Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

CHEMISTRY FOR IIT-JEE

i r
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RECONSTRUCT YOUR CHEMISTRY
WITH
Prince Sir

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

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e S
in c
P r
B y

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

Inroduction
A gas is considered as collection of molecules/atoms which are in continuous random motion

with average velocities depending on temperature. The molecules of gases, except during

r
collision are seperated wide away and move in paths that are largely unaffected by

i
intermolecular forces. 1. P ress ure
2. Vo lu m e
Charactristics of gases :-
3. T em pera ture

S
The charactristic of gases are fully described
in terms of four parameters 4. A m ou n t o f ga s

n c e
1. Pressure :- It is the force exreted by the gas per unit area of the walls of the container. The

ir
origin of the pressure exterted by the gas is due to the continuous collisions of the
gas molecules with the walls of container.
Units of Pressure - The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa) i.e. N/m2

y P
Atmospheric pressure(atm)
 1 atm = 760 mm of Hg = 760torr =1.013 bar

B
1 atm = 101.325 KPa
 1 bar = 105 Pa

If ‘h’ is the height of the fluid in a column than pressure is gh .

2. Volume :- Volume of the container is generally volume of the gas . It is expressed in Litres,
mililitres etc.
1L = 1000 mL = 1dm3
3. Temperature :- The temperature,T is the property that indicates the direction of the flow
of energy through a thermally conducting, rigid wall.

SI unit of tmperature is Kelvin(K) .Temperature is also measured in degree celcius( oC).

Other unitss are Fahrenheit and Rankine.
C F  32

5 9

TK  T o C  273

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

1. Boyle’s Law :- “ At constant temperature, the volume of a given amount of the gas is

ri
1
inversly propotional to the pressure of the gas”. i.e. P 
V

e S
in c
r
T1 > T2 > T3

P
2. Charle’s Law :- “At constant pressure the volume of a given amount of gas is deirectly
proportional to is Temperature”. i.e. VT

y
3. Gay Lussac’s Law :- “ “ At constant volume for a given amount of gas pressure is directly
proportional to the temperature of the gas”. i.e. P T

B
4. Avogadro’s law :- “ Under same conditions of temperature and pressure equal volumes of
all gases contain equal number of moles and equal number of
molecules.” i.e. Vn

IDEAL GAS EQUATION

The equation obtained by combining above laws is called ideal gas equation i.e.
PV = nRT
Where, R is the universal gas constant .
Numerical Values of R
 R = 8.314 J K-1mol-1 Ideal gas equation in terms of density
 R = 0.082 atm-Litre K-1mol-1 P
dRT
 R = 8.314  107 erg K-1mol-1 M
 R = 2 cal K-1mol-1

A gas which follows this equation at all conditions of temperature and pressure is called an
Ideal gas .
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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
METHODS TO MEASURE PRESSURE
Following instruments can be used to measure pressure-
1. Barometer 2.Manometer

BAROMETER
Barometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure. In this, we take 100 cm long tube which is

r
inverted in a conatiner having mercury (liquid) and tube has vaccumm inside it. Due to pressure

i
difference the liquid rises to some height in the column. This height gives the atmospheric pressure.

If liquid reaches to height “h” in the barometer tube than pressure

e S
ir n c
y P
p = gh

B
where,   density of mercury, g  gravitational acceleration
Pressure of liquid column is independent of the cross section area of container in which it
is kept.
MANOMETER
A Manometer is a device to measure pressures. A common simple manometer consists of a U
shaped tube of glass filled with some liquid. Typically the liquid is mercury because of its high density.
Ther are two types of manometers - 1. Open End Manometer 2. Closed End manometer

Open End Manometer

Case 1 :- When a gas heavier than air
is filled in the manometer G a s

h
A B

PA = PB Hg

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

From the diagram we can say that the pressure at point B will be the sum of pressures due
to the mercury column of height h and atmosperic pressure-

Pgas = h + atmospheric pressure = (h + 760 mm of Hg)

Case-2:- When a gas lighter than air is filled in the manometer

Gas

A
h
B

ri
S
Hg

c e
P A = PB

in
Pgas + h = Patm  Pgas = (Patm - h) = (760 mm Hg - h)

r
Closed End Manometer

y P A B
h

B PA = PB,
Hg
Since the manometer is closed end so no atmospheric pressure
will act , so the height of column reached is due to the pressure of
gas thus Pgas = h.

Hg is used as Hg has almost no tendency of vapour formation like water & others,
so a proper vaccumm is created above mercury column.

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Barometric Distribution
For gaseous systems with high molecular weight e.g. in polymers the pressure of the gas
decreases with increase in its height. The relationship between the pressure and height can
mgH

be given as p  p0e RT
This concept is valid when the system
is isothermal and is at equllibrium.

r
p2
ln 
mg
H 2  H 1 

i
i.e.
p1 RT
where p2 and p1 are pressures at height H1 and H2 respectively.

S
Example 1. Show that the height at which the atmospheric pressure is reduced to half of its value
0.6909 RT
is given by h 

e
.
Mg

c
p1

n
Solution According to the question p2 =
2

ir
p1
Mg 1 Mg 0.6909 RT
Thus ln 2   ( H 2  H 1 )  ln   hh
P1 RT 2 RT Mg

P
Open vessal concept

y
In an open vessal generally pressure and volume are constant. The pressure at the open end is
atmospheric pressure.
Since pressure and volume are constant , so from ideal gas equation

B
n1T1 = n2T2

Example 2. A 10 cm column of air is trapped by a column of Hg 8 cm long in a capillary tube

horizontally fixed at 1 atm pressure. calculate the length of the air
column when the tube is fixed
(i) Vertcally with open end up
(ii) vertically with open end down

(iii) at 45o from horizontal with open end up

Solution: (i) If the tube is held vertically then atmospheric pressure i.e. 76 cm of Hg will start
acting on the air column in addition to the 8 cm column. So ,

total pressure on the air column = 76 cm of Hg + 8 cm of Hg = 84 cm of Hg

Whereas in the initial position as shown the total pressure on the air column was 76 cm of Hg.

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
So for the two conditions We can say that P1 l 1 = P 2 l 2

p1l1
l2   9.04cm
p2

(ii) In this case the pressure will be = (76 - 8) cm of Hg = 68 cm Hg

On comparing with initial conditions we get l2 = 11.17 cm

ri
S
(iii) In this case the pressure is  76  p cos 

e
 76 
8
 81.66cm of Hg

c
2

in
Thus l 2  9.3cm of Hg

P r
y
Dry and Moist Gas
if a gas is collected over water than the gas contains some amount of water vapours and the

B
gas is called moist gas.
the pressure of the moist gas = pressure of dry gas + Aqueous tension or vapour pressure of
water
thus Pdry = Pmoist - Pwater vapours

Partial pressure of water vapour in air

Relative humidity (RH) =
V.P. of water

Example 3. A certain quantity of a gas occupies 100 mL when collected over water at 150C and
750 mm pressure. it occupies 91.9 mL in dry state at NTP. find the aqueous vapour
pressure at 15oC.

Solution: Let the V.P. of water vapour be p mm.

Then pressure of dry gas P1 = Pmoist - p = 750 - p

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

Volume V1 = 100 mL and T1 = 15+273 = 288 K

At NTP P2 = 760mm V2= 91.9 mL and T2 = 273 K

(750 - p)  100 760  91.9

288 273

r
p = 13.2 mm

i
Connected Containers
Let two tubes are connected with each other by a nozzle , if the nozzle is removed the gas

S
from high pressure will travel to the low pressure region untill the pressure is equal in both
the containers.

e
Example 4. Two gases are filled in connected tubes separated by a stopcock between them. One

c
vessel contain 0.25 L NO at 800 torr and 220 K, The other vessel contain 0.1 L O 2 at 600

n
torr and 220 K. The reaction to form N2O4 (solid) exhausts the limiting reagent completely.

ir
Neglecting the vapour pressure of N2O4 what is the pressure of the gas remaining at 220 K
after completion of the reaction ?

PV 800  0.25 0.26

 

P
Solution: No. of mole of NO =
RT 760  RT RT
PV 600  0.1 0.07
and No. of moles of O2 =  

y
RT 760  RT RT

2NO (g) + O2(g)  N2O4(s)

B
 1 mol O 2
reacts with 2 moles of NO
0 .07 0.26
So, mol of O2 will react with = 2 
RT RT
0.26 0.14 0 . 12
Thus mole of NO left =  =
RT RT RT
total volume after removing stopcock = 0.25 + 0.1 = 0.35 L
0 . 12
 RT
So, pressure due to NO left = RT  0 . 34 atm
0 . 35

Pay Load or Lifting Power

Pay load can be defined as the maximum mass that it can carry.
Pay load = Mass of air displaced  mass of filled ballon

If density of gas filled in the ballon is di and density of outside air is do and M is the mass of
filled ballon then
Mass of air displaced = Vdog - Vdig = Vg(do - di)

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
thus pay load = Vg(d-d1) - Mg

Example 5. A ballon of diameter 20 m weighs 100 kg. calculate its pay load if it is filled with helium
at 1 atm and 27oC. density of air is 1.2 Kgm-3.
4 3
Solution Volume of ballon V = r  4190.47 m 3
3
Mass of air displaced = 4190.47  1.2 = 5028.56 Kg
M  P V
Mass of helium in the ballon =  681 .376 Kg
RT

ri
Thus mass of filled ballon = 681.376 + 100 = 781.376 Kg

So, Pay Load = 5028.56 - 781.376 = 4247.184 kg

S
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
At a given temperature , the total pressure occupied by two or more non-reacting gases

e
occupying a definite volume is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas

c
i.e. P = pA + pB + pC + ........

in
Partial pressure of any gas = mole fraction  Total pressuree
Limitations : This law is applicable only when the component gases in the mixture do not

r
react with each other. For example. N2 and O2, CO and CO2, N2 and Cl2, CO and N2 etc.
But this law is not applicable to gases which combine chemically. For example, H2 and Cl2,
CO and Cl2, NH3, HBr and HCl, NO and O2 etc.

P
Partial pressure of water in air
Relative Humidity(RH) = Vapour pressure of water

y
DIFFUSION AND EFFUSION

B
The spontaneous mixing of gases to form a homogeneous mixture is called Diffusion.
The process in which a gas is allowed to escape under pressure through a small orifice is
called Effusion.
Grahm’s Law of Diffusion or Effusion
At constant pressure the rate of diffusion 1
d Diffusioninto vacuumwill
or effusion of a gas is inversely proprtiona l d take placemuch more rapidly
to the square root of the density of the gas i.e. than diffusioninto anotherplace.

If r1 and r2 are the rate of diffusion or effusion of two gaes then

r1 M2 d2 P M2
   1
r2 M1 d1 P2 M1

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Application of Grahm’s law of diffusion or Effusion
M 2
Separation of isotopes : The factor M is called enrichment factor. This factors tells that
1

lighter species will be effused preferentially in comparision to heavier species.

Let there are two isotopes Ax and Ay , the mixture of isotopes is reacted with a common
reagent and let the compound formed is ABn. Then enrichment is done by passing through a

r
porous barrier.The process of diffusion is repeated many times to achieve sufficient

i
enrichment .

n'1 / n' 2

S
Separation factor =
n 1 /n 2

e
Where n1 and n2 are concentration of two isotopes before diffusion.
and n’1 and n’2 are concentration of two isotopes after diffusion .

c
M

n
2
For a single step enrichment factor f’ = M

ir
1

if enrichment of species is achieved in n steps then

n'1 / n' 2
n
(f’) = =f

P
n 1 /n 2

M2 n M2
n log f '  log f  n log  log f  log  log f

y
M1 2 M1
2 log f
n

B
M2
log
M1

Example 6. The composition of the equillibrium mixture for the equillibrium

Cl2  2Cl
at 1470 K may be determined by the rate of diffusion of the mixture through a pin
hole. It is found that at 1470 K, the mixtures diffuses 1 : 16 times as fast as
krypton(83.8) diffuses under the same conditions. Find the degree of dissociation of
Cl2 at equillibrium.
Solution: From the question we can interpret that the mixture diffuse 1:16 times fater i.e. first
we need to calculate the Molecular mass of the mixture, since rate of diffusion varies with
molecular mass.
Cl2  2Cl
1-x 2x
r M Kr
So Acc . to Grahm ' s law mix 
n M  n2M 2 r Kr M mix
M mix  1 1
n1  n 2
On substituting values we get x = 0.14
(1  x )  71  2 x  35 .5 71
M mix  
(1  x )  2 x 1 x
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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

KINETIC THEOREY OF GASES

Following are some postulates of this theorey-

gases are made up of atoms or molecules.
• volume of a gas molecule is negligible as compared to the volume of
container.
• Gas molecules are in continuous random motion, colliding with each

ri
other and the walls of container and these collisions are perfectly elastic .

e S
c
There is no interaction between the gas molecules i.e. they neither attract
nor repel each other.

in
• The pressure exerted by the gas is due to the collision of gas molecules
with the walls of container.

r
• The kinetic energy of gas molecules only depends on absolute
temperature.

y P
B
KINETIC GAS EQUATION

P  pressure of the gas

1
PV  mNc 2 V  volume of the gas
3
m  mass of a molecule
n  number of molecules of gas
c  root measn square speed of all the molecules

KINDS OF MOLECULAR SPEEDS

Root Mean Square Speed (RMS speed)- It may be defined as the square root of the mean
of the squares of the individual speed of all the molecules.

c1  c 2  c3  ......
2 2 2

C rms 
n

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

1
Now from kinetic gas equation PV  mNc
2

1 3PV 3RT 3P
For 1 mole of gas PV  Mc 2  C rms   
3 M M d

r
Average Speed(Cav.) - This is defined as the mean of the various speeds of the gas molecules.

i
C1  C 2  C3  .......  C n 8RT
Average speed (Cav.) = 
M

S
n

Most Probable Speed (CMP) - Speed possessed by maximum molecules at a given

e
temperature.

c
2 RT

n
Most probable speed =
M

ir
Most probable speed : Avg. speed : RMS speed
8
2 : : 3 Crms > Cav. > Cmp


P
Calculation Of Kinetic Energy
3
For 1 mole KE  RT

y
2

For 1 molecule KE  3 R T  3 kT

B
2 NA 2

3
For n moles KE  nRT
2

REAL GASES & VANDER WAAL’S EQUATION

 Real gases do not follow ideal gas equation at all temperatures and pressures. Real
gases tend to behave ideally at low pressures and moderately high temperatures.

 Real gases tend to deviate from ideal behaviour at high pressure and low temperature.
Real gases deviate from ideal behaviour due to two faulty assumptions in KTG-
1. The volume of a gas molecule is negligible as compared to the total volume of the gas.
2. There is no interaction between the gas molecules.
Vander Wall’s suggested two corrections for it -
1. Volume correction:- If b is the effective volume of the molecule per mole of the gas then
for n mol of gas the corrected volume Vi = (V nb)
where, b is Excluded volume and is a charecteristic for each gas

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

4 3 
b =  r   4N A
3 

2. Pressure Correction:- The molecules which is in the interior of the gas is attracted from
all sides and net force is zero. But the molecule which is about to strike the wall is attracted
by other molecules and experience an inward pull. Thus pressure observed will be less than
the ideal pressure.
Pideal = Pobs + Pc
a

ri
Where Pc is pressure correction and Pc =
V2
n2a
thus Pideal = P +
V2

S
applying both the corretions to ideal gas equation
 n 2a 
 P   V  nb 

e
nRT
 V 2 

in c
Here a and b are Vander Waal’s constants

P r • a signifies the attraction force between

the gas molecules more is the value of 'a'
more will be the attraction force and

y
Units of 'a' - atm L2 mol-2 more easily the gas will be liquified.
• SO2 > NH3 >H2O >CO2

B
•decreasing value of a (decreasing liquifiability)

• b signifies excluded volume, more is the

value of b greater will be the molecular
size, lesser will be the tendency of gas to
Units of 'b' - m3mol-1 liquified.

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DEVIATION FROM IDEAL BEHAVIOUR (REAL GASES)
Real gases deviates from ideal behaviour due to interaction between the molecules. repulsive
forces are significant when molecules ar almost in contact thus repulsions are short range
interactions. Whereas, attraction forces are effective upto several molecular diameter and thus
are long range interactions.
At low pressures and high temperature, when the sample occupies a large volume, the
molecules are so far apart that the intermolecular forces play no significant role, and the gas

r
behaves virtually perfectly.

i
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR(Z)
The extent of deviation of a real gas from ideal behaviour is measured by compressibility

S
factor.
Molar volu me of real gas (VR ) PV
Z 
Molar volu me of ideal gas (Vi ) RT

c e
 Z=1, for an ideal gas
 Z > 1, the gas shows positive deviation i.e. it is difficult to to compress the gas. In this case

ir n
repulsive forces dominates.
 Z < 1, The gas shows negative deviation i.e. the gas is easily compressible. In this case
attractive forces dominate.
The deviations can be displayed, by plotting the P-V isotherms fo real gas and ideal gas.

P
H2

y
He

B
PV
Z=
nRT
O2
N2
CH4 CO
2
P

CALCULATION OF COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR FOR A REAL GAS

for a real gas from Vander Waal’s equation
 n 2a 
 P   V  nb   nRT
 V 2 
 At low pressure At low pressure volume will be so high such that V nb  V
For 1 mole
 a  a
 P  2 V  RT  PV   RT
 V  V
PV a
  1
RT VRT
PV a
Z   1
RT VRT
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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
n2a
At high pressure At high pressure P  P
V2
For 1 mole of gas P(V  b)  RT  PV  Pb  RT
PV Pb
  1
RT RT
Pb
 Z  1
RT

CRICTICAL PHENOMENON AND LIQUIFACTION OF GASES

ri
Gases can be liquified by the application of low temperature and high pressure. At low
temperature kinetic energy of gas molecules become less and slow moving molecules come together
due to attraction force and gases tend to liquify.The effect of temeperature is more important than of
pressure.

line ab  gas
line bc  liquid

e S
in c
dP dP
At point Y ,  0, thus at critical temperature  0.
dV dV

P r
The area to the left of the dotted line only liquid exists and in the area to the right of
the dotted line only gas exists.If we consider the curve at Temperature TC, at point
Y there is no liquid portion which indicates that there is only gas which exists at this

y
point. This point is called critical point and the temperature is called
critical temperature(TC).

B
Critical Temperature(TC )- It is defined as the temperature above which a gas cannot be
liquified by applying any amount of pressure is called Critical temperature.
8a
TC =
27 R b

Critical Pressure(PC) - The pressure required to liquify a gas at critical temperature is called
critical pressure.
a
PC 
27b 2

Critical Volume (VC) - The volume at critical temperature and pressure is called Critical Volume.
VC = 3b
PCVC 3
Compressibility factor Z =   0.375
RTC 8

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

Boyle’s temperature(Tb) The temperature at which a real gas behaves like an ideal gas over
a wide range of pressure is called Boyle temperature ‘Tb’.

a
Tb 
Rb
at boyle’s temperature PV = constant for a wide range of pressure.

i r
Inversion Temperature(Ti) The tmeperature below which a gas cools on expansion and above
which shows heating on expansion is called inversion temperature.
2a
Ti 

S
Rb

e
a 1
Tb  

c
Rb 2Ti

n
VIRIAL EQUATION OF STATE

ir
For 1 mol of gas Virial equation of state can be expressed as
 B C 
PVm  RT 1   2  ..........
 Vm Vm 

P
Where, B, C are tmperature dependent constants .
The first virial coefficient is one.

y
a
B is the second virial coefficient = b 
RT

B
C is the third virial coefficient = b2

Boyle’s temperature is the temperature at which real gas starts behaving as ideal gas and at Boyle’s
temperature B = 0
Thus
a
Tb 
Rb

From the graph it is clear that

Z, approaches 1 at low pressures, but does so
with different slopes. For a perfect gas, the
slope is zero, but real gases may have either
positive or negative slopes, and the slope
Z=1 may vary w ith temper ature. At the Boyle
temperatur e, the slope is zero and the gas
behaves perfectly over a wider range of
conditions than at other temp eratures.

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Maxwell Distribution Law

Maxwellshown themolecuarspeeddistribution for gases.

Fromthegraphit is clear thatas the temperature increases
the numberof moleculeshavinga specificspeedat that
specifictemperature increases.

HEAT CAPACITIES

ri
Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the system by
one degree.
dq
Heat Capacity (C) =
dT

S
Heat capacity is an extensive property as the amount of heat required (q) to raise the temperature
by T depends on the mass of the substance.

c e
Molar heat capacity is the heat capacity per mole of the substance and it is an intensive
property.

in
Its unit is JK-1mol-1.

r
Specific heat capacity is the heat capacity per unit mass of the substance and it is also an
intensive property. Its unit is J K-1 Kg-1
Following two types of heat capacities are used-

P
 U 
(i) Heat capacity at constant volume (CV) =   and thus U   C v .dT
 T V

y
 H 
(ii) Heat capacity at constant pressure(CP) =   and thus H   C .dT
 T  P P

B
 Cp - Cv =PV = R
Cp 2
    1 , where f is the degree of freedom for a given gas
Cv f

Heat capacity of mixtures:- let n1 and n2 moles of two non-reacting gases A and B are mixed than
n1 C v 1  n2 (C v ) 2
Cv mix 
n1  n2

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Degree of freedom- There are three types of degrees of freedom
1. Translational degree of freedom(fT)
fT = 3 for all types of molecules
2. Rotational degree of freedom (fR)
fR = 0 (for monoatomic gas)
fR = 2 (for diatomic gas)
fR = 2 (Triatomic or polyatomic linear gas)

r
fR = 3 (triatomic or polyatomic non-linear)

i
3. Vibrational degree of freedom(fV)
fV = 0 (for monoatomic gas )

S
Total degrees of freedom = 3N(for a molecule having N atoms )

3N-5(for diatomic or

n
polyatomic linear )

c e
ir
3N-6(for non-linear
0 (for Monoatomic) polyatomic)

y P Vibrational
degree of
freedom(fv)

B LAW OF EQUIPARTITION OF ENERGY

According to it the energy of a gas molecule is equally distributed among its
various degrees of freedom and each degree of freedom is associated with energy

K.E. per molecule =

f
2
kT
1
2
kT .

f
For n moles K.E. = nRT
2
 fT  f R 
K.E. =   f V  nRT
 2 

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 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

Norma l Te mpe rature H igh T em pera ture

Gas Cv Cp  Cv CP 

He 3 5 5 3 5 5
R R =1 .6 7 R R = 1.6 7
2 2 3 2 2 3

H2 5 7 7 7 9 9
R R  1 .4 R R  1 . 29
2 2 5 2 2 7

ri
CO 2 5 7 7 13 15 15
R R  1 .4 R R  1 . 15
2 2 5 2 2 13

SO 2 3R 4R 4 6R 7R 7
 1 . 33  1 . 17

S
3 6

CH 4 3R 4R 4 1 2R 13 R 13
 1 . 33  1 . 09

e
3 12

in c
P r
y
Notworthy points
Ioschmidt Number:- The number of molecules present in 1 c.c. of gas or vapours at S.T.P.

B
Its value is 2.687  1019 per c.c.

Vapour density is independent of temperature and has no unit while absolute demsity is
dependent of temperature.

The gas which has shortest mean free path and has a maximum value of ‘a’ and is easily
liquified and has maximum Boyle’s temperature.

C
< Tb < Ti

20
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

BOOST YOUR BASICS

Q.1. Two balloons are taken at 300 K. maximum capacity of balloon B 1800 ml
A and B are 800 ml and 1800 ml respectively. When the ballon 8 700 ml
system is heated, which one of the following will burst first? A

(A) Outer balloon B

i r
(B) Inner balloon A
(C) Both simultaneously

S
(D) Cannot be predicted.
Q.2. Two glass bulbs of equal volume are connected and filled with a gas at 0oC and pressure of

e
760mm of Hg. one of the bulbs is then placed in a water bath maintained at 67oC. What is
the new value of the pressure inside the bulbs?

c
(A) 750 mm Hg (B) 850 mm Hg (C) 843mm Hg (D) 743 mm Hg

n
Which gas will have the greatest density at 25oC and 1 atm pressure ?

ir
Q.3.
(A) O3 (B) SiH4 (C) PH3 (D) C3H8
Q.4. A jar contains a mixture of Hydrogen and helium gases in the ratio 1 : 5. What is the ratio of mean
translational kinetic energy of hydrogen and helium molecules?

P
(A) 1:2 (B) 2:1 (C) 1:1 (D) 1:5
Q.5. Dust particles in the suspended state in a monoatomic gas are in thermal equillibrium with the gas. If

y
the temperature of the gas is 300 K, the RMS speed of dust particles if the mass of a dust
particle is 10-17 Kg.

B
(A) 2.5 cm/s (B)3.5 cm/s (C) 1cm/s (D) 4cm/s
Q.6. Two perfect gases at absolute temperatures T1 and T2 are mixed. There is no loss of energy. if the
mass of the gas molecules are m1 and m2 and the number of molecules in gases are n1 and n2
respectively than what will be the temperature of the mixture?
n1T2  n 2T1 n1T2  n 2T1 n1T1  n2T2 n1T1  n2T2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
T1  T2 n1  n 2 n1  n2 T1  T2
Q.7. An ideal gas has molar heat capacity C = 37.35 J mol-1K-1 in the process PT = constant. The
number of degrees of freedom of molecules in the gase will be ?

(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 4

Q.8. How much energy at constant volume should be added to a mixture of one gram of Hydrogen and
one gram helium to raise its temperature from 0oC to 100oC ?
(A) 325 cal (B) 225 cal (D) 750 cal (D) 500 cal
Q.9. A mixture of two different ideal gases in a container is separated by a pourous wall from an
evacuated chamber. after instanteneous diffusion the evacuated chamber contains :
(A) More number of atoms of the heavier gas
(B) More number of atoms of the lighter gas
(C) Equal number of atoms of both the gases
(D) Any number of atoms of any gas
21
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

Q.10. Two identical cylinders containequal moles of He at 2.5 atm and Ar at 1 atm respectively. If both
the gases are filled in one of the cylinders , the pressure would be -
(A) 1.5 atm (B) 3.5 atm (C) 1.75 atm (D) 1 atm

Q.11. Two identical containers A and B with frictionless pistons contain the same ideal gas at the same
temperature and the same volume V. The mass of the gas in A is mA and that in B is mB. the gas in
each cylinder is now allowed to expand isothermally to the same final volume 2V. the changes in the
pressure in A and B are found to be P and 1.5 P respectively. Then :
(A) 4mA = 9mB (B) 2mA = 3mB (C) 3mA = 2mB (D) 9mA = 4mB

ri
Q.12. A gas deviates maximum from the ideal gas laws at :
(A) Low T and high P (B) High T and low P (C) Low T and P (D) High T and P

S
Q.13. A vessel contains air saturated with water vapours and the total pressure in it is 100 cm of Hg. The
1
gas is now compressed at constant pressure to of its original volume and the total pressure

e
4
becomes 380 cm of Hg. Calculate the vapoure preesure of water:

c
20 10

in
(A) 20 cm Hg (B) 10 cm Hg (C) cm Hg (D) cm Hg
3 3

r
Q.14. Three closed vessels A, B and C are at the same temperature T and contain gases which obey
maxwell distribution of velocities. Vessel A contains O2, B only N2 and C mixture of equal quantities
of O2 and N2. if the average speed of the O2 molecules in the vessel A is v1, that of N2 molecules in

P
the vessel B is v2, the average speed of the O2 molecules in vessel C is :
v1  v2 3kT
(A) (B) v1 (C) 4v2 (D)

y
2 m

B
Q.15. A cylinder closed at both the ends is divided into two equal parts by a heat-proof piston. Both parts
of the cylinder contain the same masses of gas at a tempertaure 27oC and pressure 1 atm. Now if
the gas in one of the parts is heated to 57oC, the distance moved by the piston from the middle of
the cylinder will be (given the length of the cylinder is 84 cm)-
(A) 3 cm (B) 5 cm (C) 2 cm (D) 1 cm

Q.16. A cylinder of 5 L capacity, filled with air at NTP is connected with another evacuated cylinder of 30
litres capacity. The resultant air pressure in both the cylinders will be -
(A) 10.8 cm Hg (B) 14.9 cm Hg (C) 21.8 cm Hg (D) 38.8 cm Hg

Q.17. Which of the following statments is not true about the effect of an increase in temperature on the
distribution of molecular speeds in a gas
(A) The most probale speed increases
(B) The fraction of the molecules with the most probable speed increases
(C) The distribution becomes broader
(D) The area under the distribution curve remains the same as under the lower temperature

22
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

Q.18. The Vander Waal’s constant ‘a’ for the gases O2,N2, NH3 and CH4 are 1.3, 1.390, 4.170 and
2.253 L2 atm mol-2 repectively. The gas which can be easily liquified is :
(A) O2 (B) N2 (C) NH3 (D) CH4

Q.19. When an ideal gas undergoes unrestrained expansion, no cooling occurs because the gas molecules-

r
(A) Are above the inversion temperature

i
(B) Exert no attractive force on each other
(C) Do work equal to loss in K.E.
(D) Collide without loss of energy

S
Q.20. The Vander Waal’s constant ‘a’ for the gases O2,N2, NH3 and CH4 are 1.3, 1.390, 4.170 and
2.253 L2 atm mol-2 repectively. Which of the following gases have shortest mean free path-

c e
(A) O2 (B) N2 (C) NH3 (D) CH4

n
Q.21. On the basis of given statments choose the correct options :

ir
(1) For constant volume if temperature is increased pressure increases due to the increase in the
number of collisions among the molecules
(2) For a real gas at N.T.P. if Z>1 then Vm < 22.4 L
(3) Gases can be liquified only below their critical temperature

P
(A) TTF (B) TFT (C) FFF (D) TTT

y
Q.22. At point A the gas is at Boyle’s temperature and it is
brought to B as shown in the figure. then at point B the gas

B
will have compressibility factor-
(A) 1 (B) Z>1

(C) Z <1 (D) Z = 3/8

Q.23. The RMS speed of the gas molecule at temperature 27 K and pressure 1.5 bar is 1  104 cm/sec.
If both temperature and pressure are raised three time, the RMS speed of the gas molecules will be

(A) 9  104 cm/sec (B) 3  104 cm/sec (C) 3  10 4 cm/sec (D) 104 cm/sec

 B C 
Q.24. A general form of equation of state for gases is PV  RT  A   2  ......... , where V is the
 V V 
molar volume of the gas and A,B,C....... are constants for the gas. The values of A and B, if the gas
obeys Vander Waal’s equation, are respectively -

23
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
a 2a a a
(A) ,b (B) ,b (C) 1, b  (D) 1,
RT RT RT 27 b

Q.25. The critical temperature and critical pressure of a gas obeying Vander Waal’s equation are 30oC and
73 atm respectively. the value of ‘b’ is , therefore -

(A) 0.5 (B) 0.06 (C) 0.265 (D) 0.128

Q.26. For a sample of gas ‘X’ the RMS speed at Temperature T will be -

ri
e S
in c
r
3
(A) 328 ms-1 (B)  400 ms-1 (C) 490 ms-1 (D) 400 ms-1
8

P
Q.27. The critical volume of a gas is 0.072 L mol-1 . the radius of the molecule will be(in cm)
1 1 1

y
 3 3  4 3  3 3  3 
(A)   10  23  (B)   10  23  (C)   10  23  (D)   10 8 
 4   3   4   4 

B
Q.28. A closed vessel contain equal number of Nitrogen and Oxygen molecules at pressure P atm. If
nitrogen is removed from the system, then pressure will be -
P
(A) P (B) 2P (C) (D) P2
2
Q.29 Two vessels of capacities 3 L and 4 L are separately filled with a gas. The pressures are respectively
202 kPa and 101 kPa. The two vessels are connected. The gas pressure will be now, at constant
temperature-

(A) 151.5 kPa (B) 144 kPa (C) 303kPa (D) 175 kPa

Q.30. A He atom is two times havier than a hydrogen molecule at 298 K, the average K.E. of He is-
(A) Two times that of Hydrogen molecules (B) Same as that of hydrogen molecules
(C) Four times that of Hydrogen molecules (D) Half that of hydrogen molecules

24
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Q.31. According to KTG , for a diatomic molecule-
(A) The pressure exerted by the gas is proportional to the mean velocity of the molecule
(B) The pressure exerted by the gas is proportional to the RMS velocity of the molecules
(C) The RMS velocity of the molecule is inversely proportional to the temperature
(D) The mean translational K.E. of the molecule is proportinal to the absolute temperature

Q.32. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of Oxygen and 4 moles of Argon at temperature T. Neglecting

r
all vibrational modes, the total internal energy of the system is -

i
(A) 4RT (B) 5RT (C) 15RT (D) 11RT

Q.33. The average molecular weight of air is 28.8 g mol-1. At 20oC, the pressure of air at a height of 6 km

S
is half of that at the sea level. Assuming that air contains minute quantities of hydrogen, at what
height the partial pressure of hydrogen would be one fourth of the partial pressure at the sea level if

e
temperature is same ?

c
(A) 172.8 km (B) 4.8 km (C) 86.4 km (D) 9.6 km

ir n
Q. 34. 2.3 g of a mixture of NO2 and N2O4 have a pressure of 0.82 atm at temperature, T K and volume
V  1 
V litres. If   magnitude, calculate p NO2 . Assume that all the NO2 was formed N2O4
T  300 

P
(A) 0.52 atm (B) 0.38 atm (C) 0.19 atm (D) 0.41 atm

Q.35. What is the total pressure in a 2L container that holds 1 g He, 14 g CO and 10 g NO at 27oC ?

y
(A) 21.6 atm (B) 13.2 atm (C) 1.24 atm (D) 0.310 atm

25
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
SUBJECTIVES
Q.1. Specific heat of a monoatomic gas at constant volume is 315 J kg -1 K-1 and at a
constant pressure is 525 J kg-1 K-1 . Calculate the molar mass of the gas .
Q.2. A gas bulb of 1 litre capacity contains 2  1021 molecules of nitrogen exerting a pressure of
7.57  103 N m-2. calculate the RMS speed and temperature of the gas molecules.
Q.3. An evacuated glass vessel weighs 50 g when empty and 148 g when filled with a liquid of
density 0.98 g mL-1 and 50.5 g when filled with an ideal gas at 760 mm Hg at 300 K.
Determine the molecular weight of the gas.
Q.4. A vertical hollow cylinder of height 1.52 m is fitted with a movable piston of negligible mass

ri
and thickness. The lower half of the cylinder contains an ideal gas and the upper half is filled
with Hg. The cylinder is initially at 300 K. When the temperature is raised half of the mercury
comes out of the cylinder. Find the temperature assuming the thermal expansion of Hg to be

S
negligible.

Q.5. If the temprature of 1 mole of a gas is increased by 50oC, calculate the change in kinetic

e
energy of the gas .

c
Q.6. The reaction between gaseous NH3 and HBr produces a white solid NH4Br. Suppose small
quantity of gaseous NH3 and gaseous HBr are introduced simultaneously into opposite ends

in
of an open tube which is one metre long. calculate the distance of white solid formed from
the end from which NH3 was introduced.

r
Q.7. The composition of the equillibrium mixture for the equillibrium Cl 2  2Cl at 1400 K may be
determined by the rate of diffusion of mixture through a pin hole. It is found that at 1400 K,

P
the mixture diffuses 1.6 times as fast as Krypton(84) diffuses under the same conditions. Find
the degree of dissociation of Cl2 equillibrium.
Vander Waal’s constant‘b’ of Ar is 3.22  10-5 m3 mol-1.Calculate the molecular diameter of Ar..

y
Q.8.
Q.9. Two perfect gases at absolute temperature T1 and T2 are mixed. There is no loss of energy.

B
Find the temperature of the mixture if masses of molecules are m1 and m2 and the number of
moles of the gases are n1 and n2 respectively.
Q.10. Calculate the compressibility factor of SO2 , if one mole of it occupies 0.35 L at 300 K and 50
atm pressure.
Q.11. A gas cylinder contains 55% nitrogen, 20% oxygen and 25% carbon dioxide by mass, at 760
mm pressure. Calculate the partial pressure of nitogen.
Q.12. The density of a mixture of N2 and O2 at NTP is 1.3 gL-1. Calculate partial pressure of O2 ,if
total pressure is 1 atm.

Q.13. Pure O2 diffuses through an aperture in 224 second, whereas mixture of O2 and another gas
containing 80% O2 diffuses from the same in 234 second. What is the molecular mass of the
gas?
Q.14. Rate of diffusion of a gas is 0.4 times that of methane. Calculate the weight of gas diffused
through a hole in 10 seconds. If 32 gm of O2 diffuses through the same hole in 4 seconds.
Q.15. Given the RMS velocity of oxygen molecules at 27oC is 4.8  104cm sec-1, calculate the
density of the gas at pressure of 1 atm.
26
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Q.16. Compressibility factor for N2 at -50oC and 800 atm pressure is 1.95. calculate the number of
moles of N2 gas required to fill a gas cylinder of 100 mL capacity under the given conditions.
Q.17. A mixture of 0.5 mole of CO and 0.5 mole of CO2 is taken in a vessel and allowed to effuse
through a pin hole into another vessel which has vaccumm. if total A moles has effused out in
time t1 show that M1A + M2(1-A) = 36 , where M1 and M2 are mean molar masses of the
mixture that has effused out and the mixture still remaining in the vessel respectively.

r
Q.18. Determine final pressure after the valve is left opened for a long time in the apparatus

i
represented in figure. Assume that the temperature is fixed at 300 K. Under the given condi
tions assume no reaction of CO & O2.

e S
ir n c
Q.19. 1 litre of gaseous mixture is effused in 5 minute 11sec, while 1 litre of oxygen takes 10

P
minutes. The gaseousmixture contains methane and hydrogen. Calculate:
(a) vapour density of gaseous mixture
(b) the percentage by volume of each gas in mixture.

y
Q.20. A container with a volume of 3.0litre holds N2 (g) and H2O(l) at 29°C. The pressure is found
to be 1.0atm.The water is then split into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis, according to

B
the reaction
H2O (l)  H2 (g) + O2 (g)
After the reaction is complete, the pressure is 1.86atm. What mass of water was present in the
container? The aqueous tension of water at 29°C is 0.04atm.

Q.21. A two litre vessel contains oxygen at a pressure of 380 mm Hg at 27°C . 1.40g of nitrogen
gas is introduced in the vessel. Will the pressure of gaseous mixture increase or decrease and
to what extent ?

Q.22. The pressure of gas at 20°C contained in 0.95 litre flask was 1 atmosphere. The weight of the
flask and gas was 25.2g. The gas was allowed to escape until the final pressure was 0.81
atmosphere and the flask was found to weight 25.05g. What is the molecular weight of the
gas?
Q.23. A bulb can be filled by of 0.4g nitrogen gas at 25°C and 1 atmosphere. If 0.8 g of a gas are
required to fill the same bulb under the same condition of temperature and pressure, what is
the molecular weight of the gas.

27
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Q.24. A bulb was filled with 500g of argon at 300K and 1 atmospheric pressure. After few days due
to leakage, a certain amount of gas escaped and the pressure fell to 600mm at the same
temperature. Calculate the amount of gas leaked out.
Q.25. At the top of a mountain the thermometer reads 10°C and the barometer reads 700mm Hg.
At the bottom of the mountain the temperature is 30°C and the pressure is 760mm Hg.
Compare the density of the air at the top with that at the bottom.
Q.26. Chemical absorbers can be used to remove exhaled CO2 of space travelers in short space
flights. Li2O is one of the most efficient in terms of absorbing capacity per unit weight . If the
reaction is
Li2O + CO2  Li2CO3

ri
What is the absorption efficiency of pure Li2O in L CO2 (STP) per kg ?

Q.27. A closed container of volume 0.023 m contains a mixture of neon and argon gases at a
temperature 27°C and pressure 1 10 Nm . 5 “2 × The total mass of mixture is 28g. If the

S
gram molecular weight of neon and argon are 20 and 40 respectively, find the masses of
individual gases in the container, assuming them to be ideal.

e
Q.28. An evacuated glass bulb was weighed, then filled with 2 O and reweighed. The difference in

c
weights was 0.250g. The operation was repeated under the same conditions with unknown

in
gas and difference was 0.375g.Find the molecular weight of gas.

r
Q.29. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) contains mainly methane (CH ) 4 . A 3 10m tank is made to
store LPG at –164°C and 760 torr pressure, under this condition its density is 415kg/ 3 m .

P
Calculate the volume of a storage tank capable of holding the same mass of LPG as a gas at
27°C and 1 atm pressure.

y
Q.30. A cylinder containing 5.0 litre 2 O at 25°C was leaking. When the leakage was detected and
stopped there was a change in the pressure of the gas from 3.0atm to 2.235atm. How much
oxygen in g has been leaked during thisperiod ? Also report the volume leaked if collected at

B
1atm and 25°C.
Q.31. A meteorological balloon has a radius of 1m when released from sea level at normal P and
25°C and expanded to a radius of 3m when it had risen to its maximum altitude where the
temperature was –20°C. What is the pressure inside the balloon at that height?
Q.32. A certain container has 5×1023 molecules of a gas A at a pressure of 900torr. By a photo
chemical combination allowing light to fall on the molecules, the pressure drops to 500 torr.
If the temperature and volume remain the same how many molecules are present after
exposure to light. If dimerization:
2A  A2
has taken place,how many monomer molecules are still present ?

Q.33. A 500mL bulb is filled with CH4 at a pressure of 1 atm and oxygen at a pressure of 4atm at
27°C. The mixture is then exploded, when the reaction,
CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O(l)
occurs. Calculate the pressure if the final temperature is 27°C. Aqueous tension at 27°C is
6.7mm.
28
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
FACE THE CHALLENGE
Q.1. Two flasks A and B of equal volume containing NH3 and HCl gases, are connected by a
narrow tube of negligible volume.What will be final pressure in each flask when passage
connecting two tubes are opened assuming ideal gas behaviour of NH 3 and HCl gas and the
reaction.
NH3(g) + HCl (g)  NH4Cl (s) goes to completion.

i r
e S
c
Q.2. A column of Hg 10 cm in length is containedin the middle of a narrow horizontal 1 m long

n
tube which is closed at both ends. Both the halves of the tube contain air at a pressure 76 cm

ir
of Hg. By what distance will the column of Hg be displaced if the tube is held vertical?

Q.3. 2.69 g of a sample of PCl5 was placed in a 1 L flask and completely vaporised to a
temperature of250oC. The pressure observed at this temperature was 1 atm. PCl5 dissociates

P
according to the equation
PCl5(g)  PCl3 (g) + Cl2(g)

y
What are partial pressures of PCl5 under these conditions?

B
Q.4. A closed vertical cylinder is divided into two parts by a frictionless piston, each part contains
1 mole of air . At 27ºC the volume of the upper part is 4 times than that of the lower part.
Calculate the temperature when volume of the upper part will be three times than that of the
lower part.

Q.5. PCl5 present in a container is attached to a thin manometer as shown below.

Calculate the change in height (in cm) in open end if PCl5 dissociates 25% into PCl3 and Cl2
at same temperature & radius of open end is 2 times of the closed end.

29
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Q.6. Two bulbs A and B of equal capacity are filled with He and SO2 respectively at same temperature.
(i) How will the URMS be affected if volume of B becomes 4 times that of A at constant temperature.
(ii) How will the URMS be affected if half of the molecules of SO2 are removed at constant
temperature.

Q.7. A flask of volume 2L, provided with a stopcock contains oxygen at 300 K and atmospheric
pressure. The system is heated to a temperature of 400 K, with the dtopcock open to atmosphere.
The stopcock is then closed and the flask is then cooled to its original temperature.
(a) what is the final pressure of oxygen in the flask?

ri
(b) How many grams of oxygen lost in the flask

Q.8. A barometer tube contains some air above the Hg level inside it. The atmosphere pressure is 76
cm of Hg. The Hg level in the barometer tube is 74 cm high and the tube has a length of 100 cm

S
above Hg level. The tube is raised vertically upwards by a distance of 10 cm. What is the height
of Hg level inside the tube after it has been raised?

c e
Q.9. A cubical box of side 1 metre contains He gas at a pressure of 100 Pa. During an observation
time of 1 second, an atom travelling with the RMS speed parallel to one of the edge of the cube

in
was found to make 500 hits with a particular wall, without any collision with other atoms. Take
R = 25/3 J K-1mol-1 and k = 1.38  10-23 JK. evaluate the temperature of the gas and the average

r
kinetic energy per atom of the gas.

P
Q10. The respiration of a suspension of yeast cells was measured by observing the decrease in
pressure of gas above the cell suspension. The apparatus was arranged so that the gas was
confined to a constant volume, 160 cm3 ,and the entire pressure change was caused by uptake

y
of oxygen by the cells. That pressure was measured in a manometer the fluid of which has a
density of 3 1.034 g/cm . The entire apparatus was immersed in a thermostat at 37°C . In a
30 min observation period the fluid in the open side of the manometer dropped 37 mm.

B
neglecting the solubility of oxygen in the yeast suspension, compute the rate of oxygen
consumption by the cells in cubic millimeters of O2 (STP)per hour.

30
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
CHOOSE YOUR FAVOURITES
Q.1. According to the assumptions of KTG, which statment(s) are correct:
(A) The size of a molecule is much smaller than the average separation b/w the molecules
(B) The molecules exert no force on each other and on the walls of the container except
during collision
(C) Collision between two molecules or between a molecule and a wall are perfectly elastic
(D) The molecules obey Newton’s laws

i r
Q.2. If the atoms in a diatomic molecule can vibrate, the molecule has -
(A) 2 rotational degree of freedom
(B) 3 rotational degrees of freedom

S
(C) 1 vibrational degree of freedom
(D) 2 vibrational degree of freedom

e
Q.3. Select the correct option(s) for an ideal gas

c
(A) Most probable speed increases with increase in temperature

n
(B) Fraction of particles moving with most probable speed increases with increase in temperature

ir
(C) Fraction of particles moving with most probable speed are more for Cl 2 than H2 under
similar condition of T, P & V.
(D) Most probable speed is more for Cl2 than H2 at same temperature

P
Q.4. Indicate the correct statement for a 1-L sample of N2(g) and CO2 (g) at 298 K and 1 atm
pressure
(A) Th average K.E. per molecule is the same in N2 and CO2

y
(B) The rms speed remains constant for both N2 and CO2
(C) The density of N2 is less than that of CO2
(D) Total K.E. of both N2 and CO2 is the same

B
Q.5. Which of the following is correct for critical temperature
(A)It is the highest temperature at which liquid and vapour can coexist
(B) Beyond TC gas can be liquified by compression
(C) At TC the surface tension of the system is zero
(D) Substance below Tc is called vapours and above it is called gas

Q.6. A ballon having a capacity of 10000 m3 is filled with helium at 20oC and 1 atm pressure.
If the ballon is loaded with 80% of the load that it can lift at ground level, at what height will
the ballon come at rest ? Assume that the volume of the ballon is constant , the atmosphere is
isothermal, 20oC, the molecular weight of air is 28.8 and the ground level pressure is 1 atm.
The mass of the ballon is 1.3  106 g . Which of the following is/are incorrect?
(A) the root mean square speed of molecules of different ideal gases maintained at at the same
temperature
(B) The root mean square speed of oxygen molecule at a certain temperature T K is V. If the
temeperature is doubled and O2 dissociates into atoms the RMS speed remains unchanged
(C) K.E. of a single molecule depends on degree of freedom .
(D) TC of CO2 will be greater than TC of H2

31
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Q.7. If the RMS speed of nitrogen and oxygen molecule are same at two different temperature and
same pressure than
(A) average speed of molecules is also same
(B) density(g/L) of N2 and O2 is also equal
(C) number of mole of each gas is also equal
(D) most probable velocity of molecules is also equal
Q.8. If force of attraction between the molecules is negligible, van der Waal’s equation for one
mole become
RT a
(B) P   2

ri
a
(A) PV  RT  Pb (C) PV  RT  (D) PV  RT  a
V b V V V
Q.9. According to Charle’s law :
1  dV   dT  1 V 
(A) V (B)  dT   K (C)  dV   K (D)  T  2   0

S
T  P  P  T P

e
GO COMPREHENSIVE
Passage -1

c
3

in
The K.E. of gas molecules for one mole can be expressed by the equation RT .Average K.E.
2
per molecule does not depend on the nature of the gas but depends only on temperature.

r
3
The average K.E. per molecule is = kT , where k is boltzman constant.
2

P
Q.1. Which of the following expressions correctly represents the relationship between average
molar K.E. of CO and N2 molecules at the same temperature?
(A) K.E.(CO) = K.E.(N2) (B) K.E.(CO) > K.E.(N2)

y
(C) K.E.(CO) < K.E.(N2) (D) canot be predicted
Q.2. The average K.E. (in joule) of the molecules in 8 gm of methane at 27 0C is -
(A) 62.14  10-27J (B) 72.68  10-21J (C) 68.2  10-21J (D) 62.14  10-29J

B
Q.3. Which of the following is valid at absolute zero ?
(A) K.E. of the gas becomes zero but the molecular motion does not become zero
(B) K.E. and molecular motion becomes zero
(C) K.E. of the gas decreases but does not become zero
(D) none of these
Passage - 2
The gases which strictly follow the general equation PV = nRT are called ideal gases.
Actually, there is no gas which is perfect or ideal. A real gas is one which actually exists,
whether it obeyes gas laws strictly or not. Under ordinary conditions, only those gases nearly
behave as ideal or perfect which have very low boiling point such as nitrogen, hydrogen etc.
the most easily liquifiable and highly soluble gases such as NH3, CO2, SO2 show large
deviations.Real gases are found to obey the equation
 n2a 
P   V  nb   nRT
 V 2 


32
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
The deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour can be measured by
PV
compressibility factor (Z) Z
nRT

(i) Z = 1, for ideal gases (ii) Z  1, for real gas

Q.1. The compressibility of a gas is less than unity at STP, therefore

r
(A) Vm > 22.4 L (B) Vm < 22.4 l (C) Vm = 22.4 L (D) Vm = 44.8 L

i
Q.2. At low pressure, the van der Waal’s equation is reduced to

S
PVm aP PVm bP
(A) Z  1 (B) Z  1
RT RT RT RT

e
PVm a
(C) PVm = RT (D) Z  1

c
RT RT

n
Q.3. At Boyle’s temperature, compressibility factor Z for a real gas is

ir
(A) Z=0 (B) Z=1 (C) Z<1 (D) Z>1

Passage - 3

P
On the recently discovered 10th planet it has been found that the gases
follow the relationship PeV/2 = nCT where C is constant other
notation are as usual (V in lit., P in atm and T in Kelvin). A curve

y
is plotted between P and V at 500 K & 2 moles of gas as shown
in figure

B
Q.1 The value of constant C is
(A) 0.01 (B) 0.001 (C) 0.005 (D) 0.002

Q.2 Find the slope of the curve plotted between P Vs T for closed container of volume 2 lit. having
same moles of gas
e 2
(A) (B) 2000 e (C) 500 e (D)
2000 1000e

Q.3 If a closed container of volume 200 lit. of O2 gas (ideal gas) at 1 atm & 200 K is taken to planet.
Find the pressure of oxygen gas at the planet at 821 K in same container
10 20
(A) (B) (C) 1 atm (D) 2 atm
e100 e50

33
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
FEEL THE HEAT
Q.1 The ratio between the r. m. s. velocity of H2 at 50 K and that of O2 at 800 K is :
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 1/4 [JEE 1996]
Q.2 X ml of H2 gas effuses through a hole in a container in 5 sec. The time taken for the effusion of the same
volume of the gas specified below under identical conditions is : [JEE 1996]
(A) 10 sec, He (B) 20 sec, O2 (C) 25 sec, CO (D) 55 sec, CO2

Q.3 The absolute temperature of an ideal gas is ______ to/than the average kinetic energy of the gas
molecules.

ri
[JEE 1997]

Q.4 Calculate the total pressure in a 10 litre cylinder which contains 0.4 g He, 1.6 g oxygen and 1.4 g of
nitrogen at 27ºC. Also calculate the partial pressure of He gas in the cylinder. Assume ideal behavious

S
for gases.
[JEE 1997]

e
rA

c
Q.5 According to Graham's law , at a given temperature the ratio of the rates of diffusion of gases A
rB

in
and B is given by :
[JEE 1998]

r
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
P  MA  M   PA  P  MB  MA  PB 
(A) A   (B)  A    (C) A   (D)  
PB  MB   MB   PB  PB  MA  MB  PA 

P
Q.6 An evacuated glass vessel weighs 50.0 g when empty, 148.0 gm when filled with a liquid of density
0.98 g /mL and 50.5 g when filled with an ideal gas at 760 mm Hg at 300 k . Determine the molecular

y
weight of the gas . [JEE 1998]

B
Q.7 The pressure exerted by 12 g of an ideal gas at temperature t ºC in a vessel of volume V is one atmp
. When the temperature is increased by 10 degrees at the same volume, the pressure increases by 10
%. Calculate the temperature 't' and volume 'V'. [molecular weight of gas = 120]
[JEE 1999]

Q.8 One mole of N2 gas at 0.8 atmp takes 38 sec to diffuse through a pin hole, whereas one mole of an
unknown compound of Xenon with F at 1.6 atmp takes 57 sec to diffuse through the same hole .
Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.(At. wt. Xe = 138, F = 19) [JEE 1999]

Q.9 The r.m.s. velocity of hydrogen is 7 times the r.. m.s. velocity of nitrogen. If T is the temperature of
the gas : [JEE 2000]
(A) T(H2) = T(N2) (B) T(H2) > T(N2)
(C) T(H2) < T(N2) (D) T(H2) = 7 T(N2)

Q.10 The pressure of a fixed amount of an ideal gas is proportional to its temperature. Frequency of collision
and their impact both increase in proportion to the square root of temperature. True/False.
[JEE 2000]
34
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir

Q.11 The root mean square velocity of an ideal gas at constant pressure varies with density as
(A) d2 (B) d (C) d1/2 (D) 1/d1/2 [JEE 2001]

Q.12 Which one of the following V, T plots represents the behaviour of one mole of an ideal gas at one
atmp?

i r
(A) (B) (C) (D)

S
[JEE 2002]
-3
Q.13. The density of the vapour of a substance at 1 atm pressure and 500 K is 0.36 Kgm . the vapour

e
effuses through a small hole at a rate of 1.33 times faster than oxygen under the same condition.

c
(i) Determine (a) molecular weight (b) molar volume (c) Compression factor
(d) which forces among the gas molecules are dominating attractive or repulsive.

n
(ii) If the vapours behave ideally at 1000 K, determine the average translational K.E. of a molecule.

ir
[JEE 2002]

Q.14 The average velocity of gas molecules is 400 m/sec. Calculate its (rms) velocity at the same temperature.
[JEE 2003]

P
Q.15 Positive deviation from ideal behaviour takes place because [JEE 2003]
PV
(A) molecular interactions between atoms and 1
nRT

y
PV
(B) molecular interactions between atoms and 1
nRT

B
PV
(C) finite size of atoms and 1
nRT
PV
(D) finite size of atoms and 1
nRT

Q.16. For a real gas obeying van der Waal’s equation a graph is plotted between PVm (y-axis) and P (x-axis)
where Vm is molar volume. Find y-intercept of the graph.

Q.17 The ratio of the rate of diffusion of helium and methane under identical condition of pressure and
temperature will be
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0.5 [JEE 2005]

Q.18. Match gases under specific conditions listed in column I with their properties/ laws in column II
Column I Column II
(A) H2 gas (P =200 atm, T=273 K) (p)Compressibility factor  1
(B) H2 gas (P=0, T = 273 K) (q) attractive forces are dominant
(C) CO2 ( P=1 atm, T = 273 K) (r) PV = nRT
(D) real gas with very large molar volume (s) P(V-nb) = nRT [JEE 2007]

35
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
Q.19. A gas described by van der Waal’s equation -
(A) behaves similar to an ideal gas in the limit of large molar volumes
(B) behaves similar to an ideal gas in the limit of large pressures
(C) is characterized by van der Waal’s coefficients that are dependent on the identity of the gas but are
independent of the temperature
(D) has the pressure that is lower than the pressure exerted by the same gas behaving ideally

Q.20. At 400 K, the root mean square (rms) speed of a gas X (molecular weight = 40) is equal to the most
probable speed of gas Y at 60 K. The molecular weight of the gas Y is [JEE 2009]

ri
S
ANSER KEY

e
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. C 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9. B 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.C

c
14.B 15. C 16.A 17.B 18. C 19. A 20. C 21. B 22. C 23.C 24.c 25.D 26.C
27. A 28.C 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.B

in
SUBJECTIVES

r
-1
1. [ 39.6] 2. [ 494.22 ms ] 3.[ 123] 4.[337.5K] 5.[ 623.55 J] 6. [ 68.55 cm]
n1T1  n 2T2
7.[  = 0.1374] 8. [ 0.2944  10-9m] 9.[ T  n1  n 2 ] 10.[ 0.711] 11.[472.8 mm]

P
12. [ 0.28 atm] 13. [ 46.6] 14.[141 g] 15.[1.32 g L-1] 16.[2.24]

y
18. [3.284 atm] 19. [4.3, CH4 =47.14%, H =52.86%] 20.[1.31 g] 21.[1.115 atm]

22. [32] 23. 56 g/mole 24. 105.45gm 25. 0.99 (top) to 1.00 (bottom)

B
26. 752 L/kg 27. mNe= 4g; mAr =24 g. 28. 48 29. 6.38 ×106 litre

5 25
30. 5.0g, 3.823 litre 31. 0.031 atm 32.  10 23 monomer; total 1023 33 . 3.035 atm
9 9
CHOOSE YOUR FAVOURITES
1. [ A,B,C,D] 2. [A,D] 3.[A,C] 4. [A,C,D] 5. [A,C,D] 6. [A,B] 7. [ A,B,D] 8. [A]

9.[ B,C,D]

36
 Reconstruct Your Chemistry With Prince Sir
FACE THE CHALLENGE
1.[40 mm Hg] 2. [y = 3 cm] 3.[ 0.447 atm] 4.[421.9 K]

5. 3.5 cm 6. (i) no change (ii) increased 2 times

7. (a) [3/4 atm] (b) [ 0.6504 g] 8. [ 74.53 cm] 9. [ 160 k & 3.31 x 10-21]

r
10. 104 mm3 / h

i
GO COMPREHENSIVE
Passage 1. 1. A 2.A 3.B
Passage 2. 1. B 2.A 3.B

S
Passage 3. 1. B 2.D 3.A

c e
FEEL THE HEAT
Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 directly proportional Q.4 0.492 atmp ; 0.246 atmp

ir n
Q.5 C Q.6 123 Q.7 –173°C , 0.82 L Q.8 XeF6

Q.9 C Q.10 Both statements are correct Q.11 D

P
Q.12 C Q.13. (i)a) 18.1 (b) 50.525 Lmol-1 (c) 1.224 (d) repulsive

(ii) 2.07 x 10-20J Q.14. 434.17 m/sec Q.15. C Q.16. RT Q.17 B

y
Q.18. (A)  P,S, (B)  R, (C) P,Q, (D) R Q.19. (A,C,D) Q.20. 4

37