Be Final Report

Dr. D.Y.
PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
AMBI-PUNE
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT UNIT FOR

TALEGAON”
SUBMITTED BY
ROHIT KUMAR (B120910047)
NITISH KUMARSINGH (B120910038)
MUKESH KUMAR KASHYAP (B120910036)
MAHENDRA . V . JADHAV (B120910027)
GUNDESH . M. KAWALE (B120910031)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Ms.PRIYANKA M PAWAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

D.Y.PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , AMBI
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY
CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE FOLLOWING STUDENTS HAVE SATISFACTORILY

CARRIED OUT B.E PROJECT ENTITLED “DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT UNIT
FOR TALEGAON”. THIS WORK IS BEING SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD FOR THE
DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING . IT IS SUBMITTED IN THE
FULFILMENT OF THE PRESCRIBED SYLLABUS OF SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE
UNIVERSITY , PUNE FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2016 – 2017.

NITISH KUMAR SINGH (B120910038)
PROF. PRIYANKA M PAWAR PROF. U.R SAHARKAR
(GUIDE) (H.O.D CIVIL)
PROF. L.V KAMBLE EXTERNAL EXAMINER
(PRINCIPAL)
i
D.Y.P.I.E.T., AMBI DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ACKNOELEDGMENT
I would like to thank respected Prof. U.R. SAHARKAR and MS.

PRIYANKA M PAWAR for giving us such a wonderful opportunity to
expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present
this report. It helped us a lot to realize of what we study for.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went
through my work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or
un-necessary stuffs.
We also thank them for providing us guidance in the project.Last but clearly not
the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete my
report on time.
THANKING YOU ALL

NITISH KUMAR SINGH (B120910038)
ii
PREFACE
WE have made this report file on the topic DESIGN OF SEWAGE

TREATMENT UNIT FOR TALEGAON. WE have tried my best to elucidate
all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the
beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic.
OUR efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended
on a successful note. We express my sincere gratitude to Ms. PRIYANKA M
PAWAR who assisting me throughout the preparation of this topic. I thank him
for providing me the reinforcement, confidence and most importantly the track
for the topic whenever I needed it.
iii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION. 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION. 2
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY. 2
1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW. 3
2 MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER. 7
2.1 INTRODUCTION 8
2.2 COMPONENTS OF MUNICIPAL WATER. 8
2.3 QUALITY OF WASTE WATER. 9
3 TREATMENT PROCESS. 10
4 SLUDGE TREATMENT. 22
5 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES AND TEST RESULTS. 27
6 DESIGN CRITERIA. 34
6.1 PRIMARY TREATMENT UNIT 35
6.2 SCFREEN CHAMBER 36
6.3 GRIT CHAMBER 37
6.4 PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK 39
6.5 SECONDARY UNIT (BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT) 43
7 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION 45
8 REFERENCES 47
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1 THE COMMINUTOR DEVICES. 13
2 TYPICAL SEDIMENTATION TANK. 16
3 DIFFUSED AERATION. 18
4 TRICKLING FILTERS. 19
5 ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR. 20
6 FLOW CHART FOR S.T.P. 21
7 GRAVITY THICKENER. 24
8 DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION 25
LIST OF TABLES
1 TESTING RESULT OF INLET SEWAGE. 32

2 TESTING RESULT OF OUTLET SEWAGE. 33
v
Design of sewage treatment unit for Talegaon
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
DYPIET,AMBI Page 1
1.1 Introduction:
Pollution in its broadest sense includes all changes that curtail natural utility and exert
deleterious effect on life. The crisis triggered by the rapidly growing population and
industrialization with the resultant degradation of the environment causes a grave threat to the
quality of life. Degradation of water quality is the unfavorable alteration of the physical,
chemical and biological properties of water that prevents domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural, recreational and other beneficial uses of water. Sewage and sewage effluents are the
major sources of water pollution. Sewage is mainly composed of human fecal material, domestic
wastes including wash-water and industrial wastes.
The growing environmental pollution needs for decontaminating waste water result in the study
of characterization of waste water, especially domestic sewage. In the past, domestic waste water
treatment was mainly confined to organic carbon removal. Recently, increasing pollution in the
waste water leads to developing and implementing new treatment techniques to control nitrogen
and other priority pollutants.
Sewage Treatment Plant is a facility designed to receive the waste from domestic, commercial
and industrial sources and to remove materials that damage water quality and compromise public
health and safety when discharged into water receiving systems. It includes physical, chemical,
and biological processes to remove various contaminants depending on its constituents. Using
advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water.
The present study comprises the study on quality of domestic waste water that is discharged from
the HB Hall of National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, through the kitchen outlets and
bathroom effluents. The study includes characterization tests for pH value, acidity, alkalinity,
chloride, residual chlorine, turbidity & DO.
1.2 Objectives of the study:
The principal objective of waste water treatment is generally to allow human and industrial
effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural
environment. An environmentally-safe fluid waste stream is produced. No danger to human
health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment is expected. Sewage includes
household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks and so forth that is disposed
of via sewers. Sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce.
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The objectives of the study are:
1. Physical, chemical and biological characterization of the domestic waste water from
TALEGAON domestic region.
2. Comparison with the prescribed standard
3. Design of the sewage treatment plant.
1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW
1.The first wastewater treatment attempt was releasing the pollutants into rivers, which
were the sources of most water supplies. In 1871 this problem drew the publics attention
to itself when the future King Edward VII caught typhoid fever while staying at a house
in Yorkshire (21, p. 36). The reason was traced to bad drainage and his illness resulted in
immediate e_orts to improve the prevailing sanitary systems and so by the 19th century
large cities realized that they must reduce the water pollution which they release into
the environment. Sewage systems began to be designed and created after Louis Pasteur
and his colleagues proved that the bacteria which lived in sewers could cause infectious
diseases(e.g. 1). From the early 1990s, sewer systems started to grow but as cities started
to develop, less spaces were available for disposal and _ltration ,furthermore, the
amount of wastewater increased rapidly because of the population growth (13; 20). This
all lead to the change in dimension of treatment facilities today and former designs
proved to be insu_cient for today's needs in society. Over-all, (NIRAJ S.and TOPARE)
Introduced three main objectives in Sewage/Water treatment :
i. The Evacuation of postponed particles and oatable materials
ii. The treatment of organic elements in the wastewater BOD removal
iii. The removal of micro-organics which may be the cause of dangerous diseases.
These objectives have been continued into early pollutant removal and reduction processes
only in better systematic methods . While the older treatment goals are still valid, the
new ways of treatment have invented and developed signi_cantly and more objectives
DYPIET,AMBI Page 3
have been injected into the water treatment science.
2.Waste water master plan : makes allowance for future development of the metropolitan area,
supplementsthe existing diagnostic studies with a view to making the best possible use of the
architecture and operationof the networks and treatment, forecasts expenditure and ensures an
effi cient programme of investments.Consideration is also given to how full advantage can be
taken of the large number of backflow stations which are a feature of the Nantes Métropole
infrastructure. Reducing the number of stations might make it possible to reduce energy
consumption and the risks of hydrogen sulphide formation.
3. EFFLUENT TREATMENT SYSTEM
This chapter discusses in brief various treatment technologies involved in the process of
wastewater treatment. Indepth knowledge of all these technologies and factors regulating
thetreatment mechanism is important for better managementof CETPs or ETPs. Wastewater
depending on its characteristics is subjected to different treatment options. Basic wastewater
treatment consists of a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes and
operations to remove solids, organicmatter and, sometimes, nutrients from wastewater. General
terms used to describe different degrees of treatment, in order ofincreasing treatment level, are
preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 4
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Methodology:
In this research paper the treatment technologies adopted for treating sewage are as follows :
A. Activated Sludge Process
B. Chlorination
C. Filtration.
Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and house hold
sewage, both runoffs (effluents), domestic, commercial and institutional. It includes physical,
chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its
objective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid waste stream (or Treated Effluent) and a
solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse .The treatment of waste water is not
only important for our own health but also to keep our environment clean and healthy.
The activated sludge process was discovered in 1913 in the UK by two engineers, Edward
Ardern and W.T. Lockett. (Beychok, 1967) who were conducting research for the Manchester
Corporation Rivers Department at Davyhulme sewage works. Activated sludge is also the name
given to the active biological material produced by activated sludge plants. This material, which
in healthy sludge is a brown floc, is largely composed of saprotrophic, bacteria but also has an
important protozoan flora mainly composed of amoeba, spirotrichs, penritrichs including
vorticellids and a range of other filter feeding species.
In a sewage treatment plant, the activated sludge process is a biological process that can be used
for one or several of the purposes like oxidizing carbonaceous biological matter, oxidizing
nitrogenous matter: mainly ammonium & nitrogen in biological matter, removing phosphate,
driving off entrained gases such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen generating a biological
floc that is easy to settle, generating a liquor that is low in dissolved or suspended material.
5. Benefits of Sewage treatment:
. Safeguard the health of people who eat and produce food grown in recycled water i.e.
residents of neighborhoods near irrigated areas
. Safeguard the health of operators who irrigate the land with untreated or partially treated
waste water and come to the direct contact of wastewater.
.The prevention of contamination and degradation of land, ground water as well as
DYPIET,AMBI Page 5
escaping of contaminants to surface water sources.

.Regulating the level of nutritional material liquefied in water and suitable corrections to
meet the requirements of the vegetation
.Quality crops for wastewater attribute.
. Expulsion of growth inhibiting liquefied materials and poisons into food chain.
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CHAPTER 2
MUNCIPAL WASTE WATER
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CHAPTER 2
MUNCIPAL WASTE WATER

1 Introduction
"Municipal wastewater" is the general term applied to the liquid wastes collected from
residential, commercial, and industrial areas and conveyed by means of a sewerage system to a
central location for treatment.
1.2 Components of Municipal Water Demand :

Water demand data are very useful in estimating the wastewater characteristics. The average
amount of municipal water withdrawn in this project is approximately 620 liters per capita per
day (Lpcd). This amount includes residential, commercial, light industrial, firefighting, public
uses, and water lost or un accounted for. Factors affecting water withdrawal rates are:
1) climate, 2) geographic location, 3) size and economic conditions of the community, 4) degree
of industrialization, 5) metered water supply, 6) cost of water and 7) supply pressure.
Various components of municipal water demand are discussed below.
1.2.1 Residential Water Use:

The residential or domestic water demand is the portion of municipal water supply that is used
in homes. It includes toilet flush, cooking, drinking washing, bathing, watering l awn, and other
uses.
1.2.3 Commercial Water Use :
Commercial establishments include motels, hotels, office building shopping centers, service,
stations, airports, and the like.
1.2.4 Industrial Water Use :

Water used for industrial processes such as fabrication, processing, washing, and cooling, and
the like.
1.2.5 Public Water Use :
Water used in public buildings (city halls, jails, schools, etc.) as well as water used for public
services including fire protection, street washing and park irrigation is consider public water use.
1-2-6 Water Unaccounted For :

In a water supply system there is a certain amount of water that is lost or unaccounted for
because of meter and pump slippage, leaks in mains, faulty meters and an authorized water
connections.
1.2.7 Infiltration / Inflow :

Infiltration is the ground water that enters sewers through service connections, cracked pipes,
defective joints, and defective pipes and manhole walls.
Inflow is the surface runoff that may enter through manhole cover, roof and are drains, and
cross-connections from storm sewers and combined sewers.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 8
1.3 Quality of Wastewater :

Municipal wastewater contains over 99.9 percent water, the remaining materials include
suspended and dissolved organic and inorganic matter as well as microorganisms. These
materials give physical, chemical and biological qualities that are characteristics of residential
and industrial wastewaters.
1.3.1 Physical Quality :

The physical quality of municipal wastewater is generally reported in terms of temperature,
color odor, and turbidity. These physical parameter are shown below:
1. Temperature : the temperature of wastewater is slightly higher than that of water supply.
Temperature has effect upon microbial activity, solubility of gases and the viscosity.
2. Color : fresh wastewater is light gray. Stale or septic wastewater is dark gray or black.
3. Odor : fresh wastewater may have a soapy or oily odor, which is somewhat disagreeable.
Stale wastewater has putrid odors due to hydrogen sulfide, and other products of
decomposition.
4. Turbidity : turbidity in wastewater is caused by a wide variety of suspended solids- in
general, stronger wastewater have higher turbidity.
1.3.2 Chemical Quality :

The chemical quality of wastewater is expressed in terms of organic and inorganic constituents-
domestic wastewater generally contains 50 percent organic and 50 percent inorganic matter. A
general discussion on organic components, total suspended solids, and inorganic slat of
wastewater is given below.
1. total solids :organic and inorganic, settleable, suspended and dissolved matter.
2. suspended (TSS) , mg/ℓ : portion of organic and inorganic solid that are not dissolved.
These solids are removed by coagulation or filtration.
3. Dissolved (Total ), mg/ℓ : portion organic and smaller than one mill micron (m µ ) fall in
this category.
4. BOD5 , mg/ ℓ : Biochemical oxygen demand (5-d, 20˚C) it represents the biodegradable
portion of organic component. It
5. is a measure of dissolved oxygen required by microorganisms to stabilize the organic
matter in 5 day .
6. COD, mg/ℓ : chemical oxygen demand, it is measure of organic matter and represents the
amount of oxygen required to oxidize the organic matter by strong oxidizing chemical
(potassium dichromate ) under acidic condition.
7. Total nitrogen (TN), mg/ℓ : total nitrogen include organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, and
nitrate.
8. PH: is indication of acidic or basic nature of wastewater. a solution is neutral at PH 7.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 9
CHAPTER 3
TREATMENT PROCESS
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CHAPTER 3
Treatment Processes
Introduction :
1) Preliminary Treatment Units: It includes unit operations such as :
A- Screens: The general purpose of screens is to remove large objects such as rags, paper,
plastics, metals, and the like. theses objects , if not removed may damage the pumping and
sludge- removal equipment, hangover wires, and block valves, thus creating serious plant
operation and maintenance problems.
B- Aerated Grit champers: It is used remove dust, bone chips, coffee grounds, seeds, eggshells,
and other materials in wastewater that are nonputrescible and higher than organic matter.
By the air, wastewater is freshened, thus reduction in odors and additional BOD5 Removal
may be achieved.
1.Primary Treatment
It is including primary sedimentation the purpose of this unit is to remove the settle able
organic solids. Normally a primary sedimentation will remove 50-70 percent total
suspended solids and 30-40 percent BOD5.
2.Biological Treatment (Secondary Treatment ) :

The purpose of secondary treatment is to remove the soluble organics that escape the
primary treatment and to provide further removal of suspended solids.
Although secondary treatment may remove than 85 percent of the BOD 5 and suspended
solids, it does not remove significant amount of nitrogen, phosphor heavy metals, no
degradable organics, bacteria and viruses. These pollutants may require further removal
(advanced one).
Advanced treatment: It is an additional treatment processes, such as filtration, carbon

adsorption, chemical precipitation of phosphorus, to remove those constituents that are not
adequately removed in the secondary treatment plant. These include nitrogen, phosphorus,
and other soluble organic and inorganic compounds.
2.1 Preliminary Treatment Units :

2.1.1 Screens :
Screening is normally the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plant, used remove
large objects from wastewater.
Screening devices can be broadly classified into three types: 1- Coarse screening: for spacing
of (50-150) mm.
2- Medium screening: for spacing of (20-50) mm. 3- Fine screening: for spacing of
(5-20) mm.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 11
Usually fine screens are preceded b a preliminary screening for the purpose of protection.
Screens may also classified into manually and mechanically cleaned.
2.1.2Removal of screening:
Manually cleaned bar rakes have sloping bars that facilitate hand raking. The screening
is placed on a perforated plate for drainage and storage.
The mechanically cleaned bar rakes are front-cleaned or back –cleaned, in both cases the
traveling rake moves the screenings upward and drops them into a collection bin or
conveyor.
2.1.3Disposal of screenings:
The disposal of the screenings is achieved by land filling or incineration, often
screenings are ground and returned into the wastewater treatment plant.
2.1.4 Design factors for screens:

1- Slope from horizontal (degrees) = (45-70).
2- Clear spacing between bars (mm) = (10-40).
3- Velocity through rack (m/s) = (0.3-1).
4- Allowable head loss, clogged screen (mm) 150. 5- Maximum head loss,
clogged screen (mm) = 800.
2.1.5 The Comminutor devices :

Comminutes are grinders that cut up the material retained over screens. It is used in
conjunction with coarse screens. They utilize cutting teeth or shredding devices on a
rotating drum that pass through stationary combs, screens , or disks, large objects are
shredded that pass through thin openings (0.6-1) cm. the comminutes are almost
submerged.
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DYPIET,AMBI Page 13
2.2 Grit Chambers:

It is necessary to remove the grits and other materials that are heavier than organic
matter, in order to:
1- Protect moving mechanical equipment and pumps from unnecessary wear and
abrasion.
2- Prevent clogging in pipes heavy deposits in channels.
3- Prevent cementing effects on the bottom of sludge digesters and primary
sedimentation tanks.
4- Reduce accumulation of inert material in aeration basins and sludge digesters which
would result in loss of usable volume.
2.2.1Type of grit removal :

1.Velocity – controlled grit channel :
It is a long narrow sedimentation basin with better control of flow through velocity.
2.An aerated grit chamber :
A Spiral current within the basin is created by the use of diffused compressed air- the air rate
is adjusted to create a velocity near the bottom , low enough to allow the girt to settle,
whereas the lighter organic particles are carried with the roll and eventually out basin.
2.2.2 Advantages of aerated grit chamber:

The aerated grit chambers are used at medium . and large size treatment plants. They offer
many advantage over the velocity – controlled grit channels . some of the advantage are
follows:-
1- An aerated grit chamber can also be used for chemical addition, mixing, and
flocculation a head of primary treatment .
2- Wastewater is freshened by the air, thus reduction in odors and additional BOD5
removal may be achier.
3- Grease removal may be achieved if skimming is provided.
2.2.3 Collection and cleaning of grit:

Cleaning of the grit chambers can be done either manually (for small grit chambers) , or
mechanically (for large grit chambers).
Mechanical grit collection in velocity- controlled channels and aerated grit chambers is
achieved by conventional with scrapers, screws, buckets, or some combination of these.
2.2.4 Grit disposal :

Various methods of grit disposal include land fill, land spreading, and incineration with
sludge.
For small – and medium-size plants it is best to bury and cover the grit because the residual
organic content can be a nuisance.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 14
2.2.5Design
 factors and typical design values for aerated grit chambers:
1.Dimensions :
Depth, (m) = (2-5)
Length (m) = (7.5-20)
Wide /depth ratio = (1:1)- (5:1)
Length / width ratio = (2.5:1) (5-1)
2.Transfers velocity at the surface = (0.6-0.8)m/s
3.Detention time at maximum flow = (2-5) min
4.Air supply = 4.6 -12.4 ℓ/ s.m of tank length
2.3 Primary Treatment: (Primary Sedimentation Tanks):

Primary sedimentation (or clarification) is achieved in large basins under relatively
quiescent conditions . the settled solids are collected by mechanical scrapers into hopper, from
which they are pumped to sludge – processing area oil, grease , and other floating materials are
skimmed from the surface. The effluent is discharged over weirs into a collection trough.
2.3.1Types of clarifiers:
In general, the design of most of the clarifiers falls into three categories:
(1) horizontal flow, (2) solids contact, and (3) inclined surface. The common types of horizontal
flow clarifiers are rectangular, square, or circular . On the other hand the types of include surface
are tube settler and parallel plate settler.
2.3.2
 Sludge collection :
Bottom slope : The floor of the rectangular and circular tanks are sloped toward the hopper.
The slope made to facilitate draining of the tank and to move the sludge the hopper.
Rectangular tanks have a slope of 1-2 percent. In circular tanks, the slope is approximately
40-100 mm/m diameter.
- Equipment : In mechanized sedimentation tanks, the type of sludge collection equipment
varies with size and shape of the tank. In rectangular tanks the sludge collection equipment
may consist of (1) a pair of endless conveyor chains running over sprockets attached to the
shafts or (2) moving bridge sludge collectors having a scraper to push the sludge into the
hopper.
2.3.3 Sludge removal:

The sludge is removal from the hopper by means of a pump .
2.3.4 Scum removal:

Scum that forms on the surface of the primary clarifiers is generally pushed off the surface
to a collection sump.
-
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Fig (3) Typical sedimentation tanks: (a) rectangular horizontal flow tank; (b)
circular, radial-flow tank; (c) hopper-bottomed, upward flow tank
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2.4 Biological Treatment :

Biological waste treatment involves bringing the active microbial growth in contact with
wastewater so that they can consume the impurities as food.
A great variety of microorganisms come into play that include bacteria, protozoa, rotifers, fungi,
algae, and so forth . these organisms in the presence of oxygen convert the biodegradable
organics into carbon dioxide, water, more cell material, and other inert products.
2.4.1 Biological Treatment Process:

Biological treatment process can be achieved by two types of growth:
1- Suspended Growth Biological Treatment :
Suspended growth treatment systems are those in which the microorganisms remain in
suspension. Common suspended growth processes used for secondary treatment include:
A. Aerated lagoons.
B. High –rate stabilization ponds.
2- Attached Growth Biological Treatment

In attached growth biological treatment process the population of active microorganisms is
developed over a solid media (rock or plastic).the attached growth of microorganisms stabilize
the organic matter as the wastewater passes over them. There are two major types of attached
growth process:
A. Trickling filter.
B. Rotating Biological contractor.
2.4.2 Activated sludge process:

In the activated sludge process microorganisms (MO) are mixed thoroughly with the
organics so that they can grow and stabilize the organics. As the microorganisms grow and
are mixed by the agitation of the air , the individual organisms clump together (flocculate)
to from an active mass of microbial floc called " activated sludge" the mixture of the
activated sludge and wastewater in the aeration basin is called " mixed liquor " the mixed
liquor flows from the aeration basin to a secondary clarifier where the activated sludge is
settled. A portion of the settled sludge is returned to the aeration basin to maintain the
proper food-to- MO ratio permit rapid breakdown of the organic matter. Because more
activated sludge is produced than can be used in the process, some of it is wasted from the
aeration basin or from the returned sludge line to the sludge – handling systems for
treatment and disposal. Air is introduced into the aeration basin either by diffusers or by
mechanical mixers.
 Advantages of activated sludge process:

The main advantage of activated sludge process is that it requires less space than the
biological filter.
The second advantage is that a find effluent of high quality is produced such that it does not
require high dilution for disposal.
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
Disadvantages of activated sludge process:
There are two disadvantages , since the incoming effluent is introduced at one and of the
tank, the BOD value will be higher at this end than the other. Moreover , the
microorganisms at this end will be physiologically more active than those at the other end.
Theses defects are rectified in the complete mixing activated sludge process
2.4.3Methods of aeration:
Two major types of aeration systems are used in the activated sludge process. These are :
1. Diffused aeration: air is supplied through porous diffusers or through air nozzles near the
bottom of the tank. The air diffusers are of various types include the bubble diffuser, tubular
diffuser, and jet diffuser.
2. Mechanical aeration: in the mechanical aeration, the oxygen is entrained from the atmosphere.
The aerators consist of submerged or partially submerged impellers that are attached to motors
mounted on floats or on fixed structure.
Diffused Aeration ( tubular diffuser )
 Aerated Lagoon:
The aerated lagoon are suspended growth reactors in earthen basins with no sludge recycle.
Mechanical aerators are normally used for mixing and supplying oxygen demand. Since the
aerated lagoon have a large detention period (2 -6 days), a certain amount of nitrification is
a achieved. Higher temperature and lower organic loadings generally encourage
nitrification.
 Stabilization Pond :
A stabilization pond is a relatively shallow body of water contained in an earthen basin of
certain shape, designed to treat wastewater. The ponds have become a popular means of
wastewater treatment for small communities and industries that produce organic waste
DYPIET,AMBI Page 18
streams. The major disadvantages are large land area required, odor and insect problems,
possible ground water contamination, and poor effluent quality.
 Trickling Filter
The trickling filter consists of shallow bed filled with crushed stones or synthetic media.
Wastewater is applied on the by means of a self propelled rotary distribution system. The
organics are removed by the attached layer of microorganism (slim layer) that develop over the
media. The under drain system collects the trickled liquid that also contains the biological solids
detached from the media. The air circulates through the pores due to natural draft caused by
thermal gradient. The trickled liquid and detached biological solids are settled in a clarifier. A
portion of the flow is recycled to maintain a uniform hydraulic loading and to dilute the influent.














Fig (7) Trickling Filter

 Rotating Biological Contactor:
A rotating biological contactor (also called bio-disc process) consists of a series of circular
plastic plates (discs) mounted over a shaft that rotates slowly. These discs remain approximately
40 percent immersed in a contoured bottom tank. The discs are spaced so that wastewater and air
can enter space. The biological growth develops over the disc that receives alternating exposures
to organics and the air. The excess growth of microorganisms becomes detached and therefore
the effluent requires clarification.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 19
Fig (8) Rotating Biological Contactor.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 20
FLOW CHART FOR S.T.P

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CHAPTER 4
SLUDGE TREATMENT
DYPIET,AMBI Page 22
4.
SLUDGE TREATMENT
3-1: Introduction
The principal sources of sludge at municipal wastewater treatment plants are the primary
sedimentation basin and the secondary deifiers.
Additional sludge may also come from chemical precipitation, nitrification denitrification
facilities, screening and grinder , and filtration devices if the plant has these processes. Many
times the sludge produced in these processes treatment systems so that the sludge is removal
as either primary or secondary sludge. In some cases, secondary sludge is returned to the
primary setting tank, ultimately giving a single stream consisting of combined sludge.
Sludge contains large volume of water . the small fraction solids in the sludge is highly
offensive. Thus, the problem involved with handling and disposal of sludge are complex.
Common sludge management processes include thickening, stabilization, dewatering , and
disposal.
:3-2 Sludge Thickening :

Sludge contains large volume of water thickening of sludge is used to concentrate solids and
reduce the volume. Thickened sludge requires less tank capacity and chemical dosage for
stabilization and smaller piping and pumping equipment for transport .Common method of
sludge thickening used at medium to large plants are (1) gravity thickening, (2) dissolved air
floatation, and (3) centrifugation. Each of these method of thickening are discussed below.
3.2.1: Gravity Thickening:

Gravity thickening is accomplished in circular sedimentation basins similar to those used for
primary and secondary clarification of liquid waste. Solids coming to the thickener separate
into three distinct zones. The top layer is the sedimentation zone, which usually contains a
stream of diners sludge moving from the influent and tow are the thickening
In the thickening zone the individual particles of the sludge agglomerate. A sludge blanket is
maintained in this zone where the mass of sludge is compressed by material continuously
added to the top.
Water is squeezed out of interstitial spaces and flows upward to the channels. Deep trusses or
vertical pickets are provided to gently stir the sludge blanket and move the gases and liquid
toward the surface. The supernatant from the sludge thickener passes over an effluent weir
and is returned to the plant. The thickened sludge is withdrawn from the bottom Gravity
thickening is used to concentrate solids in sludge from the primary clarifier, tickling filter,
and activated sludge. FIG Gravity thickener
DYPIET,AMBI Page 23
FIG Gravity thickener

3.2.2 : Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) :
Air flotation is primarily used to thicken the solids in chemical and waste activated sludge.
Separation of solids is achieved by introducing fine air bubbles into the liquid. The bubbles
attach to the particulate matter which then rise to the surface. In a dissolved air flotation
system, the air is dissolved in the incoming sludge under a pressure of several atmospheres.
The pressurized flow is atmosphere. Fine air bubbles rise that cause flotation of solids. The
principal advantage of flotation over gravity thickening is the ability to remove rapidly and
completely those particles that settle slowly under gravity. The amount of thickening achieved
is 2-8 times the incoming solids. Maximum concentration of solids in the float may reach 4-5
percent. Two radiations of the dissolved air flotation process include (1) pressurizing total or
only a small portion of the incoming sludge and (2) pressurizing the recycled flow from the
flotation thickener. The latter method is preferred because it eliminates the need for high-
pressure sludge pumps, organic polymers are often which are generally associate with
maintenance problems.
Chemicals such as alum andiron salts and added to aid the flotation process.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 24
Fig (10) Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)

3.2.3 : Centrifugation :
Centrifugations is a process by which solids are thickened or dewatered from the sludge under
the influence of a centrifugal field many times the force of gravity. There are three basic types of
centrifuges available for sludge thickening : (1) basket, (2) disc nozzle, and (3) solid bowl (or
scroll – type decanter). The basket centrifuge operates on a batch basis
The disc-nozzle, and centrifuge are continuous type but require extensive and careful
prescreening and grit removal from the sludge.
The solid bowl centrifuges offer continuous operation and received widespread in sludge
thickening. Centrifugal the thickening of sludge requires high power and high maintenance costs.
Use should be limited to plants where space is limited, skilled operations is available. And
sludge is difficult to thicken by other means.
3-3: Sludge Stabilization:

The principal purposes of sludge stabilization are to reduce pathogens, eliminate offensive
odors, and , and control the potential for purification of organic matter. Sludge stabilization
can be a accomplished by biological, chemical , or physical means, selection of any method
depends largely on the ultimate sludge disposal method. As an example, if the sludge is
dewatered and incinerated, frequently no stabilization procedure is employed . On the other
hand, if the sludge is applied on land, stabilization is necessary to control odors and pathogens
Various methods of sludge stabilization are
(1) anaerobic or aerobic digestion (Biological),
(2)chemical oxidation or lime stabilization (chemical),
(3) thermal conditioning (physical).
In recent years, because of its inherent energy efficiency and normally low chemical
requirements, anaerobic digestion process most widely selected municipal stabilization process
at medium – municipal plants.and large-size
DYPIET,AMBI Page 25
3.3.1: Anaerobic Digestion :

Anaerobic Digestion utilizes airtight tanks in which anaerobic microorganisms stabilization
the organic matter producing method and carbon dioxide.
The digested sludge is stable, inoffensive, low in pathogen count, and suitable for soil
conditioning.
Major difficulties with anaerobic digestion are high capita cost, vulnerability to operational
upsets, and tendency to produce poor supernatant quality.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 26
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
AND
TEST RESULTS
DYPIET,AMBI Page 27
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS

4.1 METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF pH VALUE
(ELECTROMERIC METHODS)
The negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen ion gives the pH of a sample. pH varies
from 6-8 in waste water sample, due to hydrolysis of salts of bases and acids. Carbon dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulphide and Ammonia which are dissolved affect pH value of water. pH value may
be more than 9 in alkaline springs and the pH may be 4 or even less than 4 for acidic ones.
Industrial wastes do affect the pH as it depends on buffer capacity of water. pH value of water
sample in lab changes because of loss-or absorption of gases, reactions with sediments, chemical
reaction taking place within the sample bottle. Therefore pH value should preferably be
determined at the time of collection of sample. pH can be determined electrometrically or
calorimetrically. The electrometric method is more accurate but requires special apparatus. The
calorimetric method is simple and requires less expensive apparatus, and is sufficiently accurate
for general work.
PRINCIPLE
The pH value is found by measurement of the electromotive force generated in a cell. It is made
up of an indicator electrode which is reactive to hydrogen ions such as a glass electrode. When it
is immersed in the test solution the contact between reference electrode (usually
mercury/calomel electrode), and the test solution the electromotive force is measured. A pH
meter, that is, a high impedance voltmeter is marked in terms of pH. Varieties of electrodes have
been suggested for the determination of pH. The hydrogen gas electrode is the primary standard.
Glass electrode in coordination with calomel electrode is generally used with reference potential
provided by saturated calomel electrode. The glass electrode system is based on the theory that a
change, of 1 pH unit produces an electrical change of 59.1 mV at 25°C. The membrane of the
glass forms a partition between two liquids of differing hydrogen ion concentration thus a
potential is produced between the two sides of the membrane which is proportional to the
difference in pH between the liquids.
The apparatus used are:

1. pH meter - With glass and reference electrode (saturated calomel),
preferably with temperature compensation.
2. Thermometer - With least Count of 0.5°C.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 28
PROCEDURE:
The instrument is standardized after required warm-tip period. A buffer solution of pH near to
that of the sample is used. The electrode is checked against at least one additional buffer of
different pH value. The temperature of the water is found and if temperature compensation is
available in the instruments it is adjusted. The electrodes are rinsed and gently wiped with
solution. If necessary, the electrodes are immersed into the sample beaker or sample stream and
stirred at a constant rate to provide homogeneity and suspension of solids. Rate of stirring is
minimized and the air transfer rate at the air-water interface of the sample is noted. The sample
pH and temperature is noted.
4.2 METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF

TOTAL SOLIDS:
PRINCIPLE:
The sample is evaporated in a weighed dish on a steam-bath and is dried to a constant mass in an
oven either at 103-105°C or 179-181°C. Total residue is calculated from increase in mass.
Note - In general, by evaporating and drying water samples at 179-181°C values are obtained
which conform more closely to those obtained by summation of individually determined
mineral salts
1. Evaporating Dish
2. Steam-Bath
3. Drying Oven
4. Desiccator
5. Analytical Balance
PROCEDURE:
1. The clean evaporating dish is heated to 180°C for 1 hour. It is cooled, desiccated, weighed
and stored in desiccator until it is ready.
2. The volume of the sample is selected which has residue between 25 and
250 mg, preferably between 190 and 200 mg. This volume may be found out from values of
specific conductance. If a measurable residue has to be obtained successive aliquots of sample
can be added to the sample dish.
3. This volume is pipetted to a weighed evaporating dish placed on a steam-bath. A drying oven
can be used to perform evaporation. To prevent oiling and splattering of the sample the
temperature should be lowered to around 98°C. The dish is taken to an oven at 103-105°C, or
179-181°C and dried to constant mass, after complete evaporation of water from the residue. It is
DYPIET,AMBI Page 29
done till the difference in the successive weighing is less than 0.5 mg. To eliminate necessity of
checking for constant mass drying for a long duration (usually 1 to 2 hours) is done. The time for
drying to constant mass with a given type of sample when a number of samples of nearly same
type are to be analyzed can be determined by trial.
4. The dish is weighed as soon as it has cooled. Residue is avoided to stay for long time as some
residues are hygroscopic and may absorb water from desiccant which may not be absolutely dry.
CALCULATION - The total residue is calculated using the following equation:

Total residue, mg/l = 1000xM/V
Where,
M = mass in mg of total residue, and
Y = volume in ml of the sample.
4.3 METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF DO:

1. Incubation bottles
2. DO meter
3. Air incubator
PROCEDURE:
Water is kept in incubator and a magnetic stirrer is put inside the bottle. The magnetic stirrer is
incessantly rotated inside the bottle. Then with the help of DO meter 3 readings are noted. The
first reading is taken at the bottom, second at mid-point and third at top of the bottle. Thus the
average of the readings will give the dissolved oxygen present in the water sample.
4.4 METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF BOD:
PRINCIPLE:
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test is based mainly on the classification of biological
activity of a substance. A procedure measures the dissolved oxygen consumed by micro-
organisms while capable of taking and oxidizing the organic matter under aerobic conditions.
The standard test condition lets in incubating the sample in an air tight bottle, in dark at a
required temperature for specific time.

1. Incubation Bottles: The bottle has capacity of 300 ml. It has narrow neck with even
mouth and has ground glass stoppers. New bottles are cleaned with 5 N hydrochloric acid
or sulphuric acid and rinsed with distilled water. In normal use, bottles once used for
DYPIET,AMBI Page 30
a. Winkler’s procedure should only be rinsed with tap water followed by distilled
water. During incubation water is added to the flared mouth of the bottle time to
time, to ensure proper sealing.
2. Air Incubator: Air incubation with thermostatically controlled 27°C +- 1°C. Light is
avoided to prevent possibility of photosynthetic production of oxygen.
PROCEDURE:
1) After taking water in incubation bottles, 4 gm of NaOH is kept at the neck of the
bottle. A magnetic stirrer is retained inside the bottle. The magnetic stirrer continuously
revolves inside the bottle. Special caps attached with an electronic meter keep the bottle
air tight. The instrument directly records BOD reading at every 24 hour. After that the
bottles are preserved in the incubators for days as per need of study. The same procedure
follows for BOD 3 days and BOD 5 days.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 31
MONTHLY SEWAGE ANYLYSIS REPORT :
TESTING RESULTS OF INLET SEWAGE :
Inlet Results
Date flow in mld Ph D.O T.S.S B.O.D C.O.D.
01-Jan-17 27.18 6.91 NIL 121 115 364
02-Jan-17 34.29 6.93 NIL 116 1105 348
03-Jan-17 31.08 6.98 NIL 136 120 408
04-Jan-17 32.69 6.98 NIL 132 120 396
05-Jan-17 36.37 6.96 NIL 125 115 376
06-Jan-17 32.09 9.98 NIL 102 95 304
07-Jan-17 27.87 6.98 NIL 100 95 296
08-Jan-17 32.05 6.85 NIL 112 105 332
09-Jan-17 28.51 6.98 NIL 98 95 228
10-Jan-17 30.23 6.98 NIL 94 80 280
11-Jan-17 30.28 6.85 NIL 103 100 300
12-Jan-17 31.44 6.87 NIL 102 95 304
13-Jan-17 28.84 6.65 NIL 136 120 408
14-Jan-17 32 6.65 NIL 121 115 364
15-Jan-17 30.16 6.69 NIL 132 120 396
16-Jan-17 31.52 6.65 NIL 102 100 304
17-Jan-17 31.68 6.62 NIL 106 110 312
18-Jan-17 32.91 6.97 NIL 95.5 80 288
19-Jan-17 30.86 6.85 NIL 99 90 296
20-Jan-17 30.5 6.94 NIL 112 105 336
21-Jan-17 31.15 6.89 NIL 103 100 300
22-Jan-17 29.84 6.85 NIL 115 110 340
23-Jan-17 31.04 6.91 NIL 113 105 308
24-Jan-17 32.87 6.87 NIL 120 105 316
25-Jan-17 29.22 6.85 NIL 135 120 388
26-Jan-17 21.34 6.86 NIL 147 125 396
27-Jan-17 30 6.88 NIL 131 110 352
28-Jan-17 29.52 6.87 NIL 126 115 368
29-Jan-17 23.61 6.81 NIL 138 120 412
30-Jan-17 28.2 6.89 NIL 123.5 115 348
31-Jan-17 30.47 6.88 NIL 116 105 328
Average 30.16 6.856 NIL 116.5 106.8 340.516
DYPIET,AMBI Page 32
TESTING RESULTS OF OUTLET SEWAGE :
OUTLET RESULTS
Date flow in ph D.O T.S.S B.O.D C.O.D.
mld
01-Jan-17 27.18 7.73 4.8 6 4.2 28
02-Jan-17 34.29 7.75 4.9 5.5 4 26.6
03-Jan-17 31.08 7.76 5.1 5 3.8 24
04-Jan-17 32.69 7 4.9 5 3.8 21.3
05-Jan-17 36.37 74 5.2 5 3.8 24
06-Jan-17 32.09 7.81 5.1 5 3.6 20
07-Jan-17 27.87 7.73 5.3 5 3.6 21.3
08-Jan-17 32.05 7.76 4.7 5 3.6 21.3
09-Jan-17 28.51 7.78 4.9 4.5 3.4 20
10-Jan-17 30.23 7.76 4.9 4 3.2 16
11-Jan-17 30.28 7.75 5.1 5.5 4 24
12-Jan-17 31.44 7.72 6 5 3.8 20
13-Jan-17 28.84 7.74 5.1 5 3.8 24
14-Jan-17 32 7.79 5 6 4.2 28
15-Jan-17 30.16 7.85 5 5 4 21
16-Jan-17 31.52 7.73 4.9 5 3.8 20
17-Jan-17 31.68 7.76 5 4.5 3.4 16
18-Jan-17 32.91 7.81 5.1 4.5 3.2 16
19-Jan-17 30.86 7.78 5.1 5 3.6 20
20-Jan-17 30.5 7.77 5 5 4 21.3
21-Jan-17 31.15 7.79 5.3 5 3.8 21.3
22-Jan-17 29.84 7.75 5.1 5 3.8 24
23-Jan-17 31.04 7.76 4.8 4.5 3.6 20
24-Jan-17 32.87 7.75 5 5 3.8 20
25-Jan-17 29.22 7.6 5 5.5 3.8 21
26-Jan-17 21.34 7.75 5.1 6 4.4 28
27-Jan-17 30 7.76 4.8 6 4.2 28
28-Jan-17 29.52 7.75 4.9 6 4.6 28
29-Jan-17 23.61 7.73 5 6.5 4.8 32
30-Jan-17 28.2 7.76 4.8 6 4.6 32
31-Jan-17 30.47 7.75 5.1 5.5 4.2 28
Average 30.16 7.579 5 5.21 3.88 23.09
NOTE : All values are expressed in mg/lit , except pH.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 33
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN CRITERIA
DYPIET,AMBI Page 34
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN CRITERIA
5.1 DESIGN CRITERIA AND DESIGN OF PRIMARY TREATMENT UNIT FOR S.T.P
1) PRE-TREATMENT UNIT
Average flow in ultimate stage Qavg = 4.77 mld
= 0.0549 cum/sec
= 3.29 cum/min
Peak factor =3
Peak flow =14.232 mld

= 164.72 lps
= 0.164 cum/sec
= 9.88 cum/min
Minimum flow = Qavg X 0.5

= 2.385 mld
= 0.0276 cum/sec
=1.656 cum/min
2) DESIGN OF INLET CHAMBER :
Dettention time =30.00 sec
Volume of collection chamber = 0.164 X 30 =4.92 cum
Depth of collection chamber = 1.50 m
Area of chamber required =3.28 sq.m.

2
Diameter of coolection camber = (π /4)D
= 2.04m
D = 2.00 m
Free board = 0.5 m
Ovarall depth = 1.50 + 0.50

=2.00 m
Hence provide circular collection chamber of diameter 2.00 m and overall depth is 2.00 m
DYPIET,AMBI Page 35
3) Design of screen chamber :
Velocity flow through screen @ peak flow = 0.8 m/s
Net area of screen = 0.164 / 0.8

= 0.205 sq.m.
Clear spacing between the bar = 20mm
Thickness of bar = 10 mm
Gross area of screen chamber = [(0.205 x (20 – 10 )]

( 20) x (1/ sin 45 0)
= 0.4348 sq.m
Velocity befor the screen = 0.80 m/s
Velocity after the screen = 0.80 X 0.205

0.4348
= 0.38 m/sec
Head loss through the screen = 0.0729 ( V12 - V2 2)

= 0.036 m
When the screen opening are half clogged with leaves debris etc. velocity through the screen is
doubled under such condition.
Head loss ehen screen clogged = 0.0729 (4 X 0.82 – 0.382 )

= 0.176 m
Maximum head loss clogged screen will not be allowed to exceed 0.30 m . A loss of head 0.15m
will be indication of the screen being approximately half plugged and hence cleaning , operation
is needed .
4 ) DESIGN OF CHANNEL :
Width of channel =1 m
Water depth of channel = 0.4348 /1.00
Free board =0.3 m
Overall depth = 0.30 + 0.4348 = 0.734 m

Say = 0.8 m
DYPIET,AMBI Page 36
Slope in channel :
Velocity in the channel after screen = 0.38 m/s
Chezy’s constant C = 55
Hydraulic radius = A/P

= 0.4348/1.868
= 0.232 m
Chezys equation = c( r S0.5 )
Slope in channel = 2.057 X 10-4
Minimum velocity requirement = 0.30 m/s
Depth of flow for attaining minimum velocity = 0.092 m/s
5) DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBER :
Size of grit particals d it is expected that considerable amount of = 0.20mm
Specific gravity of grit chamber = 2.65
Specific gravity of water = 1
Over flow rate of ( 100% ) grit removal in an ideal grit chamber = 1300 cum/d/sq.m
Mean temperature
Summer = 34 0C
Winter = 18 0C
Minimum temperature =10 0C
Temprature for correction factor = ( 3T + 70 ) /100 = 1
Correction factor for turbulence = 0.59
For good performance of interchanging cofficent of basin performance C for accounting =0.59
Hence design overflow rate = 0.6 X 1.00 X 1300

= 780 cum/d/sq.m
DYPIET,AMBI Page 37
Settling velocity (Vs ) as per table no. 11 of CPHEEO manual =0.1 m/s
Design steps :
1. Detention time = 60sec
2. Depth of tank = 0.018 X 60 = 1.08 m
3. Overflow rate = 780 m/s
4. Q = velocity X cross section area
0.164 = Vh X A
A = 0.82 sq.m.
5. Overall depth of grit chamber
A=H X B
0.82 = 1.08 X B
B = 0.8 m
Overall depth = ( Free board + space for sludge + Accumulation + liquid depth )
= ( 0.30 + 0.25 + 1.08 )
= 1.63 say 2m
6. Length of tank L= Vh X Detention time
L = 12 m
But this STP capacity is low so we take L = 8m
Length of grit chamber as per standard 7.5 to 20 m
7. Rate of grit quantity accumulated = 25 lit/mld/day
8. Total quantity of accumulated = 4.744 X 25 = 188.6 lit/day
9. Cleaning period =14 days
10. Storage requirement == 14 X 118.6 =1660.4 lit
11. Area of grit storage = 1660.4 /( 12 X 1000) = 0.138 sq.m.
12. Dead space depth = 0.25 m
Hence each tank will be (8 m long X 1.0 m wide X 2.00m depth )
Check for horizontal velocity :
0.15 / (0.8 x 1.08 )
Effective depth = 0.17 m/s < 0.20 m/s Horizontal velocity is within the safe limit and
hence it is ok
DYPIET,AMBI Page 38
Check for critical velocity

Vs = 40 [(Gs - Gw)] X d ]0.5
Vc = 40 [( 2.65 - 1.00 ) X 0.15 ] 0.5
Vc =0.0 20 m/s
Thus the critical velocity is within the safe limit &hence it is ok
6) Design of primary and secondary treatment units
a)Design of primary sedimentation tank
a) average flow=3.55 MLD
b) Peak factor=3
c) Peak flow= 10.65 m/s
b) Inlet chamber
a) detention time=0.30 sec
b) Volume of collection channel=0.123X30=3.69 cum
c) Depth of collection channel assumed=1.50 m
d) area of chamber required=2.48 sq.m
e) Width of channel=0.9 m
f) Length of channel=3m
g) Free board=0.50 m
h) Overall depth=1.50+0.50=2 m
hence provide rectangle channel =( 5 X 1.5 X 2 ) m
c) Primary sedimentation tank
a) surface loading for average flow = 28 cum/sq.m/day
b) Surface area for flow = 126.78 sq.m
c) Diameter required= π/2XD2
D=12 m
d) Surface area provided = 176.714 sq.m
e) Detention time= 2.5 hrs
f) Check for surface loading at peak flow= (10.65X1000)/176.74=60.2
Hence provide circular sedimentation tank of 8 m diameter
g) Water depth = 2 m
DYPIET,AMBI Page 39
h) Weir loading =( 3.55 X 1000) /(π d ) 75.37<150 cum/day/sq.m

Hence design is ok .
6 ) DESIGN AERATOR FOR TREATING 3.55 MLD PRIMARY TREATED
SEWAGE
Rate of water supply = 135 lpcd
Average waste water flow @ 80 % w.s. =3.55 mld
Influent of BOD5 as per sewage anylysis = 135 mg/iit
Assumed bod5 influent (Li) =180 mg/l
Maximum influent S.S. = 460 mg/l
Minimum influent s.s = 435 mg/l
Average influent S.S. = 447.5 mg/l
Mean monthly temperature = 200C
System rate constant k , @200C = 0.25
Oxygen requirement in kg/BOD removel = 0.80 Kg/BOD5
i ) Design calculation for Areator : (From equation 137 of CPHEEO Manual )
Aeration tank volume = 3.55 mld
For 90 % BOD removel @ 150C = 8 Days
Adopted MLSS (max) = 2000 mg/lit
Assuming Y = 0.5
Assuming K X d = 0.06
Volume of tank requirement
V= Y Q ( So – S ) X PER DAY X 1
(1+KdϴC) x
V= 0.50 X 3550 ( 180 -30) X 8 X 1
( 1+ 0.06 X 8) 2000
V = 719.594 cum
Assume depth of tank = 2.00 m
Surface area required = 719.594/ 2 = 359.797 sq.m
Assume width of tank = 4.00 m
Length of channel = 45 m
DYPIET,AMBI Page 40
Volume required = 4 x 2 x 45 = 360 cum

Excess sludge = (Q w X xs )/ (Vx / ϴc )
= ( 360 X 2000) / 8 = 90.00 kg/day
For 10 kg/cum S.S. Concentration raito
Excess volume = 90.00 / 10.00 = 9.00 cum
ii ) Sludge circulation
sludge circulation raito
=
Assume , Xs = 10,000 mg/lit
X = 5000 mg/lit
How ever , as per Table No. 13.1 of CPHEEO Mannual

The circulation raito is restricted to = 0.25
Recirculation pump capacity Required = 0.25 x 10000 = 2500 cum/day
iii ) Oxygen requirement :
O2 requirement in gms / day
( )
– 1.42 ϴw Xs
O2 = 655.288 Kg/day
Oxygen reuired per kg BOD removed
( )
= 1.23
Which is between 1 to 1.5
Hence ok …
DYPIET,AMBI Page 41
iv ) Aerator Power requirement :

for field condition temperature = 30 0 C
Assuming
Cl = 1 mg/lit
Cs = 7.2 mg/iit
∞ = 0.8
Ns =2.4 Kg Oxygen /Kwh
Oxygen transfer capacity of available aeration equipment from equation
N = Ns (Cs-C1) X 1.024 T-20 α/9.17

= 2.4 x (7.2-1)x1.024 30-20 x 0.8/9.17
= 1.64 Kg oxygen/kwh
v) Equipment power requirement
= 16.64 kw
HP
= 22.48 HP = 25 HP
Vi ) Sludge Generated
Primary sludge solids ( assuming S.S. in raw sewage @ 400 gm/cum and 75 % removel of S.S in
primary settling tank )
= 1423.2 kg/day
DYPIET,AMBI Page 42
vii ) Primary sludge volume :

@ 40 kg/cum considering 4% consistency
= 1423.2 / 40
= 35.58 = 36 vum/day
vii ) secondary sludge solids :
sludge volume = 9 cum /day
Total sludge = 36 + 9 = 45 cum/day
ix ) Design of sludge digester (Low rate sludge digester )
As the capacity of STP is only 4.77 mld .it is proposed to have low rate digester.
Total quantity of raw mixed sewage
= 1423.2 + 90.00
= 1513.2 kg/day
S.S Concentration of the raw sludge
= 1513.2 / 45
= 33.62 kg/cum
Approximate percentage of volatile matter (Vm) in the mixed sludge = 70%
(Assumed )
Quantity of Vm in the raw mixed sludge
= 0.70 × 1513.2
= 1059.24 kg/day
Quantity of non –Vm or in organic matter 30 %
= 0.30 × 1513.2
= 453.96 kg/day
x) Low rate digester
Approximate % destruction of Vm = 50 %
Quantity of Vm in the digester sludge = 1059.24 × 0.50 = 529.62 kg/day
Quantity of Non –volatile matter or in organic matter in the digester sludge
= 453.96 kg/days
xi ) Gas generation
Gas generation per kg of Vm destroyed = 0.9 cu.m
DYPIET,AMBI Page 43
Total gas generation = 0.9 cum/Kg Vm 529.62 = 476.658 cu.m

7.SECONDARY SEDIMANTATION TANK
Surface loading for average flow = 4.77 × 1000 /20 = 238.4 sq.m
Diameter required ‘ d ‘ = 17.42
Surface area provided = 226.98 sq.m
Detention time = 2 hr
Water depth = 3m
8 ) Design Effluent Disposal channel :
Effluent disposal channel is designed for ultimate quantity of 4.7 mld
Average flow = 4.77 × 1000 = 4770 cum/day
= 0.055 cum/sec
Velocity of flow = 0.60 m/s
Cross section area required = 0.0916 sq.m
Width of rectangular channel = 0.9 m
Depth of flow = 0.20 m
Free board = 0.50 m
Total depth = 0.70 m
Hence provided rectangular channel of size ( 0.90m x 0.70m ) .
DYPIET,AMBI Page 44
CHAPTER 7
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
DYPIET,AMBI Page 45
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION :-
.
1- Design of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), is highly effected by the population
density , population growth and period of broadcasting.
2- Design parameters should be carefully considered for each part of the (WWTP) .
3-In this project the population density used was "564345" capita.
4- In addition to physical , chemical , and biological treatment processes , there is an advanced

treatment used to remove those constituents , that are not adequately removed by the previous
methods of treatment , and the produced water can be used for cooling and for several
industries .
5- Disinfection unit could also be added to this designed project to get higher water quality.
DYPIET,AMBI Page 46
CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
DYPIET,AMBI Page 47
REFERENCES :-
1. International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE)

Issue 11, Volume 2 (November 2015) www.ijirae.com. A Case Study on Waste Water
Treatment Plant, CETP(Common Effluent Treatment Plant).
2. Wastewater production, treatment and use in India

(R Kaur, SP Wani, AK Singh and K Lal)
Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India.
3. Characterization of sewage and design of sewage treatment plant

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of B.TECH in
CIVIL ENGINEERRING by FALGUNI K.P. MISHRA & NILADRI BIHARI
MAHANTY.
Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 2012.
4. Design of Sewage Treatment Plant for Dhule City

Prof. Pramod Sambhaji Patil, Shaikh Hujefa, Nemane Rahu Mujawar Sumer, Deo Prasad,
Chaudhari Shiv Prasad.
Civil Engineering Department , R.C.Patel Institute of technology Shirpur District
Dhule,Maharashtra,India.
5. Sewage/Wastewater Treatment Literature Review Sasan Kordrostami March 2015.
6. Wastewater treatment and management in urban areas.

- A case study in TIRUCHIRAPPALLI CITY, TAMILNADU , INDIA
N. Muthukumaran*1and Dr.N. K. Ambujam
Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai.
7. Design of wastewater treatment plant.

Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of
Technology Building and Construction Eng. Dep.
This Project is Submitted to the Building & Construction Department of the University of
Technology in Partial Fulfillment for Degree of Bachelor in Building and Construction
Engineering By FATIMA HUSSEIN ABD ALI
DYPIET,AMBI Page 48
APPENDIX
LIST OF PERMISSION LETTERS
DYPIET,AMBI Page 49
DYPIET,AMBI Page 50
DYPIET,AMBI Page 51
DYPIET,AMBI Page 52
DYPIET,AMBI Page 53

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Dr. D.Y.

PATIL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

“DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT UNIT FOR

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE FOLLOWING STUDENTS HAVE SATISFACTORILY

ROHIT KUMAR (B120910047)

PROF. PRIYANKA M PAWAR PROF. U.R SAHARKAR

(GUIDE) (H.O.D CIVIL)

PROF. L.V KAMBLE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

I would like to thank respected Prof. U.R. SAHARKAR and MS.

THANKING YOU ALL

ROHIT KUMAR (B120910047)

WE have made this report file on the topic DESIGN OF SEWAGE

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1 TESTING RESULT OF INLET SEWAGE. 32

1.2 Objectives of the study:

The objectives of the study are:

2. Comparison with the prescribed standard

3. Design of the sewage treatment plant.

1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW

have been injected into the water treatment science.

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

escaping of contaminants to surface water sources.

MUNCIPAL WASTE WATER

MUNCIPAL WASTE WATER

1.2 Components of Municipal Water Demand :

1.2.1 Residential Water Use:

1.2.4 Industrial Water Use :

1-2-6 Water Unaccounted For :

1.2.7 Infiltration / Inflow :

1.3 Quality of Wastewater :

1.3.1 Physical Quality :

1.3.2 Chemical Quality :

2.Biological Treatment (Secondary Treatment ) :

Advanced treatment: It is an additional treatment processes, such as filtration, carbon

2.1 Preliminary Treatment Units :

2.1.4 Design factors for screens:

2.1.5 The Comminutor devices :

2.2 Grit Chambers:

2.2.1Type of grit removal :

2.2.2 Advantages of aerated grit chamber:

2.2.3 Collection and cleaning of grit:

2.2.4 Grit disposal :

2.3 Primary Treatment: (Primary Sedimentation Tanks):

2.3.3 Sludge removal:

2.3.4 Scum removal:

2.4 Biological Treatment :

2.4.1 Biological Treatment Process:

2- Attached Growth Biological Treatment

2.4.2 Activated sludge process:

 Advantages of activated sludge process:

Diffused Aeration ( tubular diffuser )

Fig (7) Trickling Filter

Fig (8) Rotating Biological Contactor.

FLOW CHART FOR S.T.P

:3-2 Sludge Thickening :

3.2.1: Gravity Thickening:

FIG Gravity thickener

Fig (10) Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)

3-3: Sludge Stabilization:

3.3.1: Anaerobic Digestion :

ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS