RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biology with title “Anatomy of Vertebrate

Animals” which made by :
name : Lisa Ariyanti
reg Number : 1414440006
class : International Class Program ( ICP)
group :2
Has been checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report is accepted.

Makassar, November 2017

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

M. Nur Qadri. S, S. Pd Asmayani

ID: 101404170
Known,
The Lecturer of Lab

Drs. H. Hamka L, M.S.

ID: 19621231 198702 1 005
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Included in the class Amphibia is: salamander, frog, bullfrog, Ichthyosis as
tropical aphibia no legs, and some other animals are only a fossil. class name is
derived from the Greek word (amphi = duplicate, bios = life). skillful than
indicating that this class has a phase of life in water and then have a phase of life
on land. the second phase structur and function exhibit properties between fish and
reptiles and Amphibians is shown that a group of chordates the first time out of the
water of life. some pattern shows a new pattern of life adapted to terrestrial life.
eg: legs, lungs, nares (nostrils) which have a relationship with the cavum oris and
inhaler device or smell that functions both in the water and on the ground (air).
Amphibians are food for a variety of other vertebrates. some species are used for
teaching and the studies in biology.
Structure of the animal's body that we observe consists of various organs.
These organs perform a very useful function for the life of living things (animals).
With the proficiency level the organ itself living things can survive and perform
their activities and interact with others. Because of the organ so that living beings
can stand, run, eat, jump and so on.
We generally observe is partially or superficially, the need of holding a trial
to observe the organ parts are hidden inside the body of living beings. For it is held
anatomical observations vertebrate animals. In observation of vertebrate animals to
be carried out, then we use a frog or Rana cancanivora fields. Frogs fields
sampled in this experiment is certainly a reason that frogs can provide an overview
of the major organs in vertebrate animals. This trial, which was the main goal is to
get to know the parts of living things in general rear. This is because that
vertebrates are living the most of life on earth. In addition, human are living
 creatures that are in the category of vertebrates. So the knowledge of vertebrate
living creature is something to be learned by us. Whether it's people who are old or
young.
The above is a proof that something related to vertebrates living things is
very important in our lives. As we know that human beings is one of the many
invertebrates living things vertebrates. Therefore, through this experiment we will
know the structure tissues and organ systems contained in the frog.
B. Purpose
Collegians can recognize shapes, colors, and layout of the organ and its
relationship with other organs in an organ system.
C. Benefit
By doing this experiment, collegian directly to:
1. Knowing the names of the constituent organs of the body of vertebrate animals
as well as its Latin name.
2. Knowing the forms and colors of these organs in detail.
3. Being able to distinguish the organ systems of vertebrate animals.
4. Being motivated to do another experiment.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Frog (English : frog) and frog aka Kuhl (English : toad) is the best known
amphibian animal people in Indonesia. Children usually love frogs and toads because
of the funny, often jumping up and down, never bite and are not dangerous. Only
adults who often feel disgust or fear unwarranted to frogs. Both kinds of animal looks
like. Frog was a short, stocky or thin, slightly hunched-backed, four-legged and
tailless (Anura: a no, ura tail). Toads generally smooth-skinned, moist, with long hind
legs. Instead frog or berbintil rough-skinned Kuhl until berbingkul-bingkul nodule,
often dry, and the hind legs are short, so most dull jump away. However, these two
terms are often interchangeable use (Anonymous, 2012)
Toads and frogs begin life as eggs laid its parent in the water, in foam nests, or
in other damp places. Several types of mountain frog lay her eggs in the wet moss on
the trees. While other types of forest frogs deposit their eggs in male frog back the
damp, which will always keep and take to hatch even to a frog kecil.Sekali frog
spawn can produce 5000-20000 eggs, depending on the quality of the parent and take
as many as three times a year . The eggs hatch into a frog and toad tadpoles or
tadpoles (b. England: Tadpole), who was like a fat fish, breathing with gills and for
some time lived in the water. Will slowly grow back foot, which is then followed by
the growth of the front legs, tail and turn of the disappearance of the gills with lungs.
After a time, these tadpoles will jump to the ground as a small frog or toad
(Anonymous, 2012)
Toads and frogs mating at certain times, such as when the moon is off or on
when approaching rain. At that time the male frogs will beep-sound to call females,
from the waters edge or center. Some species, such as the moor frog (Fejervarya
limnocharis) and bullfrog closely alias belentung (Kaloula baleata), often form
'singing group', in which some male animals gathered close together and reads
bersahut-replication. Loud noise produced by the frog sound sacs located around the
neck, which will be used when a large swell. Fertilization in frogs done outside the
body. Male frogs will stick in the back of females and the female armpit hugged from
behind. While swimming in the water, the hind legs will massage the male frog belly
toad eggs females and stimulate spending. At the same time the male frog will release
sperm into the water, so that it can fertilize the eggs released the female
(Anonymous, 2012)
Feeding and digestion, most frog larvae are herbivores. However, as adults
their diets are similar as both groups become predators and feed on a variety of
invertebrates and small vertebrates. Frog and toads can flick out their long, sticky
tongues with great speed and accuracy to catch flying prey. Food moves from the
mouth through the esophagus to the stomach, where digestion begins. From the
stomach, food moves to the small intestine, which receives enzymes from the
pancreas to digest food. From the intestine, food is absorbed into the bloodstream and
delivered to body cell. Food moves from the small intestine into the large intestine
before waste material is elimated. At the end of intestine is a chamber called the
cloaca. The cloaca (kloh AY kuh) is a chamber that receives the digestive wastes,
urinary waste, and eggs or sperm before they leave the body (Biggs, 2008)
Excretion, amphibians filter wastes from the blood through their kidneys and
excrete either ammonia or urea as the waste product of cellular metabolism.
Ammonia is the end product of protein metabolism and is excreted by amphibians
that live in the water. Amphibians that live on land excrete urea that is made from
ammonia in the liver. Unlike ammonia, urea is stored in the urinary bladder until it is
eliminated from the body through the cloaca (Biggs, 2008)
Respiration and circulation, as larvae most amphibians exchange gases through
their skin and gills. As adult, most breathe through lungs, their skin, moist skin and
the linin of the mouth cavities. Frogs can breathe through their skin either in or out of
water. This ability enables them to spend the winter protected from the cold in the
mud at the bottom of a pond. It consists of a double loop instead of the single loop
you learn in the fishes. The first loop moves oxygen-poor blood from the heart to pick
up oxygenin the lungs and skin, and then moves the oxygen-filled blood back to the
heart. During circulation in the second loop, blood filled with oxygen moves from the
heart through vessel to the body, where the oxygen diffuses into cells. Amphibians
have three-chambered hearts. The atrium is completely separated into two atria by
tissue. The right atrium receives deoxygen-ated blood from the body, while the left
atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The ventricle of amphibians
remains undivided (Biggs, 2008)
Reproduction and development, like many amphibians, female frogs lay eqqs
to be fertilized by males in the water. The eggs do not have shells or protective
coverings to keep them from drying out. The eggs are covered with a sticky, jelly-
like substance that helps them stay anchored to vegetation in the water. After
fertilization, the developing embryo uses the yolk in the egg for nourishment until it
hatches into a tadpole. A tadpole changes from a gill-breathing, legless herbivore
with fins and a two-chambered heart. The stages of metamorphosis are primarily
under the control of chemicals released within the tadpole’s body (Biggs, 2008)
According to Jasin (1992), the structure and function of the Rana cancanivora
are:
1. Closing the body
Skin elastic body to function as a cover to cover the body of the disorder is
physical and pathological. In addition, as a tool to suck because frogs do not drink
water. Skin is composed of epidermis, dermis, divided into other networks. skin
glands are divided into two kinds:
a. Glandulae muccosa (mucous glands) that produce mucus frog nodes to
facilitate escape when arrested.
b. Glandulae toxicon (poison glands) that produce toxic substances that at a
certain level to effectively shut down any other animal.
2. Skeleton
 Frog framework composed of endoskeleton supported by the soft parts. Order
function is to protect the body parts are vital, useful meat muscles attach to move
and walk.
3. Muscular System
Body frogs and other vertebrates contain 3 kinds of muscle meat is meat finely
fibrous, cardiac muscle meat and fibrous muscle meat crosswise. Muscle meat is
controlled by a willingness on the motion. central part of the motion bit called
"origin" while moving distal many so-called "insertion". meat that has a lot of
muscle with connective tissue expansion so that it can wrap around the bone ends
next called tendons. eg eg tendons in the toes that wrapped finger like a ring.
This will be mentioned under the general type of muscle meat with activity
models with each of these examples:
a. Flexor: bind one part to another part: biceps as an example of binding the
forearm and upper arm
b. Eextensor: straighten or widen a section: example triceps straighten the forearm
to the upper arm
c. Abducator: pull away part of the limb. interesting example of the deltoid arm
laterally
d. Adductor: draw a passage leading to the limbs. example: latianus dorsi pull the
arm up and back.
e. Depressor: lowering a section. example: manbulae depressor to move the lower
jaw down open mouth
f. Levator: lift or raise a section. example masseter jaw lift to shut up
g. Rotator: play a part: pyroformis, elevate and rotate the femur
Digestion of food begins by cavum oris and terminated by the anus. in the
form of small prey animals eaten arrested remedy for moistened by saliva. frog
does not have so much saliva. of vacuum oris food going through the pharynx,
which esopagus alkaline secretion and encouraging results were obtained in the
ventrikulus food that serves as the warehouse digestion. Contraction of the muscle
 wall of the food to be destroyed ventriculus squeezed and mixed with secretions
ventriculus containing enzymes or fermentation, which is the catalyst. Movements
cause food goes in the channel called peristalsis.
4. Circulatoria System
a. Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide between the respiratory tissues
throughout the body
b. Transporting nutrients and water from the digestive tract to other organs
c. Transporting supplies food substances from one place to another.
d. Transporting the waste organic and mineral salts that are no longer useful to the
tool excretion. Circulating hormones from endocrine glands to places in need.
Blood is pumped from the cast (ventriculum) truncus arteriosus through, then
through an artery that has been mentioned, finally came to capilair tissues
throughout the body. from body tissues back into the blood will continue to cast
venulae and veins.
Blood returning to the heart through the vena cava was originally assembled
in sinos venosus, which due to contraction dextrum into the atrium. whereas blood
from the pulmonary (lung - lung) into the atrium sinistrum. The second atrium
contracts forcing it into ventriculum. initially suspected that the truncus arteriousus
valvae spirallis include oxygenated blood (right) to archus pulmocutaneus and
oxygenated blood (left) entered into archus sistematicus and carotid arteries.
Portae system is a system formed by the veins only, which collects blood from
capilar one tool, that before entering the cast breaks into woven-webbing in other
tools, then went into a vein leading cast. This system consists of:
1) Portae system dibentk hepatica in the liver by
a. Abdomenalis vein that carries blood from the blood members
b. Venous blood collects hipatis portae of tools digestion.
2) Ren portae renal system that receives blood from the veins and venous dosro
Illica lumbar communis. ren to cast blood through the renal vein.
5. Systematic Lymphatica
 Consists of a great many vessels of varying sizes covering a wide range of organs
and often difficult to see. the frog between the skin and the body are saccus
lympathicus. Namely:
a. saccus submaxillaris
b. saccus pectorallis
c. saccuc abdominalis
d. lateral saccus
e. saccus brachial
f. saccus femuralis
g. saccus inter-femurallis
h. saccus crurais

Animal body consists of various organs. The organs that work together to
perform the function of a higher form organ systems. In this lab will be observed
anatomical arrangement paddy frogs (Rana Cancarivora). Frog anatomy can provide
an overview of the major organs in vertebrate animals. Anatomy of an animal
observations needed surgery to facilitate observing the shape, position and
relationship with other organs. That would be observed in this lab is the digestive
system, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive (Hamka L, 2012)
 CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time & Place

Day / Date : Tuesday / November, 6th, 2017
Time : at 09.10 am until 10.50 am
Place : Biology Laboratory, 3rd floor east side Mathematic and
Science Faculty, State University of Makassar
B. Tools & Materials
1. Tool:
a. Bottle killer
b. Surgical tray
c. Surgical instrument
1) Scissors
2) Drinking straws
3) Tweezers
4) Needle
5) Scalpel
6) Bottle
2. Material:
a. Frogs fields
b. Cotton
c. Chloroform/ether (tranquilizer)
C. Work Procedure
1. Foreign Observations
a. Deadly Rana cancanivora
 b. Took a piece of cotton (for the segment master fingers), wet with
ether/chloroform, and enter into a killer bottle; soon also enter the frog into
the bottle, tightly close. Let the to Rana cancanivora die.
c. Removed the dead Rana cancanivora and place it on a tray surgery. Leaved
the cotton in the bottle and cover tightly (noxious fumes).
d. Observed the outside of the Rana cancanivora
1) The eyes, eyelids, and mucous sleep
2) External nostrils
3) Tympanum (i), the lining of the listener
4) Cracks mouth
5) Forelimb
a) Upper arm (Branchium)
b) Forearm (Ante branchium)
c) The soles (Manus)
d) Finger-teak (digiti) how?
6) Rear legs
a) Thigh (femur)
b) Calves (crus)
c) The soles are united (Pes)
d) Webbed fingers pool
7) Cloaca (specify the location)
8) Touch the surface of the skin and noted the color.
e. Drew from the back and named the parts of the above.
2. Surgery
f. Put the Rana cancanivora on his back at the foot surgery. Nail fourth finger
with a needle on the wax, so it is not easy to shake.
a. With tweezers, pinched the skin of the abdomen near the thigh lengthwise,
lift slightly, cut across the skin under tweezers, thus forming a gap in the
skin of the abdomen.
 b. Through the slit the skin, insert the blunt and scissors toward the head until
crushed. Flipping to the last gap, scissors toward the base of the thighs.
c. Leather scissors to the left and right side of the abdomen so that the skin can
be revealed. Checked the attachment of the skin to the muscle tissue. Only at
a certain place in the muscle attached to the skin, forming a kind of pouch
(saccus).
d. Wrote also the center of the muscle stomach. Viewed longitudinal white
stripe along the abdominal muscles (called the linea alba).
e. Pinched tweezers abdominal muscles in the beside linea alba, and cut
crosswise, forming a gap. Inserted the tip of a blunt scissors into the gap and
start cutting the abdominal muscles toward head to the bottom of the jaw.
Continued the cutting to the groin.
f. Unleash the abdominal muscle tissue to the left and right so that the
abdominal cavity opened innards.
3. Observation of Digestive System
a. Opened the mouth with a scalpel and tweezers, so that the mouth is open.
Observed the shape of the teeth, touched with a finger on the upper jaw and
teeth vomer the ceiling.
b. With tweezers pull his tongue out, observed the form and its attachments.
c. Continue observation of the abdominal cavity containing viscera. Observed
the shape and color:
1) Hearts right, how many lobes; find the gall bladder, how to color.
2) Hull on the left heart; lift a little will look the duodenum and pancreas.
3) Trace continues until the rectal intestine. Notice of meetings.
4) Rectum that turns into the cloaca.
4. Observations Circulatory System
a. Toward the head of the liver, the heart appears in the film.
b. Plugs membrane wrapping the heart with a needle or scalpel and up broke,
observed shapes and sections:
 1) Chambers (ventricles)
2) Porch (atrium) left and right
3) The main arteries (truncus arterious) emanating from the ventricles and
then branched into two aorta (left and right).
4) Drew of the heart and named the above.
5. Observations Respiratory System
a. Notice the left and right liver and left gastric, lung protruding parts.
b. By the end of drinking straw inserted in the hole larynx (open mouth),
inflatable base slowly, the lungs will swell. Observed the shape and color of
the lungs, blood vessels in the lungs.
c. Removed the heart with scissors so that it looks windpipe (trachea).
g. Make a picture chart Rana cancanivora respiratory system.
6. Observation System Excretion and Reproduction (Urogenitalia)
a. Removed the digestive organs from the stomach to the rectum, and the
mesentery (connective tissue) that hold it.
b. It would look a pair of kidneys rounded oval attached to the back of the
abdominal cavity. Further observed:
1) Kidney and adrenal gland (white line)
2) Body fat (corpus adiposum) yellow fringed
3) Renal tract (ureter) leading from th kidney to the bladder
c. In the male, the ureter is also called ductus urospermaticus. Testis located
next to the kidneys, less rounded associated with kidney through the vasa
efferensia.
h. At Rana cancanivora females, there is a pair on the left and right ovaries.
Raise a little ovaries, will appear oviduct as white winding channel, boils
down to being the end in the form of a funnel cloaca (ostium) is near the
heart.
d. Created an image if the frog urogenitalia system. Named the parts.
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result
1. Dorsal Notes:
1. External nares
2. Eye
3. Nictitating
membrane
4. Tympanic
membrane
5. Digits
6. Manus
7. Antebrachium
8. Brachium
9. Dorsolateral
dermal plica
10. Thigh
11. Anus
12. Crus
13. Pes
14. Toes
15. Hind limb
16. Trunk
17. Forelimb
18. Head
19. Brow spot
2. Ventral Notes:
1. Chest (thorax)
2. Stomach (abdomen)
3. Anatomy Notes:
1. Larink
2. Heart (Cor)
3. Liver
(hepar)
4. Stomach
(venrticulus)
5. Pancreas
6. Intestine
mayor
7. Cloaca
8. Intestine
minor
9. Lung
(pulmo) Gall
4. Mouth

Notes:
1. Maxillary
teeth
2. Vomerine
teeth
3. Eye socket
4. Glottis
5. Tongue
6. Lower jaw
7. Vocal sac
8. Eustachian
tube
9. Esophagus
10. Posterior
nares
5. Digestive System Notes:
1. Esophagus
2. Liver
3. Gaster
4. Intestium
tonife
5. Cloaca
6. Intestium
cross
7. Pancreas
8. Gall bladder
6. Respiratory System Notes:
1. Nasal cavity
2. Larings
3. Farings
4. Bronchus
5. Pulmo
6. Bronchiolus
7. Alveolus
8. Artery
9. Vena
7. Circulatory System Notes:
1. Left carotid
arch
2. Left systemic
arch
3. Left
pulmocutaneous
arch
4. Left anterior
vena cava
5. Left auricle
6. Auriculo
ventricular
groove
7. Pericardium
SS
8. Ventricle
9. Truncus
arteriosus
10. Right
auricle
11. Right
anterior vena
cava
12. Right
pulmocutaneous
arch
13. Right
systemic arch
14. Right
carotid arch
15. Carotid
gland
8. Urogenital Female Notes:
1. Ovarium
2. Oviduc
3. Cloaca
4. Bladder
5. Kidney
channel
6. Kidney
9. Urogenital Male Notes:
1. Adrenal treat
2. Ureter
3. Cloaca
4. Sperma poke
5. Kidney
6. Testis
B. Discussion
1. Morphology Frogs
Frog's body consists of head and body. At the head there:
a. Oris cavity (oral cavity) in which there are vormer teeth, maxilla (upper
jaw), palate (ceiling), a hole in the ear, the tongue, the mandible (lower jaw),
in the nostrils.
b. Which consists of a pair of eyes and mucous sleep petals, which serves to
keep the eye while he was sleeping.
c. External nostrils, there is a pair on the front end.
d. Ear and Tympanium (membrane listener). This membrane edges supported
by a ring called the annulus tympani. Its function is to receive sound waves.
Frog Board consists of:
1) Consisting of forelimb, upper arm (branchium), forearm (ante
branchium), palm (astronomer), and fingers (digiti) which consists of 4
digiti.
2) Rear leg consists of the thigh (femur), shank (crus), palms together
(bubonic plague), and webbed fingers pool amounting to 5 digits.
3) Cloaca, which serves as the final line of every process in the body of the
frog as well as the reproductive tract.
2. Digestive System
The mechanism of the digestive system of frog are: Oris esophagus pouch
Kardia Liver Pancreas Fundus pylori vesicles relea Intestinume Rektume
Cloaca. Oris cavity in which there is a forked tongue, is used to capture prey,
there are only teeth on the upper jaw and palate, called vormer teeth. The
salivary glands produce saliva, which help swallow food. The esophagus is a
short channel into the stomach. Gastric digestion in which there is mechanically
and chemically. In the intestine are creamed foods. In nutrients absorbed by the
blood capillaries for circulation throughout the body. While the rest of the food
thrown through the cloaca.
3. Circulatory system
Circulatory system occurs in the heart, consisting of the aorta, atrium (left and
right), pericardium, ventricles. Closed circulatory system which was built as the
heart as its main organ, as well as the arteries, veins, and capillaries.
4. Respiratory system
The tool consists of respiratory frog skin, lung, and diffusion through the lining
of the mouth. In the lungs there are adult frogs trachea bronchus and end a two-
pronged called bronchioles. The most recent branch associated with the bubble
alveoli of the lungs as the site of gas exchange. The lungs are covered by two
layers of the lining of the lungs (pleura) that contains blood capillaries, where
the oxygen diffuses into the blood while carbon dioxide and water are released
into the alveolar air. Oxygen in the alveoli diffuses and tied by the hemoglobin
contained in red blood cells become oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), then transported
by the blood around the body.
5. Frog respiratory system through two phases, namely:
a. Inspiration (sucking air from pulme)
b. Expiratory (remove the air from pulme.
6. Excretion system
Tools are major excretion in the frog kidney leads to the cloaca. Then the
kidneys united with channels from the sex glands. Waste products of
metabolism are present in the kidney will be channeled into the ureter and then
out through the cloaca.
7. Reproductive System
In this case the female frog. In female frogs, there is a pair of lines in the form
of a folded bags are made up of many lobby. Fallopian tubes with a narrow
anterior end and open, which in the end are the oviduct and empties into the
cloaca. Genitals in the form of a pair of ovaries in which there is an egg (ovum)
into the uterine hole, then held the maturation of the uterine hole, then expelled
through the cloaca.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
After performing the above experiment I've been able to distinguish the
organs of frogs both morphology and anatomy. This is because for each organ in
particular on the anatomy has a specific color that is clear enough to distinguish.
Additionally each organ has a very significant difference. On the anatomy of frogs
are many organs that work together and relate to each other. If one organ is not
working properly then it can cause disruption of the work of other organs. So as an
illustration of human organs, each organ of the human body must be properly
guarded.
B. Suggestion
1. Suggestion for assistant
For the next experiment, assistant expected to explaining more detailed the
material of practicum and don’t to fast so that we can understand.
2. Suggestion for laboratory
For the next experiment, the facilities of the laboratory expected can to support
the practicum.
3. Suggestion for collegian
For the next experiment, collegians expected to be seriously towards the
practicum and carefully if the using tools from the laboratory.
 The Answer Questions

1. Frogs are classified as class Amphibia because frogs can live in two worlds,
namely on land and in water.

2. Frog colors may vary because of the pigment in the frog are affected:
a. Hormone
b. The condition of the body
c. Temperature

3. Frog attached to the base of the tongue base and lower jaw, the benefits of the
tongue that is so easy to catch the prey.

4. Liver and pancreatic digestive tract is not because it is not going through the
process of digestion but both produce digestive enzymes.

5. Frogs are not doing the breathing is short because frogs have a short bronchus,
making withdrawals and expenditures air on Pulmo not be done within the
abdominal cavity. How do frogs breathing: First frog mouth filled with air through
the nostrils and mouth degrading base, then cover the hole in the next life, and
raise the glottis opens his mouth basis. Furthermore, the air beneath the lungs and
skin for release.

6. Blood clean and dirty blood mixed in the heart but not mixed up when leaving the
heart because the ventricles do not have a room divider so that the blood from the
heart and the body mixed with blood coming from the lungs.
7. At fertilization occurs externally frog because frogs into females eject their eggs in
groups in which the group was protected by acoustic predators and collisions of
the surrounding objects. While the male fertilization occurs internally.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymous. 2012. Kodok dan katak. www.wikipedia.com . Accessed on November

19th 2012.
Biggs, Alton at all. 2008. Glencoe. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc : USA
Hamka L. 2012. Guide Book of Basic Biology. FMIPA UNM Biology of
Departement: Makassar
Jasin, Maskoeri. 1992. Zoologi Vertebrata. Surabaya: Sinar Wijaya