Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions
as an illusion. E.g. some things look like
HS PHIL ART 001 – 12STEMB10
LESSON 1: The Elements and Principles of Art
Elements of Art – these are the building
blocks/ingredients of art.
1. Line – it is a mark with length and direction. It is
a continuous mark made on a surface by a
moving point.
2. Color – consists of hue (another word for color),
intensity (brightness) and value (lightness &
darkness)
White Light ROYGBIV
 White – combination of all colors
 Tints – (e.g. white & black) light spread according
to spectrum
3. Value- it is the darkness and brightness of a
color.
4. Shape- it is an enclosed area defined and
determined by other art elements. These are
mostly in two-dimensional (2D) form, and only
contains height and width.
 2 TYPES OF SHAPES
o Geometric/Inorganic- these are the
shapes that have measurement.
o Organic- these are typically irregular or
asymmetrical.
5. Form- it is a three-dimensional (3D) form of
shape. It contains height, width, and depth.
6. Space- it deals with the illusion of depth on a flat
surface.
 LEVELS OF SPACE
o Background
o Middle ground
o Foreground
 TYPES OF SPACE
o Positive Space- refers to the actual
objects or shapes within an artwork.
o Negative Space – refers to the space
around or between the objects or
shapes within an artwork.
7. Texture- it is the surface quality or feel of an
object. It refers to its smoothness, roughness,
softness, etc.
 TYPES OF TEXTURES
o Actual – it refers to the texture of an
object that you can actually feel.
o Implied- these are textures that appears
they are rough, but are actually smooth.
Principles of Art – it is used to organize the elements of
art.
1. Balance- refers to the way elements are
arranged to create a feeling of stability in a work.
 TYPES OF BALANCE
o Symmetrical- the part of the image is
organized so that one side mirrors the
other.
o Asymmetrical- a type of balance that
does not mirror each other. One side of
the composition does not reflect the
design of the other side.
 RULE OF THIRDS- it is applied by aligning a
subject with the guide lines and their
intersection points, placing the horizon on
the top or bottom line, or allowing linear
features in the image to flow from section to
section.
2. Contrast- A large difference between two things
to create interest and tension.
3. Rhythm and Movement- a regular repetition of
elements to produce a look and feel or
movement.
4. Pattern and Repetition- it is the repetition of a
design. Repetition refers to one object or shape
repeated while pattern is a combination of
elements or shapes repeated in a recurring and
regular arrangement.
5. Unity- happens when all elements and principles
work together to create a pleasing image.
6. Variety- the use of differences and change to
increase the visual interest of the work.
7. Proportion- it refers to the comparative
relationship of one part to another with respect
to size, quantity or degree.
LESSON 2: ART AND ITS VISUAL ELEMENTS
1. Line- it is a prolongation of a point.
 Types of Lines
o Vertical Line ( | ) – signifies ambition
or strength.
o Diagonal Line ( / )- shows dynamic
action, conflict, or stress.
o Horizontal Line ( ---- ) – symbolizes
rest and peace.
o Broken Line ( - - - ) – these are lines
that are hidden from the viewer.
2. Shape- these are area with boundaries and can  Color Schemes - is the choice of colors used
be identified or drawn using lines. These are two- in design for a range of media.
dimensional (2D) and can either be organic or o Monochromatic – peaceful image
geometric. that uses one color including its
3. Mass- these are solid portions of an object in shades.
three-dimensional form.
4. Color- these are the visual perception that
differentiate objects due to the way various
wavelengths of light are reflected.
 Hue – it is described by the dominant
wavelength and is the first item we refer to
(i.e. “yellow”) when adding in the three
components of a color.

o Analogous – it uses colors that are

next to each other on the color
wheel.

LEVELS
- Main color – standard
- Support – compliment
- Accent – finishing touch

 Value - refers to the lightness or darkness of

a color.

o Complementary – this refers to the

colors that are at the opposite of
each other.

 Saturation - defines the brilliance and

intensity of a color.

 Types of Colors
o Primary Colors – these are the
source of all colors. E.g. red, yellow,
& blue
o Secondary Colors – combination of
two primary colors. E.g. green,
orange and violet.

o Split-complementary - it is a
variation of the complementary
o Intermediate Colors – combination color scheme. In addition to the base
of primary and secondary colors.
 color, it uses the two colors adjacent  Actual motion – the artwork itself
to its complement. moves in some way.

LESSON 3: PAINTING

 Painting – it refers to the process of applying

color on a flat surface
o Materials:
1. Watercolor
2. Acrylic
3. Charcoal
4. Oil
o Triadic - it uses colors that are 5. Pastel
evenly spaced around the color 6. Ink
wheel.
PAINTING

o Tetradic - it uses four colors
arranged into two complementary
pairs.
5. Value – it is defined as the relative lightness or
darkness of a color.
6. Texture – refers to the feel or appearance of an
object. It can either be implied or actual.
7. Space – these are the areas occupied by the
object.
 Atmospheric space – Bird’s eye view
 Linear space – geometric enclosed.
8. Time and Motion - Time implies change and
movement and movement implies the passage
of time.
 Illusion – the artwork appears moving
even though it is static.
o Support – surface
o Pigment – coloring material
o Medium – brush
 Surfaces/Support
o Wood
o Cardboard
o Canvas
o Paper
Forms of Painting
1. Easel Painting – most common form of painting,
involves applying color to a board or canvas that
is fixed on an easel.
2. Mural – a huge wall-size painting, used to impact
messages to increase awareness especially
current issues.
3. Telon – described as a backdrop or background
for the stage, used for komedya, sarsuwela, etc.
4. Jeepney and Kalesa – painted using one color;
jeepney painting evolved from kalesa painting.
5. Collage – a form of painting that involves
combined images in a single artwork.
Themes of Painting
1. Genre Painting – portrays people in daily
activities.
2. Historical – depicts a scene from the past.
3. Interiors – refers to a painting of the space inside
of a part of a house or building.
4. Still Life – painting of inanimate objects.
5. Landscape – portrays natural scenery or urban
scenes.
6. Portrait – painting portraying one or more
specific individuals.
 7. Nudes – paintings that portray the unclothed
human figure.
8. Religious – common subjects include a lone,
religious image, lives of the saints, etc.
Styles in Painting
1. Neo-realism – involves creating representational
figures that also look abstract.
2. Hyperrealism – subject is painted in a highly
realistic way that resembles a photograph.
3. Social Realism – creating paintings that depict
socioeconomic and politics.
LESSON 4: SCULPTURE AND OTHER FORMS OF VISUAL
ARTS
Sculpture - it has three dimensions. It is created by
carving, modeling, or assembling parts together.
Kinds of Sculpture
1. Free-standing – a sculpture that can
independently stand in space and has a flat
horizontal base.
2. Relief – projected from a flat-surface and does
not have a flat horizontal base.
3. Assemblage – formed by putting together
materials such as found objects.
4. Kinetic – refers to the sculptures in motion.
5. Welded – involves the process of connecting
sheets of metal together.
6. Glass – is a contemporary art which has been
derived from the age old art of stained glass
painting which involves putting smaller colored
pieces of glass together. Ramon Orlina and
Imelda Pilapil started the use of glass painting.
7. Symbolic – it represents/conveys a meaning
through the use of symbol.
Forms of Visual Art
1. Advertising Art – refers to using paid space or
time in any of the media to inform and influence
the public.
2. Bamboo Art – works made of bamboo that may
be used for everyday purposes for decorations.
3. Basketry – art of creating containers by weaving,
plaiting, or braiding materials into hollow
shapes.
4. Book Design – involves structuring and
reproduction of bound pages filled with text.
5. Costumes – garment, hairstyles, and accessories
that are worn by individuals.
6. Embroidery – art of stitching of stitching
ornaments on cloth by hand.
7. Food Art – involves packaging or presentation of
food in an artistic way.
8. Furniture – decorative and functional objects.
9. Komiks & Editorial Cartoon – illustrations of
stories or events.
10. Leaf Art – creating art using leaves.
11. Mat Weaving – refers to plaiting strips of organic
fibers.
12. Metal Craft – it is the art of executing artistic
designs in metal.
 Brass Casting & Blacksmithing – casting
and forging pieces of brass or bronze.
 Goldsmithing & Silversmithing –
involves the use of gold and silver in
creating ornaments.
 Tin smithing – easily seen in jeepneys,
kalesa, cariton, etc.
13. Multimedia
 Conceptual Art – artist ideates or sets up
a situation, placing philosophical value,
while negating the importance of
craftsmanship.
 Installation – artist puts together
materials and objects in an exhibition
space to cast new experience or idea.
 Performance Art – art that an artist
performs; e.g. dancing, acting, and
singing.
14. Paper Art – objects from paper
15. Personal Ornaments – accessories
16. Photography – producing images using a light-
sensitive material.
17. Pottery – made from clay & heat.
 Earthenware/Terracotta
 Stoneware
 Porcelain
18. Printmaking – transferring images from a firm
surface.
19. Tattoo Art – body adornment permanently
engraved on skin.
20. Textile Weaving – process of creating cloth by
interweaving threads.
LESSON 5: ARCHITECTURE  Cemetery – has a small chapel and vaults
or nichos surrounding the chapel.
Architecture – it is considered to be one of the most
10. Church
functional branches of the visual arts.
 Roman-Catholic – influenced by the
Forms of Contemporary Architecture: Spanish colonial.
 Aglipayan Church
1. Domestic Buildings and Houses
 Protestant – has the neogothic style.
 Apartment – building composed of
 Iglesia ni Cristo – has a triangular arch,
many residences called units.
tall slender towers.
 Bahay na Bato – built during the 19th and
11. Movie House – separate large building and
20th centuries, and accessible to the
considered as a landmark in a community.
wealthy.
12. Theater – built for performances, live dance, and
 Barong-barong – are houses of the
musical presentations.
landless poor that are built on land or
13. Other Forms of Structures
water.
 Fort – structures built to defend a
2. Bungalow – refers to a one-story house with a
community against enemies.
wide front and porch
 Lighthouse – built on an island to ensure
3. Ethnic Houses
the ships would pass safely.
 Bahay-kubo – considered as an ethnic
 Bridges – horizontal structure that
house of Christian peasant families living
serves as a passageway between two
in the lowland.
areas.
 Houseboat – a boat that serves as a
dwelling. LESSON 6: LITERATURE
4. One-and-a-Half-Story House – upper level or
Literature – refers to a body of works that show the best
story covering just a half of the lower level.
that has been thought and said.
5. Split-level House – these are two-story houses.
6. Tsalet – two-story house with living quarters on Types of Elements and Literature
the upper level.
7. Commercial Buildings 1. Poetry – refers to expressing a feeling or an idea
 Market (Palengke) – a place for buying using figurative or symbolic language in verse.
and selling goods.  Elements of Poetry:
 Commercial Spaces – buildings that o Meaning – a writer can use the
houses banks, offices, and factories. following in order to express
8. Government Buildings his/her feelings or ideas:
- Technical Terms
 Capitol (Kapitolyo) – refers to the
- Idioms
buildings of the provincial government.
- Dialect
 Town Hall (Munisipyo) – refers to the
- New Words
buildings of municipal government.
- Allusion
9. Public Buildings & Structures
- Connotation
 School – Gabaldon School, which are
o Figurative Language– this
American-influenced where it features a
mainly consists of simile,
concrete structure.
metaphor, and other figures of
 Kamalig – buildings used for storing
speech.
grain.
o Imagery – consists of
 Masjid/Mosque – place of worship for
descriptions and details that can
muslims.
trigger the reader’s senses
o Minaret – tower
(sight, smell, etc.)
o Mihrab – dome (prayer niche)
o Mimbar – pulpit
 oSound – can refer to the
emphasis on certain words or
rhymes
o Rhythm – is the just position of
beats or the sound pattern of
the work.
2. Prose – it is a written or spoken language in its
ordinary form, without metrical structure.
Categories of Prose:
 Informative
 Persuasive
Elements of Essay:
1. Theme or Content – general thought or idea of
the composition.
2. Style – choices of words and sentence structures
used to convey the message and hold attention
of the reader.
3. Form and Structure – sequence of topic and
transitions that make up the whole essay.
Elements of Fiction
1. Plot or Story Line – sequence of events that build
up the whole story; flow of narrative.
2. Characters – a character can be a person, an
animal, or even a thing who takes part in the
narrative of the story.
3. Setting – it is the time and place in which the
story happened.
4. Theme – central thought or idea of the whole
story.
5. Language and Style – choices of words used;
includes sentence structures and figurative
language that affect the mood or tone of the
story.
6. Point of View – it can be third-person or first-
person point of view.
Traditions and Forms of Philippine Poetry
1. Epic Narrative – relates adventures of a hero
with supernatural powers; usually chanted or
sung before an audience.
2. Folk Song – song that is transmitted orally from
one generation to another.
3. Proverbs – concise statements that teach ideas
on morality and tradition.
4. Riddles – describe an object in an entirely
different manner or in a way that it is not easily
understood.
5. Short Poems – has four lines, with 5-12 syllables
per line.
Spanish Colonial Tradition
1. Metrical Romance – it is called “awit” or
“korido” in Tagalog. It focuses on chivalric,
folkloric, legendary, and religious themes.
 Awit – 12 syllables each
 Korido – 8 syllables each
2. Pasyon – written in a stanza with 5 lines with 8
syllables per line, recounts the life of Jesus
Christ.
3. Poetry of Reform, Revolution, and Resistance to
American Colonialism – comprises Balagtasan
poems, satirical verses, patriotic poems, and
social criticism written in verses.
American Colonial Tradition and the Contemporary
Tradition – it involves the creation of poems using both
traditional and modern forms.
Forms of Contemporary Prose in the Philippines:
1. Folk Narrative – any story based on real or
fictional events in the past told among the
people in a community.
3 Types of Folk Narrative:
 Myth – refers to a story that explains the
origin of the world and its first inhabitants.
 Legend – may be classified into the following
according to subject matter:
o Heroic and Historical
o Religious
o Supernatural
o Toponymic
o Other Legends
 Folktales – these are classified into animal
tales or fables, magic, humorous, novelistic,
religious, and didactic tales.
2. Essay – explains insights and/or information
using description, narration, and humor.
2 Types of Essay:
 Formal – discusses crucial topics
based on research in a serious
manner.
  Informal – a narrative that enables
the writer to express his or her
experiences, insights, and
observation in a creative manner.
3. Novel – a lengthy and complex narrative of
events based on the author’s imagination.
Traditions of the Philippine Novel:
o Didactic – written to guide the people in
the Roman Catholic faith.
o Romantic – novels in this tradition
pattern their stories from metrical
romances.
o Realist – describes experiences of a
person or people as social structures and
forces affect them.
o Radical – promotes change in the social
and political system.
4. Short Story – concise secular narrative.
Traditions of the Short Story:
o Romantic
o Realistic
o Radical
5. Komiks – involves drawing frames showing a set
of characters with their actions read from left to
right.
LESSON 7: MUSIC
Music – it is defined as an arrangement of sounds to
create a continuous and unified composition.
Elements of Music:
1. Melody – succession of consecutive tones
changing in pitch and duration.
2. Rhythm – repeated pattern of sound how the
notes are broken into patterns of both sound
and silence.
Qualities of Rhythm:
o Tempo – how fast or slow the music
is.
o Meter – unit of time that is made up
of beats or pulses.
o Rhythmic Pattern – a system of
versification (art of making verses)
3. Harmony – combination of different tones or
pitches played or sung together.
4. Texture – refers to the relationship of melodic
and harmonic lines in music.
5. Dynamics – refers to the degree of softness and
loudness of music.
6. Timbre – refers to the quality of sound
generated by an instrument or by a voice.
7. Form – refers to how the other elements are
organized.
FORMS AND TYPES OF PHILIPPINE MUSIC
Kinds of Music:
1. Ethnic Traditional – it has similar elements with
music from Southeast Asian neighbors.
 Ballad – song that explains an event
occurring in a community; described as
popular romantic song today.
 Chant – song with unaccompanied
melody and variable rhythm, found in
epic songs.
 Song Debate – song involving male &
female singers who try to outsmart each
other about a certain topic.
2. European-influenced and Secular Music
 Art Song – characterized by merging the
voice part, lyrics, and accompaniment
together (kundiman)
 Habanera/Danza – social dance in duple
time; from Cuba, this is usually
performed on a stage or in ballroom.
 Liturgical Music – refers to vocal and
instrumental compositions that go
together in Christian churches.
 Kumintang – originally a war song;
dance of love accompanied by a guitar
and string bass.
 Pasyon Chant – various styles used for
the singing of the pasyon.
3. American-inspired Music
 Chamber Music – instrumental music by
a small ensemble, each part is played by
one performer.
 Choral Music – written for a group of
singers.
Chorale Compositions:
o Monodic
o Homophonic
o Polyphonic
 Opera – drama that is sung and
accompanied by instruments
 Solo-instrumental Literature – this type
of music highlights a solo instrument.
 o Sonata – sonare (to sound) a
work for solo instrument and a
piano, or piano alone.
o Concerto – a piece for solo
instruments and an orchestral
ensemble.
 Symphonic Literature – refers to lengthy
orchestral compositions.
o Symphony – sonata written to
be played by an orchestra, has 3
or 4 different movements.
o Suite – well-arranged set of
individual movements, unified
because of using a common
form or key.
o Concert Overture – composition
that is typically written in a
sonata-allegro form, has one
movement with many sections.
o Symphonic Poem – also called
tone poem, based on a
nonmusical poetic or realistic
idea.
4. Semi-Classical Music
 Marcha/March – composition with
music played in regular phrases and a
strongly accented rhythm.
 Band Music – compositions created for
the bans, group of brass, percussion, and
woodwind instruments.
5. Popular Music – includes original music
composed by Filipinos, which utilizes western
and local music influences.
 1970 – Emergence of OPM began with
translation of foreign lyrics into the
vernacular.
 1973 – Pepe Smith and the Juan Dela
Cruz Band released, “Ang Himig Natin”
as a result of experimenting with the
fusion of rock music with Filipino music.
This gave birth to Pinoy Pop.
Forms of Pinoy Pop:
1. Pinoy Rock – involves the use of drums, electric
guitars, and other electronic instruments.
2. Safe Pinoy Pop or “Middle-of-the-Road” type of
Music – compositions of Apo hiking Society and
Jose Mari Chan.
3. Pinoy Folk – inspired by simple and repetitive
tunes made popular by western folk singers.
4. Pinoy Disco Adaptation – Filipino adaptation of
western disco music.
5. Rap – involves a fast-pace rhythmic narration
accompanied by electronic musical instruments.
6. Protest Songs – highly popular during the 1970’s
when student activism emerged.
LESSON 8: DANCE
Dance – is an art form of involving series of rhythm.
Elements of Dance:
1. Body Element – it refers to how the body of the
dancer moves.
2. Space – it is an area where the dance is
performed.
3. Time
 Accent
 Duration
 Beat
 Meter
 Rhythm
 Acceleration
4. Energy – describes how energy is directed
through the body, and how the body releases it.
5. Relationship
 To another dancer
 To object
 To a group of dancers
 To the stage
 Production elements
Forms and Types of Dance in the Philippines
1. Folk Dances
 Courtship Dances – ceremonial dance
which involves the male pursuing the
female (Kumintang and Kuratsa)
 Wedding Dances – performed by
newlyweds to celebrate new
relationships (Mascota & Pantomina)
 Game Dances – acted for fun, but have a
set of rules and structures.
 Marital Dance – combative in nature;
used to enact a battle (Langka)
  Mimetic Dance – aim to imitate actual or Elements of Theater:
real life movements.
 Performers – people who are onstage and
o Animal Dance
portray their characters in a convincing way for
o Occupational Dances
the audience
 Social Dance – performed to celebrate
 Audience – people whom the performers
important milestones in life, and to
connect with. Performers have to present in
make harvests; way of commemorating
front of an audience and connect with them.
the feasts of patron saints. (e.g. Balse,
 Director – he/she ensures that the performers
Escotis, Jota, Lanceros, Polka, Rigodon
are doing their job well, including understanding
de Honor, and Subli)
and delivering the text.
 Song Dance – describes history and
 Performance Space – may refer to the space in
traditions of a community; acting out the
which the actors can perform, or the space for
meaning of the song.
the audience to sit or stand.
2. Ballet – it is a theatrical dance presentation in
which a plot is integrated with dancing, music,  Design
and stage designs. Two Aspects of Design:
o Visual – lighting, set, & costumes.
 Modern Ballet – utilizes the technique
o Non-visual – sound
and style of classical ballet in portraying
contemporary content.  Text – this refers to the script, this must be
present for theater to occur.
 Opera Ballet – dance with the context of
an opera FORMS AND TYPES OF PHILIPPINE THEATER
 Folkloric Ballet – involves stylizing and
editing stories, motifs, and styles found  Dulang Pahiyang (Rituals) – in this category,
in the culture of ordinary people. theater is not viewed as a separate activity, but
3. Modern Dance – refers to a dance form that as part of life.
emerged during the 20th century. o Rituals – a way to communicate with
 Aerobic Dance – dancing to the tune of gods or spirits.
a popular music with the purpose of o Duplo – poetic debate, in which the
increasing the consumption of oxygen. Balagtasan was derived from.
o Bayok – the Bayok is a Maranao mimetic
 Bodabil Dance – popular during the
joust; these of the joust depend on the
American period, includes popular
dance from the US & Philippine folk occasion on when the joust is to be
performed.
dances.
o Balitaw – poetic debate between a man
 Jazz Dance – uses African dance
and a woman; it evolved into Drama-
techniques like isolation of individual
Balitaw which involves portraying a story
human body parts, rhythm, etc.
onstage.
 Polynesian and Tahitian Dance – these
 Dulambayan (People’s Theater) – this is
dances began from the people living in
considered “theater in the context of social
the southern part of the Pacific Ocean.
movements”; plays under this type aim to
 Tap Dance – this is a dance which entails
improve current systems of government.
tapping with toes and heels to generate
o Drama Simboliko – refers to allegorical
rhythmic patterns.
nationalist drama which began during
LESSON 9: THEATER the American reigme.
o Street Theater – presented outside the
Theater – art form that involves performing carefully
theater building and without the stage
planned actions and emotions in front of an audience.
area.
 Teatrong Pansimbahan (Church Related) – this
type of theater is concerned with spirituality.
o Komedya – play in verse that portrays
the lives of saints; it may also depict
actual events or tales about royalty in
the kingdoms.
o Dapit – refers to the tradition of fetching
the image of the community’s patron
saint.
o Flores – presented in the month of May;
wherein May refers to the festival of
flowers in honor of:
 Flores de Mayo
 Alay
 Flores de Maria
 Sunduan
o Hudas – refers to the burning of the
image of Judas Iscariot, which is popular
in Bulacan, Pampanga, and Cebu.
o Huling Hapunan – actual supper enacted
to commemorate the last supper of
Jesus.
o Moriones – short street play portraying
the capture and beheading of Roman
soldier, Longinus.
o Paghuhugas ng Paa – this short ritual
reenacts Christ washing the feet of his
disciples before the last supper.
o Panunuluyan – this is a procession that
reenacts Mary & Joseph’s search for an
Inn in Bethlehem.
o Pastores or Shepherd’s Dance –
reenactment of shepherds honoring the
infant Jesus; typically presented before
Christmas.
o Osana – short reenactment of the
triumphal entry of Jesus Christ to
Jerusalem.
o Pangangaluluwa – a tradition involving
carolers who go to each house in the
community to act like souls in purgatory
and beg for alms.
o Siete Palabras – reenactment of the last
3 hours of Jesus Christ on the cross.
o Sinakulo - performed during Holy Week;
depicts the salvation from the creation,
life, death, and resurrection of Jesus
Christ.
o Salubong – short reenactment that
focuses on the meeting of Mary, Mother
of Jesus, and Jesus Christ who rose from
the dead.
o Soledad – this procession which is
usually performed late in the evening,
portrays Mary’s grief after burying Jesus
Christ.
o Tatlong Hari – reenactment of the travel
of the three kings to worship infant Jesus
in Bethlehem.
o Via Crucis – this tradition is a way of
remembering the events leading to
Christ’s death and burial.
 Theater as Art – theater under this category is
based on western models. Theater is viewed as a
profession.
o Children’s Theater – plays with the
children as actors; include plays
performed by adults for an audience of
children.
o Puppet Theater – form of drama in
which puppets portray the roles of the
characters in the story.
o Opera – refers to a form of musical
theater that was introduced in the
Philippines during the late 19th century.
Theater can be classified based in influences:
 Indigenous Theater – usually seen in the form of
rituals, mimetic customs, and dances; mostly
Malay qualities (Balitaw, Duplo, & Maranao
Bayok)
 Plays with Spanish Influence – include Drama,
Komedya, Sinakulo, and Sarswela.
 Theater with Anglo-American Influence:
o Bodabil – consists of a range of musical
& comedy acts, skits & monologues,
novelty & acrobatic numbers, solos &
chorus lines.
o Modern Original Plays by Filipino –
themes of these plays still revolve
around social, economic, political, and
cultural issues in the country.
Types of Modern Plays Written by Filipinos:
 Representational – involves making an illusion
of reality with well-rounded characters.
 o Psychological – gives emphasis on the
problems of individuals.
o Social – focuses on individual problems
within the context of society.
 Presentational – focuses on discussing social
issues and ideas.
o Documentary Style – performed to
connect historical people and events to
the present.
o Brechtian Theater – theater of
instruction; inspired by Bertolt Brecht,
this play features a social orientation
and utilizes mime, dances, songs,
stylized sets and costumes, and typical
characters.
o Dula-Tula – variant of the dramatic
monologue, involves one actor speaking
while acting out his emotions and
thoughts.
o Traditional Forms such as Sinakulo and
Komedya
LESSON 10: FILM
Film – refers to a sequence of moving pictures which is
typically shown on television or cinema.
 1950’s – film making became an industry in the
Philippines.
 1970’s – was considered a remarkable era in the
history of cinema in the Philippines.
 1980’s – the subject matter of films focuses on
social commentaries during the dictatorship.
 1990’s – was marked with the persistence of
mainstream formulas and imitations.
Elements of Film:
 Time – is considered as the most significant
element of cinema.
Three Aspects of Time
o Physical Time – refers to time for an
action to take place as it is being filmed
and projected on the screen.
o Psychological Time – refers to viewer’s
impression on how long it takes for a
certain action to take place and how
he/she feels when watching that action.
o Dramatic Time – signifies the timeline of
events portrayed in the film.
 Space – a film when projected on the screen has
two dimensions.
Three Aspects of Space:
o Scale – indicates the size of the
objects on the screen and how these
objects relate with the area
surrounding them; it may involve
where the camera is positioned.
o Shooting Angle – denotes the
location or angle from where the
camera records the scene.
o Lighting – the position of lights
affect how the illusion of depth is
created in the film.
 Sound – aside from dialogue, sound also includes
background music, theme melodies, and silence.
Techniques of Cinema:
 Cutting or Editing – this involves joining one shot
with another making sure that these two shot
are logically connected.
 Camera Movement – is done in order to have a
smoother change of view, to help in gradual
growth of emotions, or to stimulate a familiar
experience.
 Framing – this helps in bringing balance to the
film as it is being viewed. Framing can also get
the attention of the audience and sustain that
attention.
Forms and Types of Film:
 Aksyon (Action) – this American-influenced type
of film mainly uses physical conflict as emphasis
(real-life stories, fictional events)
 Animation – involves creating illustrations or
inanimate images and bringing them to life.
Three Types of Animation:
o Drawn-Animation – uses drawings for a
certain image; a single movement
requires creating another image on a
separate sheet (celluloid or acetate)
o Cut-out Animation – involves cutting
out images from photos, cardboard, or
other flat materials; a collage is formed
out of these materials.
o Model/Live Animation – involves
moving 3D objects made from sand,
 clay, wire, or other solid objects; these o Slapstick Comedy – focuses on using a
movements are recorded by the camera. physical or psychological defect, or on
 Bomba – film that primarily depicts nudity & sex, using ill-mannered behavior of
became popular from 1970’s up to 1990’s characters as sources of laughter.
 Dokyu (Documentary) – is a motion picture that  Musical – this is essentially a romantic comedy
narrates or discusses news events; it may also that is presented with dances and skits, and
explain other subject matter based on facts. songs.
 Period – centers on characters and events, which
Five Types of Dokyu:
are recreated in the movie, occur in a historical
o Film-Journalism – reports events based place and time (Oro Plata Mata 1982)
on facts and gives emphasis on
timelines.
o General-Interest Film – primarily
informs the public on a particular subject
(travelogue)
o Nature Documentaries – brings
knowledge about the physical world.
o Committed Documentaries – tackles
social problems and issues like injustice
and poverty
o Cinema-Direct – which presents reality
using a unique point of view, language,
and technique.

 Drama – refers to a motion picture that dwells

on personal problems and conflicts; drama
draws sentiment and emotion; typically meant
to be a tearjerker.
 Experimental – film that attempts to create
something radically innovative or something
that is never done before with the camera.
 Fantasy – this film depicts scenes in an imaginary
world; komiks stories, folklore, and science
fiction all fall under fantasy.
 Historical – this type of film shows actual events
that occurred in the past.
 Horror – a horror film is shown to bring fear to
the audience; it includes supernatural beings like
ghosts, goblins, vampires, and imaginary
monsters to the story.
 Komedi (Comedy) – the aim of this film is to
induce laughter in the audience.

2 Types of Comedy:

o Romantic Comedy – a love story that is

presented with music and humor,
usually focuses on chance encounters,
mistaken identity, and use of disguises.