - 𝟓𝐗 + 𝟓
o Point of intersection of the two tangent lines is at (−𝟔. 𝟓, 𝟔. 𝟓)
Terminologies to remember
 PARABOLA
• A set of points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point F (focus)
and a fixed line (directrix).
• The point lying on the parabola that is halfway between the focus and
the directrix is called the vertex.
 PARABOLA
• If the focus is the point (0 , p) then the directrix has the
equation y = -p.
• If P(x , y) is any point on the parabola, then the distance from
P to the focus is:
• |PF| = 𝑋2 + 𝑦 − 𝑝 2

• |P to directrix| = |y + p|
• definition of parabola
• 𝑋2 + 𝑦 − 𝑝 2 = y + p
• 𝑋2 + 𝑦 − 𝑝 2= (y + p)2
• X2 + y2- 2py + p2 = y2+ 2py + p2
• 𝐗𝟐 = 4py
Equation of a parabola at
Vertex (0 , 0)
Equation of a parabola at
Vertex (0 , 0)
Equation of a parabola at
Vertex (0 , 0)
Equation of a parabola at
Vertex (0 , 0)
Equation of a parabola at
Vertex (0 , 0)
Equation of a parabola at
Vertex (0 , 0)
Equation of a parabola at
Vertex (0 , 0)
Equation of a parabola at
Vertex (0 , 0)
Equation of a parabola
with Vertex at (h ,k)
 Equation of a parabola
with Vertex at (h ,k)
• p or a is the distance from the vertex
of the parabola to the focus or
directrix
• The coordinates of the focus would
be (h+ p or a, k)
• This makes the equation of the
directrix x = h- p or a
• This makes the axis of symmetry:
Equation of a parabola
with Vertex at (h ,k)
Equation of a parabola
with Vertex at (h ,k)
Equation of a parabola
with Vertex at (h ,k)
Equation of a parabola
with Vertex at (h ,k)
Equation of a parabola
with Vertex at (h ,k)
Equation of a parabola
with Vertex at (h ,k)
Equation of a parabola
with Vertex at (h ,k)
SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS
OF A PARABOLA
 LATUS RECTUM OF A
PARABOLA
• The latus rectum is the chord (line segment) that passes
through the focus, is perpendicular to the major axis and
has both endpoints on the curve.
2L = 4a
 ECCENTRICITY OF A
PARABOLA
• The ratio of the distance to the focus to the
distance of the directrix.
e=1
 PARABOLA
• SAMPLE PROBLEM
o Find the directrix and focus of the parabola y2 + 10x = 0 and sketch the
graph.
o Solution: Rewriting the equation to y2 = -10x (same form as the equation of
a parabola y𝟐 = 4px ), we can see that 4p = -10, so p = -5/2
o Answer: focus is at (-5/2, 0) directrix is at x = 5/2
 PARABOLA
• SAMPLE PROBLEM
o Give the vertex, focus, ends of latus rectum, and equation of the directrix of the
equation:
x2 –4y + 8 = 0
o Solution:
o x2 –4y + 8 = 0
o x2 = 4y – 8
o x2 = 4(y – 2)
• 4p = 4
• Focal distance
• p=1
• 2p = 2
o Directrix:
• y = -p from vertex
• y = -1 unit from vertex
• y = -1
o (x – h)2 = 4p (y - k)2
o Vertex is at (0, 2)
o Focus is at (0, 3)
o Latus rectum end points:
• 2L = 4p
• 2L = 4; L = 2
• (-2 , 3) and (2 , 3)
 PARABOLA
• Find the x and y intercepts, the vertex and the axis of symmetry of the
parabola with equation
y = - x2 + 2x + 3 .
o x-intercepts: (3, 0) and (-1, 0)
o y-intercept: (0, 3)
o Vertex is at point (1, 4)
• Find an equation of the parabola with vertex at (-2 , -2) and focus at
(-2 , -8).
o (x + 2) 2 = -24 (y + 2)
• Find the vertex, focus and directrix of the following parabola.
o x = 2y2
o Vertex (0,0), focus is (1/8, 0) directrix is x = -1/8

• Find the vertex, focus and directrix of the following parabola.

4y + x2 = 0
• Vertex (0,0), focus is (0, -1) directrix is y=1
 DEFINITION OF AN
ELLIPSE
• An ellipse is a curve that is the locus of
all points in the plane the sum of whose
distances from two fixed points (the foci)
separated by a distance of 2c is a given
positive constant 2a

• The ellipse can also be defined as the

locus of points whose distance from the
focus is proportional to the horizontal
distance from a vertical line known as
the conic section directrix, where the
ratio is <1.
(eccentricity is <1)
•
ELLIPSE
An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane such that the sum of the distances
from two fixed points (foci) is constant.
• Defining properties:
• d1 + d2 = 2a
• proof:
o let d be the distance from the focus to the vertex
o If (a, 0) is a vertex of the ellipse, the distance from (−c, 0) to (a, 0) is d1 = a + c
o The distance from (c, 0) to (a, 0) is d2 = a - c.
o The sum of the distances from the foci to the vertex is
d1 + d2 = (a + c) + (a – c)
o d1 + d2 = 2a
•
ELLIPSE
Using point (x,y) as a point of reference on the
ellipse, we can define the following variables
o d1 = distance from (-c, 0) to (x , y)
o d2 = distance from (c, 0) to (x , y)
• Definition of an ellipse states that d1+d2 is constant
for any point (x, y) on the ellipse, and the sum of
these distances is 2a. Therefore:

𝑥2 𝑦2
• + 𝑏2 =1
𝑎2
• EQUATION OF AN
ELLIPSE IN STANDARD
FORM CENTERED AT THE
ORIGIN
Nomenclatures used for
ellipse
Formulas used in Ellipse
 Distance from the center
to the foci
• 𝑎2 = 𝑐2 + 𝑏2
• 𝑐2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
• 𝒄 = 𝒂 𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
 Eccentricity of an ellipse
• By definition, eccentricity is the ratio between the
distance of the focus to a point in the comic, and
the distance of that point to the directrix.
𝑆𝐴1
• 𝑒= ; <1
𝐴1𝑁
• 𝑆𝐴1 = e 𝐴1𝑁 (eq. 1)
𝑆𝐴
• 𝑒 = 𝐴 𝑁2 ; <1
2

• 𝑆𝐴2 = e 𝐴2𝑁 (eq. 2)

• eq. 1 – eq. 2

• 𝑆𝐴2 − 𝑆𝐴1 = e (𝐴1𝑁 − 𝐴2𝑁)

• 2(c) = e(2a)
• c = ae ;
o implying that the focus is at (ea, 0)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SEMI-MAJOR
𝒄
• e= AXIS AND THE ECCENTRICITY
𝒂
 Directrix of an ellipse
• Using the same equations derived from the eccentricity
equations:

𝑆𝐴
• 𝑒 = 𝐴 𝑁1 ; <1
1
• 𝑆𝐴1 = e 𝐴1𝑁 (eq. 1)
𝑆𝐴
• 𝑒 = 𝐴 𝑁2 ; <1
2
• 𝑆𝐴2 = e 𝐴2𝑁 (eq. 2)

• eq. 1 + eq. 2
• 𝑆𝐴2 + 𝑆𝐴1 = e (𝐴1𝑁 + 𝐴2𝑁)
• 2(a) = e(2x)
• 2a = 2ex ;
2𝑎
• x=
2𝑒
𝒂
• x=
𝒆
𝒂 𝒂𝟐 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SEMI-MAJOR
• x= =
𝒄/a 𝒄 AXIS, DIRECTRIX AND THE ECCENTRICITY
 Eccentricity of an ellipse in relation
to the semi minor axis
• By the definition of eccentricity, 𝒆
• 𝑃𝑆 = e PD (distance between a line and a point formula
ex+0y−a
• x − ae 2 + y2= e ( e2+02 )
• x2 - 2aex + a2e2 + y2 = e2x2 - 2aex + a2
• x2 - e2x2 + y2 = a2 - a2e2
• x2 (1- e2) + y2 = a2(1-e2)
𝑥2(1−𝑒2) 𝑦2
• + =1
𝑎2(1−𝑒2) 𝑎2(1−𝑒2)
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
• 𝑎2
+ 𝑎2(1−𝑒2) = 1
𝑥2 𝑦2
• + =1
𝑎2 𝑏
o (general equation of an ellipse)
• Therefore 𝐛𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐(𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐)
𝑏2
• 1− 𝑒2 = 𝑎2
𝑏2
• 𝑒2 = 1 − 𝑎2
𝒃𝟐 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SEMI-MAJOR
• 𝒆= 𝟏− 𝟐 AXIS, SEMI-MINOR AXIS, DIRECTRIX AND
𝒂
THE ECCENTRICITY
 LATUS RECTUM OF AN
𝑥2 𝑦2
ELLIPSE
• + 2= 1 ; general equation of an ellipse
𝑎2 𝑏
• c = ae ; focal distance formula in relation to the eccentricity, e

• At point P, the general equation of an ellipse can be represented as:

𝑐2 𝑦2
• 2 + 2 = 1
𝑎 𝑏
(𝑎𝑒)2 𝑦2
• + 2 =1
𝑎2 2 𝑏
𝑦
• 𝑒 + =1
2
𝑏
• 𝑦 = 𝑏2(1 − 𝑒2)
2
𝑎2−𝑏2
• 𝑦2 = 𝑏2(1 − )
𝑎2
𝑎2 𝑏2
• 𝑦2 = 𝑏2(1 − − )
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑏2
• 𝑦2 = 𝑏 2
𝑎2
4
𝑏
• 𝑦2 =
2
𝑎2
𝑏
• 𝑦=
𝑎
• PS+SQ = PQ
𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝒃𝟐
• PQ= + = ; Latus rectum
𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
Ellipse with center at (0, 0)
Ellipse with center at
(h, k)
Ellipse with center at
(h, k)
SUMMARY OF
EQUATIONS
 ELLIPSE
• SAMPLE PROBLEM
o SKETCH THE GRAPH OF 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 and locate the foci.
o SOLUTION:
o divide both sides of the equation by 144

o a2 = 16, b2 =9
o a = 4, b = 3
• length of semi-major axis, a
length of semi-minor axis, b
o c2 = a 2 – b 2
o c2 = 42 – 32
o c = ±√7
o foci are at points:
(√𝟕, 0) and (− 𝟕, 𝟎)
 ELLIPSE
• Find the vertices and the foci of the following:
o 5x2 + 9y2 = 45
• ANSWER: vertices(±3, 0) foci (±2, 0)

• Find the vertices and the foci of the following:

o 100x2 + 64y2 = 6400
• ANSWER: vertices(0, ±10) foci (0, ±6)

• Find the vertices and the foci of the following:

o x2 + 2y2 – 6x +4y + 7 = 0
• ANSWER: vertices(5, -1) (1, -1) foci (3± √2, -1)
 HYPERBOLA
• set of all points in a plane the difference of whose distance from two
fixed points F1 and F2 (foci) is a constant
• The constant difference is the length of the transverse axis.
• The eccentricity of a parabola is e > 1
• definition is similar to that of an ellipse; the variation is that the sum of
distances has become the difference of distances.
• |PF1| = 𝒙+𝒄 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
• |PF2| = 𝒙 − 𝒄 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
• by definition of the hyperbola,
|PF1| - |PF2| = ±2a
• simplifying,
the equation of the hyperbola:
𝑥2 𝑦2
• − 2 =1
𝑎2 𝑏
EQUATION OF A HYPERBOLA
CENTERED AT THE ORIGIN

the equation of
the hyperbola:
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
− 𝟐=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
NOMENCLATURE USED
IN HYPERBOLA
 Distance from the center
to the foci
• 𝑐2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
• 𝒄 = 𝒂 𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
• By definition, eccentricity is the ratio between the
distance of the focus to a point in the conic, and
the distance of that point to the directrix.
𝐴𝑆
• 𝑒= ; >1
𝐴𝑁
• 𝐴𝑆 = e 𝐴𝑁 (eq. 1)
𝐵𝑆
• 𝑒 = 𝐵𝑁 ; >1
• 𝐵𝑆 = e 𝐵𝑁 (eq. 2)

• eq. 1 + eq. 2

• 𝐵𝑆 + A𝑆 = e (𝐴𝑁 + 𝐵𝑁)
• 2(c) = e(2a)
• c = ae ;
o implying that the focus is at (ae, 0)
𝒄 Relationship between the length of semi-
• e= the transverse axis (a) and the
𝒂
eccentricity, e
Eccentricity of a Hyperbola
• By the definition of eccentricity, 𝒆
𝒄
• e=
𝒂
• Squaring both sides
𝑐2 𝑎2+𝑏2
• e2 = 2 = 𝑎2
𝑎
𝑏2 Relationship between the length of semi-
• e2 = 1 + 𝑎2 the conjugate axis (b) and the
eccentricity, e
𝑏2
• e= 1 + 𝑎2
• b2 = e2 − 1 a2
 Directrix of a hyperbola
• Using the same equations derived from the eccentricity
equations:

𝐴𝑆
• 𝑒 = 𝐴𝑁 ; >1
• 𝐴𝑆 = e 𝐴𝑁 (eq. 1)
𝐵𝑆
• 𝑒 = 𝐵𝑁 ; >1
• 𝐵𝑆 = e 𝐵𝑁 (eq. 2)

• eq. 1 - eq. 2
• 𝐵𝑆 − A𝑆 = e (𝐴𝑁 − 𝐵𝑁)
• 2a = e(2x)
2𝑎
• x=
2𝑒
𝒂
• x=
𝒆
𝒂 𝒂𝟐
• x= =
𝒄/a 𝒄
 ASYMPTOTES OF HYPERBOLA
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
• Using the equation of the hyperbola: 𝟐 − 𝟐 =𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
• = −𝟏
𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐
𝑏2𝑥2
• 2
𝑦 = 2 − 𝑏2𝑎
2
• 𝑦2 = 𝑏2(𝑥2 − 1)
𝑎
𝑥2
• 𝑦 = 𝑏 ( 𝑎 − 1) 2

𝑥2 𝑎2
• 𝑦=𝑏 (1 − )
𝑎2 𝑥2

𝑏𝑥 𝑎2
• 𝑦= (1 − )
𝑎 𝑥2
𝑏𝑥
• 𝑦=± 𝑎
o x→ ∞
𝑎2
o So as x approaches infinity, the value of 𝑥2
becomes infinitesimally small
and can be cancelled off
FORMS OF HYPERBOLA
FORMS OF HYPERBOLA
EQUATION OF HYPERBOLA CENTERED
AT (h, k)
EQUATION OF HYPERBOLA CENTERED
AT (h, k)
Hyperbola equations
summary
Hyperbola Formulas Summary
 RECTANGULAR
HYPERBOLA
• A hyperbola for which the
asymptotes are perpendicular
(right angles)
o Asymptotes: x= ±y

• Also called an equilateral

hyperbola or right hyperbola.

• This occurs when the

transversal and conjugate axes
are equal.

• This corresponds to taking a=b, b2 = e2 − 1 a2

giving eccentricity e= 𝟐 a 2 = e2 − 1 a 2
e2 = 2
e= 𝟐
RECTANGULAR
HYPERBOLA
RECTANGULAR
HYPERBOLA
 HYPERBOLA
• Example 1
o Find the foci and asymptotes of the hyperbola 9x2 - 16y2 = 144 and sketch
its graph.

• Solution:
o Transform the equation to the same form as the equation of a hyperbola
by dividing both sides of the equation by 144
𝑥2 𝑦2
o 162
− 92 = 1
o From this equation, we can find the center, the vertices, and the foci.
o a2 = 16, b2 = 9 • For the
asymptotes:
o a = 4, b = 3
𝒃
o c2 = a 2 + b 2 • y=± 𝒙
𝒂
o c2 = 16 + 19 = 25 𝟑
o c=5 • y = 𝒙
𝟒
o The foci are (±5, 0) 𝟑
• y=- 𝒙
𝟒
 HYPERBOLA
• PROBLEMS: Find the vertices, foci, and asymptotes and sketch
its graph.
o 9x2 – 4y2 = 36
• Vertices (± 2, 0)
• Foci (± √13, 0)
𝟑
• Asymptotes: y = ± 𝟐 x

• PROBLEMS: Find the vertices, foci, and asymptotes

and sketch its graph.
o 2y2 – 3x2 -4y + 12x + 8 =0
• Vertices(2 ± √6 , 1)
• Foci (2 ± √15, 1)
𝟔
• Asymptotes: y–1 = ±( 𝟐 )(x-2)
 END OF COURSE-

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