PULSE CHECKER

A REPORT ON
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY BASED PROJECT
B. Tech, ECE V Semester

Submitted by
S. SUNITA 17331A04E8
S. PRUDHVI RAJ 17331A04E9
SAROJA SRUTHI R. 17331A04F0

FACULTY INCHARGE
Dr. G. Vimala Kumari M.Tech, PhD

Mr P. Divakar Varma M.Tech

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Maharaj Vijayaram Gajapathi Raj College of Engineering (A)
Accredited by NBA of AICTE, graded ‘A’ by NAAC of UGC, Approved by
AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada
Vijayaram Nagar, Vizianagaram – 535005
 INTRODUCTION
Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time and is usually expressed in beats per
minute (bpm). In adults, a normal heart beats about 60 to 100 times a minute during resting
condition. The resting heart rate is directly related to the health and fitness of a person, and
hence is important to know. You can measure heart rate at any spot on the body where you
can feel a pulse with your fingers. The most common places are wrist and neck. One can
count the number of pulses within a certain interval (say 15 sec), and easily determine the
heart rate in bpm. It may be hard to find the pulse for some people near the hand. For them,
this project can be useful. If the finger is placed near the touch points, LEDs blink at a rate
which is proportional to the rate of heartbeat. So, this project helps us to know the heart rate
of a living body.
 THEORY

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

 Breadboard
 Resistors 100Ω – 2 No
27 kΩ – 1 No
 IC 555
 Two different colour LEDs
 Capacitor 1µF – 1 No
 Jumper wires
 9V Battery

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:

1. BREADBOARD:
A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test
circuit designs. Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected
by inserting their leads or terminals into the holes and then making connections through
wires where appropriate. The breadboard has strips of metal underneath the board and
connect the holes on the top of the board. The top and bottom rows of holes are connected
horizontally and split in the middle while the remaining holes are connected vertically.

2. RESISTORS (100Ω, 27kΩ):

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate
many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that
only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be
used to adjust circuit elements or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.

The function of resistors is to oppose the flow of current in a circuit.

Therefore, their primary parameter is the resistance value. The manufacturing tolerance
must be adequately chosen for each specific application. The ultimate resistance value may
 deviate from the specification because of many reasons. One is the temperature coefficient
of resistance, or TCR, which is often specified for precision applications. Stability defines
the long-term variations of the resistance. After a long duration of electric load, the
resistance value will not return to its original value. Electric noise appears in every resistor,
and is for low-noise amplifying applications of importance. For high frequency
applications, the inductance and capacitance properties play a role. Next to the
characteristics related to resistance value, the maximum power and voltage can be
specified. The maximum power rating is mainly for power electronics important, while
resistors in electronic circuit boards mostly never reach the maximum power rating. For
high voltage circuits, the maximum rated voltage must be taken into account. The quality
of a resistor in terms of durability and reliability is for some applications more important
than for others.

3. IC 555 timer:
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as
an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. It is used in almost every electronic circuit today.
For a 555 timer, working as a flip flop or as a multi vibrator, it has a particular set of
configurations. Some of the major features of the 555 timer would It operates from a wide
range of power ranging from +5 Volt to +18 Volt supply voltage Sinking or sourcing 200
mA of load current The external components should be selected properly so that the
timing intervals can be made into several minutes along with the frequencies exceeding
several hundred kilohertz. The output of a 555 timer can drive a transistor logic (TTL)
due to its high current output It has a temperature stability of 50 parts per million (ppm)
per degree Celsius change in temperature which is Equivalent to 0.005 %/ °C. The duty
cycle of the timer is adjustable. Also, the maximum power dissipation per package is
600mW and its trigger and reset input has logic compatibility.
Function of each pins:

Pin Name Purpose

1 GND Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V)

The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when this input falls below 1/2 of
CTRL voltage (which is typically 1/3 Vcc, CTRL being 2/3 Vcc by default if CTRL is
2 TRIG
left open). In other words, OUT is high as long as the trigger low. Output of the timer
totally depends upon the amplitude of the external trigger voltage applied to this pin.

3 OUT This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +Vcc, or to GND.

A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to GND, but the timing does not
4 RESET begin again until RESET rises above approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which
overrides threshold.

5 CTRL Provides “control” access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 Vcc).

The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at threshold is greater than that
6 THR
at CTRL (2/3 Vcc if CTRL is open).

Open collector output which may discharge a capacitor between intervals. In phase with
7 DIS
output.

Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15 V depending on the

8 Vcc
variation.
4. LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light
when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron
holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The colour of the light (corresponding to
the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross
the band gap of the semiconductor.[5] White light is obtained by using multiple
semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster
switching. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation
lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera
flashes, lighted wallpaper and medical devices.

5. CAPACITOR:
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is
a passive electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known
as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in
proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit.
It is made of 2 close conductors (usually plates) that are separated by a dielectric material.
The plates accumulate electric charge when connected to power source.
 A ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value capacitor where the ceramic material acts as
the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and
a metal layer acting as the electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the
electrical behaviour and therefore applications. Ceramic capacitors are divided into two
application classes. They are

a) Class 1 ceramic capacitors offer high stability and low losses for resonant circuit
applications.

b)Class 2 ceramic capacitors offer high volumetric efficiency for buffer, by-pass, and
coupling applications.

6. BATTERY:
The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that was introduced for
the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a
polarized snap connector at the top. This type is commonly used in walkie-talkies, clocks
and smoke detectors. The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary
carbon-zinc and alkaline chemistry, in primary lithium iron disulphide, and in rechargeable
form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion.

7. JUMPER WIRES:
Jumper wires are simply wires that have connector pins at each end, allowing them to be
used to connect two points to each other without soldering. Jumper wires are typically
used with breadboards and other prototyping tools in order to make it easy to change a
circuit as needed.

WORKING:

Heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heartbeat when a finger is placed on
it. When the heart beat detector is working, the beat LED flashes in unison with each heart
beat. This digital output can be connected to microcontroller directly to measure the Beats
Per Minute (BPM) rate. It works on the principle of light modulation by blood flow through
finger at each pulse. The sensor consists of a super bright red LED and touch pins. The
LED needs to be super bright as the maximum light must pass spread in finger and detected
by touch pins. Now, when the heart pumps a pulse of blood through the blood vessels, the
finger becomes slightly opaquer and so less light reached the touch pins. With each heart
pulse the signal varies with the help of the 555 timer IC. The output signal is also indicated
by a LED which blinks on each heart beat. When the touch pins are hold for 30 seconds the
pulse rate for that span of time can be detected by the LED.
RESULT:

Implementation of circuit on breadboard

Blinking of led when finger is placed near the touch point which signifies the rate of
heartbeat

RESULT ANALYSIS:
 From this experiment it is observed that, when the power supply is given to the circuit
then one of the led is on and then the touch pins are hold. When these touch pins are
hold then the led blinks as per the blood pressure of the body.
 The blinking time of the led depends upon the blood pressure of the body and from this
the pulse rate can be known.
 As soon as the finger is removed from the touch pins the led won't be off immediately
due to discharging of the capacitor.
CONCLUSION:

 The key objective of developing this project is to know pulse rate and body temperature.
 The BP can be measured by, BPM (Beats per minute) = 60*f
 Where f is the pulse frequency.
 We designed and implemented the concept of pulse checker machine using 555 timer
IC. This experiment analysis shows that pulse checker machine provides the easy way
to know the pulse rate of the person.

APPLICATIONS:

 Digital Heart Rate Monitor

 Patient Monitoring system.
 Bio feedback control system in robots and related applications.

FUTURE SCOPE:

 EEG, ECG and other health parameters can also be monitored.

 Continuous monitoring and future diagnosis can be performed via the same system
(TELEMEDICINE).
 More than single patient at different places can be monitored using single system.

REFERENCES:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSzUK55VDIE
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor
 https://www.elprocus.com/heartbeat-sensor-working-application/
 https://electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/pulse-rate-meter