METHODOLOGY

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
RESEARCH METHODOlogy
 It discusses how the research will answer the
questions posed in Chapter 1.
 It discusses the research design; the respondents,
sample, and sampling methods; instruments used; and
statistical treatment.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
“How does the researcher answer the
question stated in Chapter 1?”
ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Respondents
Sample
Sampling Methods
Instruments Used
Statistical Treatment
RESEARCH DESIGN
 A very important aspect of research methodology which
describes the research mode (whether it is qualitative or
quantitative or if the researcher will use a specific research
type e.g. descriptive, survey, historical, case or
experimental)
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
 This describes the target population and sample frame.
INSTRUMENTS OF THE STUDY
 describes the specific type of research instrument that will
be used such as questionnaire, checklist, questionnaire-
checklist, interview schedule, teacher-made tests and alike.
ESTABLISHING AND VALIDITY RELIABILITY
 The instrument must pass the validity and reliability tests
before it is utilized.
Statistical treatment
 One of the many ways of establishing the objectivity of
research findings is by subjecting the data to different but
appropriate statistical formulas and processes.
 Experimental Designs
True Experimental Design
Pretest-posttest control design
Posttest only control group
Solomon four-group
Quasi-experimental Designs
Non equivalent
Time series
Pre-experimental designs
One-shot case study
One group pretest-posttest
Non-experimental Designs
Action Studies
Comparative Studies
Correlational Studies
Developmental Studies
Evaluation Studies
Meta-analysis Studies
Methodological Studies
Needs assessment Studies
Secondary Analysis Studies
Survey Studies
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Experimental design
Non-experimental design
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
true experimental design
quasi-experimental design
pre-experimental design
NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Survey Studies
 retrospective
 cross-sectional
 longitudinal
 descriptive
 comparative correlational
 evaluative research.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
 It is concerned with studying the relationship between
independent variables and dependent variables, and
how the effect of a variable on a certain situation can
be assessed.
Experimental Designs
 Concerned primarily with cause and effect relationships
in studies that involve manipulation or control of the
independent variables (causes) and measurement of the
dependent variables (effects).
Experimental Designs
 Utilizes the principle in research known as the method of
difference. This means that the effect of a single variable
applied to a situation can be assessed and the difference
can be determined.
Experimental Designs
 Variables which are not part of the study but are
believed to influence the outcomes are called
intervening or extraneous variables.
VALIDITY
 It is the ability of a certain tool to measure what is
intended to measure and to ensure the accuracy of the
results of the study.
Threats to internal validity
 validity include selection bias, maturation, history,
instrumentation change, mortality, and testing.
Threats to EXTERNAL validity
 include the experimenter effect, Hawthorne effect
and measurement effect.
Threats to internal
validity
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Selection bias
 This results when subjects or respondents of the study
are not randomly selected. In this case, the requirements
of objectivity are not met since there is subjectivity in the
selection of subjects.
maturation
 This happens when the experiment is conducted beyond
a longer period of time during which most of the
subjects undergo physical, emotional, and/or
psychological changes. Maturation is to be avoided if
such changes are not desired.
history
 This refers to a threat to internal validity which
happens during the conduct of the study when an
unusual event affects the result of an experiment.
Instrumentation stage
 The instrument used in gathering the data must not be
changed or replaced during the conduct of the study, The
instrument must also be applied to all respondents or
subjects.
MORTALITY
 There is a threat to validity when one or more subjects
die, drop-out, or transfer in the case of a student who has
not completed his/her participation in the experiment.
TESTING
 The testing threat may occur in a study when a pretest is given
to the subjects who have knowledge of baseline data. Testing bias
is the influence of the pretest or knowledge of the baseline data
on posttest scores. Subjects may remember the answers they put
on the pretest and put the same answers on the posttest. The
time of the conduct of the test should also be considered.
Threats to EXTERNAL
validity
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
EXPERIMENTER EFFECT
 this threat appears when the characteristics of the
researcher affect the behavior of the subjects or
respondents.
HAWTHORNE EFFECT
 Occurs when the respondents or subjects respond
artificially to the treatment because they know they are
being observed as a part of a research study.
MEASUREMENT EFFECT
 Also called the reactive effects of the pretest. Occurs
when subjects have been exposed to the treatment
through taking the pretest. This exposure might affect the
posttest results. If there is a prior announcement of the
conduct of the study, the subjects might prepare and this
will give a superficial result.
TYPES OF
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGNS
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
 A design is considered a true experiment when the following
criteria are present:
a.) The researcher manipulates the experiment variables.
b.) There must be one experimental group and one control
group
c.) Subjects must be randomly assigned to these groups
d.) The control group doesn’t receive treatment.
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

 Pretest-posttest controlled group design

 Posttest only controlled group design
 Solomon four-group design
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

 a design in which either there is no control group or the

subjects are not randomly assigned to groups.
 Non-equivalent controlled group design
 Time-series design
PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
 This experimental design is considered very weak because
the researcher has little control over the research
 One-shot case study
 One-group pretest-posttest design
TYPES OF NON-
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGNS
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SURVEY STUDIES
 The investigations are conducted through self-report.
Surveys generally ask respondents to report on their
attitudes, opinion, perceptions, or behaviors. This, survey
studies aim at describing characteristics, opinions, attitudes,
and behaviors as they currently exist in a population.
SURVEY STUDIES
 The investigations are conducted through self-report.
Surveys generally ask respondents to report on their
attitudes, opinion, perceptions, or behaviors. This, survey
studies aim at describing characteristics, opinions, attitudes,
and behaviors as they currently exist in a population.
CATEGORIES OF
SURVEYS
TYPES OF NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Whom the data is collected from

Sample – a representative of the total

population
Group – can be smaller than a Mass
Mass – larger than a group
Methods used to collect data

Telephone
Text messages
Snail Mail
Email or other social media modalities
Face-to-face interaction
Time Orientation

Retrospective – the dependent variable is

identified in the present and an attempt is made to
determine the independent variable that occurred in
the past.
Time Orientation

 Cross-sectional – The data collected at a single point in

time. This design requires subjects who are at different
points, phases, or stages of experience. The subjects are
assumed to represent data collected from time periods.
Time Orientation

Longitudinal – Unlike cross-sectional survey, the

researcher collects data from the same people at
different times.
PURPOSE OR OBJECTIVE

 Descriptive – The design is utilized for the purpose of

accurately portraying a population that has been choses
because of some specific characteristics. It also aims to
gather information on certain characteristics within a
particular field of study…
PURPOSE OR OBJECTIVE
 …The purpose is to provide a picture of a situation as it
naturally happens. It may be used to develop theories,
identify problems with a current practice, justify current
practices, aid in professional judgments, or determine what
other practioners in similar situations are doing. No
manipulation of variables is allowed.
PURPOSE OR OBJECTIVE
Comparative – used to compare and contrast
representative samples of two or more groups.
Correlational – Used to investigate the direction
and magnitude of relationships among the variables
in a particular population.
PURPOSE OR OBJECTIVE
 Evaluative – this design involves making a judgment of
worth or value. It allows the researcher to delineate,
obtain, and provide information that is useful for judging
decision alternatives when conducting a program or
service.
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Supply the necessary information based on the knowledge gained from the
discussion.You may use references.
1. How do you describe the general methodology you will utilize in your proposed
study?____________________________________________________
References:________________________________________________
2. Why did you choose the general methodology?_______________________
3. What specific methodology will you utilize in your proposed study? What are
your references?_____________________________________________
References:________________________________________________
4. Why did you choose this specific methodology?_______________________