Unit 1 Module 2

Gas Forces
B.Varun
Assistant Professor(Senior Grade)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology

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 Piston Effort
Piston Effort FP =FL ± FI – RF ;
Where,
FL is Net load on piston,
FI is inertia force and
RF is resistance offered.
Net load on piston, FL = P1 A1 – P2 A2
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽
Inertia Force, FI = – m R a G = 𝜶𝑷 = 𝝎𝟐 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 +
𝒏
where
m R is mass of the reciprocating body in kg and
a G is linear acceleration of the Centre of mass of the body in m/s 2

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 Force acting along the connecting rod(FQ)
𝐹𝑃
cos 𝜑 =
𝐹𝑄

or
𝑭𝑷
𝑭𝑸 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋
Where
sin 𝜃
sin 𝜑 =
𝑛

Crank pin effort (Ft)

𝑭𝑷
𝑭𝑻 = ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽 + 𝝋)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋

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 Force acting on Bearings:-
Thrust (Force) on crank shaft bearing,
FB = FQ cos (θ + φ)
𝑭𝑷
== ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽 + 𝝋)
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋

Normal Force on cylinder wall,

FN = FP tan (φ)

Crank Shaft Torque

T = FT r
𝑭𝑷
= ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽 + 𝝋) *r
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋

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 Points to remember:
• Piston effort Fp = 𝑭𝑳 ± 𝑭𝑰 − 𝑭𝑭
𝐅𝐏
• Force along the Connecting rod FQ =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛗
• Thrust on the sides of the
cylinder walls FN = FP tan (φ)
𝑭𝑷
• Crank Pin Effort (FT) 𝑭𝑻 = ∗ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽 + 𝝋)
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋
𝑭𝑷
• Thrust on crankshaft Bearing (FB) FB = ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽 + 𝝋)
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋

• Crank Effort (T) T = FT*r

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Problem No 1:A horizontal gas engine running at 210rpm has a bore of 220mm and a stroke of
440mm. The connecting rod is 924mm long and the reciprocating parts weigh 20kg. When the
crank has turned through an angle of 30º from the IDC the gas pressures on the cover and the
crank sides are 500kN/m2 and 60kN/m2 respectively. Diameter of the piston rod is 40mm. Determine
(1) Turning moment on the crankshaft,(2) Thrust on the bearings,
Given Data: To Find:
Engine Speed (N) = 210rpm =.210m (1) Turning moment on the crankshaft (T),
Bore Diameter (d) =220mm (2) Thrust on the bearings (FB),
Stroke length (L) = 440mm
radius (r)(L/2) = 220mm =.220m
Connecting rod Length(l) = 924mm =.924m
Mass of reciprocating Parts = 20kg
Crank Angle (θ) = 30º
Gas Pressure(p1) = 500kN/m2
Gas Pressure (p2) = 60kN/m2
Diameter of the piston rod = 40mm

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Observations: Solution:
𝒍 .924
𝒏= = Piston Effort
𝒓 .220
FP =FL ± FI
= 𝟒. 𝟐 Net load on piston,
FL = P1 A1 – P2 A2
𝟐𝝅𝑵 (2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 210)
𝝎= = 𝜋 𝜋
𝟔𝟎 60 500 ∗ 10 ∗ ∗ 0.22 − (60 ∗ 10 ∗ (0.222 − 0.042 ))
3 2 3
4 4
= 𝟐𝟐𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄 =(19007-2206)
= 16801 N
sin 𝜃 sin 30 Force due to Inertia:
sin 𝜑 = = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟗 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽
𝑛 4.2
𝒎𝒓𝝎𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 +
𝒏
𝑐𝑜𝑠 60
𝜑 = 6.837º 2
(20 ∗ 0.22 ∗ 22 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 30 +
4.2
= 2098 N
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Piston Effort: Thrust on berings(FB):
FP = FL-FI
𝑭𝒑
= 16801-2098 𝑭𝑩 = + 𝐜𝐨 𝐬 𝜽 + 𝝋
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋
= 14703 N
14703
+ co s 30 + 6.837
Turning Moment(T): cos 6.837
𝑭𝑷
T= ∗ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 + 𝝋 ∗ 𝒓
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋
14703
=11852N
= ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 30 + 6.837 ∗ 0.22
𝑐𝑜𝑠 6.837
= 1953 Nm

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Problem No 2:The length of the crank and connecting rod of a steam engine is
300mm and 1200mm respectively. The mass of the reciprocating parts of the
steam engine is 250kg. Its cylinder bore is 0.5m. When the crank has turned
through 60º from IDC , the difference between the driving and the back pressure is
0.35MPa.if the engine runs at 250rpm neglecting the effect of the piston rod
diameter determine,(1) Pressure on the slide bars ,(2) thrust in the connecting rod,
(3) Tangential force o the crank pin and (4) Turning Moment
Given Data: To Find:
Crank Radius (r)=300mm=0.3m (1) Pressure on the slide bars
Connecting rod length (l) 1200mm=1.2m (2) Thrust in the connecting rod,
Mass of the reciprocating Parts(m) = 250kg (3) Tangential force o the crank
Cylinder Bore is (D)=0.5m pin
Crank Angle (θ)=60º (4) Turning Moment
Pressure Difference (P1-P2) = 0.35MPa
Crank Speed (N) = 250rpm

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Observations: Solution:
𝒍 1.2
𝒏= = Piston Effort
𝒓 0.3
FP =FL ± FI
=𝟒 Net load on piston,
FL = P1 A1 – P2 A2
𝟐𝝅𝑵 (2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 250)
𝝎= = =(P1 - P2 ) *A
𝟔𝟎 60
𝜋
0.35 ∗ 106 ∗ (0.52 )
= 𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟖 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄 4
= 68722 N
sin 𝜃 sin 60 Force due to Inertia:
sin 𝜑 = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽
𝑛 4
𝒎𝒓𝝎𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 +
𝒏
𝜑 = 12.50º 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 120
(250 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 26.18 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60 +
4
= 19277 N
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Piston Effort: Force acting on Connecting rod(FQ):
FP = FL-FI 𝑭𝑷 49445
𝑭𝑸 = =
𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝝋 cos 12.50
= 68722-19277
= 50645.50N
= 49445 N

Tangential force on crank pin(FT):

𝑭𝑷
𝑭𝑻 = ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽 + 𝝋)
Pressure on Slide Bars(FN): 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋
FN = FP tan (φ)
49445
= 49445 *tan 12.50º 𝐹𝑇 = ∗ sin(60 + 12.5)
cos 12.5
= 10962N
= 48301.47N

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Turning Moment(T): Answers:
𝑭𝑷 • Pressure on Slide Bars(FN) = 10962 N
T= ∗ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 + 𝝋 ∗ 𝒓
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋
• Force acting on
2277 Connecting rod(FQ) = 50645.50 N
= ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 + 12.5 ∗ 0.3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 12.5 • Tangential force on
crank pin(FT) = 48301.47N
= 14490 Nm • Turning Moment(T) = 14490 Nm

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Practice Problems:
Problem No 3:The crank-pin circle radius of a horizontal engine is 300 mm. The
mass of the reciprocating parts is 250 kg. When the crank has travelled 60° from
I.D.C., the difference between the driving and the back pressures is 0.35 N/mm2.
The connecting rod length between centres is 1.2 m and the cylinder bore is 0.5 m.
If the engine runs at 250 r.p.m. and if the effect of piston rod diameter is
neglected, calculate : 1. pressure on slide bars, 2. thrust in the connecting rod, 3.
tangential force on the crank-pin, and 4. turning moment on the crank shaft.
(Answers)
Problem No 4:A horizontal steam engine running at 240 r.p.m. has a bore of 300
mm and stroke 600 mm. The connecting rod is 1.05 m long and the mass of
reciprocating parts is 60 kg. When the crank is 60° past its inner dead centre, the
steam pressure on the cover side of the piston is 1.125 N/mm2 while that on the
crank side is 0.125 N/mm2. Neglecting the area of the piston rod, determine : 1.
the force in the piston rod ; and 2. the turning moment on the crankshaft.
(Answers)

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1. Pressure on slide bars = 10.96 kN
2. Thrust in the connecting rod = 50.62 kN
3. Tangential force on the crank-pin = 48.28 kN
4. Turning moment on the crank shaft = 14.484 kN-m

1. The force in the piston rod = 66.6kN

2. The turning moment on the crankshaft. = 19.86 kN-m]

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Problem No 5:The crank and connecting rod of a vertical petrol engine running
at 1800rpm are 60mm and 270mm respectively. The diameter of the piston is
100mm and the mass of the reciprocating parts is 1.2 kg . During the expansion
stroke when the crank has turned through 20º from the TDC the gas pressure is
650kN/m2. determine the 1) Net force on the piston,2) Net load on the gudgeon
pin,3) Thrust on the cylinder walls and 4) Speed at which the gudgeon pin load is
reversed in direction
Given Data: To Find:
Crank Speed (N) = 1800rpm 1) Net force on the piston,
Crank Radius (r)=60mm=0.06m 2) Net load on the gudgeon pin,
Connecting rod length (l) 270mm=0.27m 3) Thrust on the cylinder walls and
Mass of the reciprocating Parts(m) = 1.2kg 4) Speed at which the gudgeon pin load is
Diameter of Piston (D)=0.5m reversed in direction
Crank Angle (θ)=20º
Gas Pressure (P) = 650kN/m2

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Observations: Solution:
𝒍 0.27
𝒏= = Piston Effort
𝒓 0.06
FP =FL ± FI +mg
Net load on piston,
= 𝟒.5
FL = P1 A1 – P2 A2
𝟐𝝅𝑵 (2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 1800) =(P *A)
𝝎= =
𝟔𝟎 60 𝜋
650 ∗ 103 ∗ (0.12 )
4
= 𝟏𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟎 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄
= 5105 N
sin 𝜃 sin 20 Force due to Inertia:
sin 𝜑 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽
𝑛 4.5 𝒎𝒓𝝎𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 +
𝒏
𝑐𝑜𝑠 40
𝜑 = 4.36º (1.2 ∗ 0.06 ∗ 188.52 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 20 +
4.5
= 2840 N
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Piston Effort: Force acting on Connecting rod(FQ):
FP = FL-FI+mg 𝑭𝑷 2277
𝑭𝑸 = =
𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝝋 cos 4.36
= 5105-2840+(1.2*9.81)
= 2284 N
= 2277 N

Tangential force on crank pin(FT):

𝑭𝑷
𝑭𝑻 = ∗ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽 + 𝝋)
Pressure on Slide Bars(FN): 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋
FN = FP tan (φ)
2277
= 2277 *tan 4.36º 𝐹𝑇 = ∗ sin(20 + 4.36)
cos 4.36
= 174 N
= 942 N

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Turning Moment(T): Answers:
𝑭𝑷 • Pressure on Slide Bars(FN) = 174 N
T= ∗ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 + 𝝋 ∗ 𝒓
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝋
2277 • Force acting on
= ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 20 + 4.36 ∗ 0.06
𝑐𝑜𝑠 4.36 Connecting rod(FQ) = 2284 N
= 57 Nm • Tangential force on
crank pin(FT) = 942 N
Turning Moment(T): • Turning Moment(T) = 57 Nm
FP =FL ± FI +mg=0 • Speed (N) =2415rpm
𝑐𝑜𝑠 40
5105-(1.2 ∗ 0.06 ∗ 𝜔2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 20 + +12=0
4.5

5117-0.08ω2=0
ω2=63963
N=2415rpm

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University Questions:
Problem No 6:The crank and connecting rod of a petrol engine, running at
1800rpm are 60 mm and 240mm respectively. The diameter of the piston is 80
mm and the mass of the reciprocating parts is 1.2 kg at a point during the
power stroke, the pressure on the piston is 800kN/m2, when it has moved 20
mm from the inner dead centre. Determine 1)The net load on the gudgeon pin,
2)Thrust on the connecting rod, 3) Reaction between the piston and cylinder
and 4) The engine speed at which the above values become zero.(AU Nov-Dec
2011) (2630rpm,1889N,2144N,2176N)
Problem No 7:The crank and the connecting rod of an engine are 125mm and
500mm respectively. The mass of the connecting rod is 60kg and its center of
gravity is 275mm from the cross head pin center. The radius of gyration about
center of gravity being 150 mm. If the engine speed is 600 rpm for a crank
position of 45 ° from the IDC, determine the acceleration of the piston and the
magnitude, position and direction of inertia force due to the mass of the
connecting rod. (AU April-May 2011)

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Problem No 8:The lengths of crank and connecting rod of horizontal steam
engine are 300 mm and 1.2m respectively. When the crank has moved 30° from
the inner dead center, the acceleration of piston is 35m/s2. The average
frictional resistance to the motion of piston is equivalent to a force of 550N and
net effective steam pressure on piston is 500kN/m2. The diameter of piston is
0.3 m and mass of reciprocating parts is 160 kg. Determine (i) Reaction on the
cross-head guides; (ii) Thrust on the crankshaft bearings; and (iii) Torque on
the crank shaft.(AU Nov-Dec 2010)
Problem No 9:During a trial on a stem engine it is found that the acceleration of
the piston is 36m/s2 when the crank has moved 30⁰ from the inner dead centre
position. The net effective steam pressure on the piston is 0.5MPa and the
frictional resistance is equivalent to a force of 600N. The diameter of the piston
is 300mm and the mass of the reciprocating parts is 180kg. If the length of the
crank is 300mm and the ratio of the connecting rod length to the crank length is
equal to 4.5. find1) Reaction on the guide bars 2) Thrust on the crank shaft
bearings and 3) Turning moment on the crank shaft. (AU Nov/Dec 2015)

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Problem No 10:A vertical petrol engine 150mm diameter and 200mm stroke has a
connecting rod 350m long. The mass of the piston is 1.6kg and engine speed is
1800rpm. On the expansion stroke with crank angle 30⁰ from TDC, the gas pressure is
750kN/m2. Determine the net thrust on the piston (AU Nov/Dec 2015)
Problem No 11:The lengths of crank and connecting rod of a horizontal reciprocating
engine are 100mm and 500mm respectively. The crank is rotating at 400rpm. When
the crank has turned 30⁰ from the IDC find, analytically 1) Acceleration of the piston 2)
Velocity of the piston 3) Angular velocity of the connecting rod and 4) Angular
acceleration of the connecting rod. (AU April/May 2015)
Problem No 12:The following data relates to a horizontal reciprocating engine mass of
reciprocating parts=120kg, crank length = 90mm, engine speed 600rpm. Mass of the
connecting rod=90kg, length between centers=450mm, distance of mass centre from
the small centre=180mm, radius of gyration about mass centre axis 150mm. find the
magnitude and the direction of the inertia torque on the crank shaft when the crank
has turned 30⁰ from the IDC (AU April/May 2015)

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Problem No 13:A horizontal steam engine running at 240 r.p.m has a bore of
200mm and stroke of 360mm. The piston rod is 20mm in diameter and
connecting rod length is 900mm. the mass of the reciprocating parts is 7Kg and
the frictional resistance is equivalent to a force of 500N. Determine the
following when the crank is at 120⁰ from the IDC, the mean pressure being
5000N/m2 on the cover side and 100N/m2 on the crank side. 1)Thrust on the
connecting rod, 2) Thrust on the cylinder walls,3)Loads on the bearings and 4)
Turning moment on the crankshaft
Given Data: Frictional Resistance = 500 N
Speed (N) = 240 rpm Angle (θ) = 120 °
Bore diameter (d)= 200 mm =0.2 m Pressure on cover side (P1) = 5000 N/m2
Stroke Length (L)= 360 mm =0.36 m Pressure on crank side (P2) = 100 N/m2
Piston rod diameter (d)= 20 mm=0.02 m
Length of the connecting rod (l) = 900 mm = 0.9 m
Mass of the reciprocating Parts = 7kg

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Solution: Force acting on the Piston:
𝟐𝝅𝑵 F = Fp-Fb-Ff
𝛚=
𝟔𝟎 Force due to Gas Pressure (Fp)
= 25.13 rad/s = P1A1-P2A2
= (5000*(π/4)*(0.22))-
r = L/2 = .18m (100*(π/4)*(0.22-0.022))
n =l/r = 157.08 – 3.11
= 153.97 N
= .9/.18
=5

sin 𝛽 = sin𝑛 𝜃 =0.173

β = 9.96°

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Inertia Force (Fb) Thrust on the connecting rod (Fc),
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽
= 𝐦𝐫𝝎𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝛉 + Fc = F/cos β
𝒏
= 7*0.18*25.132(cos 120° + (cos 120°/5)) = 131.4/cos 9.96
= 795.71 * (-0.6) = 131.4/0.98
= -477.43 N = 134.08 N

Frictional Resistance Thrust on the cylinder walls (Fn)

= 500 N Fc = F tan β
= 131.4 * tan 9.96°
F = Fp-Fb-Ff =131.4/0 .18
= 153.97+477.43-500 = 730 N
= 131.4 N

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Loads on the bearings (Fr)
Fr = (F/cosβ ) (cos (θ+β))
= 134.4 * (-0.64)
= -84.1 N

Turning moment on the crankshaft (T)

Fr = (F/cosβ) (sin (θ+β)) r
= (134.4) (0.77) (0.18)
= 18.63 Nm

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Problem No 14:in a Vertical double acting steam engine, the connecting rod is .5
times of the crank length. The weight of the reciprocating parts is 120 kg and the
stroke of the piston is 440mm. The engine runs at 250rpm. If the net load on the
piston due to steam pressure is 25kN when the crank has turned through 120º
from the TDC ,determine the 1) Net force on the piston,2) Net load on the gudgeon
pin,3) Thrust on the cylinder walls and 4) Speed at which the gudgeon pin load is
reversed in direction

• 37235N
• 37945N
• 7305N
• 28594N
• 24944N
• 6290Nm
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