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F1 = P + Pi
= P(1 + i) ………. (1) F = P(1+i)n
At the end of second year, the accumulated The term “(1+i)n” is known as Single
amount F2 is given as;
Payment Compound Amount Factor
(SPCAF)
F2 = F1 + F1 i
= P(1+i) + P(1+i)i (from Eq. 1)
= P + Pi + Pi+ Pi2 It is also refer as F/P factor
= P(1+i)2 …………(2)
This is a converting factor, when
Similarly; multiplied by “P” yields the future
amount “F” of initial amount “P”
F3 = F2 + F2 i after “n” years at interest rate “i”
= P(1+i)3 ………..(3)
Simple and Compound Interest
Example: $100,000 lent for 3 years at interest rate i = 10%
per year. What is repayment after 3 years ?
F = P(1+i)n
=> P = F [1/(1+i)n]
or P = F(1+i)-n
Single Payment Present Worth
Factor (SPPWF)
This notations includes two cash flows symbols, interest rate and
number of periods
General form is: (X/Y, i, n) which means “X” represents what is sought, Y
is given, i is interest rate and n is number of periods
Examples:
t = given
1 2 3 n-1 n
t=0
A = given
Capital Recovery Factor (CRF)
P = given
t = given
1 2 3 A=? n-1 n
t=0
Uniform Series
(P/A, i, n) P = A(F/P, i, n)
Present Worth
Capital Recovery
(A/P, i, n) A = P(A/P, i, n)
Example 1: Uniform Series Present
Worth (P/A)
A chemical engineer believes that by modifying the structure of a
certain water treatment polymer, his company would earn an extra
$5000 per year. At an interest rate of 10% per year, how much
could the company afford to spend now to just break even over a 5
year project period?
The cash flow diagram is as follows: Solution:
A = 5000 I = 10% n=5
A = $5000
P = A(P/A, i, n)
0 1 2 3 4 5 P = 5000(P/A,10%,5)
i =10% = 5000(3.7908)
P=?
= $18,954
Example 2: Uniform Series
Capital Recovery (A/P)
A chemical product company is considering investment in cost
saving equipment. If the new equipment will cost $220,000 to
purchase and install, how much must the company save each year
for 3 years in order to justify the investment, if the interest rate is
10% per year? Solution:
P = 220,000
The cash flow diagram is as follows: I = 10%
A=? n=3
A = P(A/P, i, n)
0 1 2 3
A = 220,000(A/P,10%,3)
i =10%
P = $220,000 = 220,000(0.40211)
= $88,464
Uniform Series Compound Amount Factor
(USCAF) F=?
t = given
0 1 2 3 n-1 n
A = given
Sinking Fund Factor (SFF)
t = given
0 1 2 3 n-1 n
A=?
F = given
Example 3: Uniform Series Involving F/A
Practice
Example 2.5
Uniform Series Compound Amount Factor
(USCAF) F=?
t = given
0 1 2 3 n-1 n
A = given
Sinking Fund Factor (SFF)
t = given F = given
0 1 2 3 n-1 n
A=?
Example 3: Uniform Series Involving F/A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 F = A(F/A, i, n)
F = 10,000(F/A,8%,7)
i = 8%
= 10,000(8.9228)
= $89,228
Practice
Example 2.5
Arithmetic Gradient Factors
(P/G, A/G)
Cash flows that increase or decrease by a constant amount
are considered arithmetic gradient cash flows.
0 1 2 3 4 n 0 1 2 3 4 n
0 1 2 3 4 n
PT = PA + PG
Arithmetic Gradient Factors
(P/G, A/G)
PT = PA + PG
G (1 i ) n 1 n
PG
i i ( 1 i ) n
( 1 i ) n
Solving Arithmetic Gradient related
problems
Present value of the Arithmetic Gradient series can be calculated as
follows:
1. Find the gradient and base
2. Cash flow diagram maybe helpful if u draw it
3. Break the gradient series into a Uniform series and a
Gradient Series as shown on next slide
4. The formula for calculating present value of the Arithmetic
Gradient series is as follows;
PT = PA + PG
5. Calculate PA and PG and use the above formula to get
the present value of the Arithmetic Gradient
Example (Problem 2.25)
Profits from recycling paper, cardboard, aluminium,
and glass at a liberal arts college have increased at a
constant rate of $1100 in each of the last 3 years.
If this year’s profit (end of year 1) is expected to be
$6000 and the profit trend continues through year
5,
(a) what will the profit be at the end of year 5 and
(b) what is the present worth of the profit at an interest
rate of 8% per year?
G = $1100, Base = $6000
Example (Problem 2.25)
(a) what will the profit be at the end of year 5 &
(b) what is the present worth of the profit at an interest rate of 8% per year?
G = $1100 Base = $6000
$4400
$10400 $6000 $3300
$2200
$9300 $1100
$8200
=> +
$7100 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
$6000
0 1 2 3 4 5 P = A(P/A, i, n) + G(P/G, i, n)
Find the cash flows as follows:
CF = Base + G(n-1)G P = 6000(P/A, 8%, 5) + 1100(P/G, 8%, 5)
CF1 = 6000 + 1100(1-1)= 6000
CF2 = 6000 + 1100(2-1)= 7100 P = 6000(3.9927) + 1100(7.3724)
CF3 = 6000 + 1100(3-1)= 8200
CF4 = 6000 + 1100(4-1)= 9300 P = 326066
CF5 = 6000 + 1100(5-1)= 10400
Arithmetic Gradient Future Worth
Also AT = AA + AG
Where AA = P(A/P, i, n) and AG = G(A/G, i, n)
Geometric Gradient Factors
(Pg /A)
A Geometric gradient is when the periodic payment is
increasing (decreasing) by a constant percentage:
i = given
A1 is the initial cash in Year 1 g = given
A1 (1+g)n-1
A1 (1+g)2
Pg is the sum of whole series including A1
A1 (1+g)
A1
It maybe noted that A1 is not considered
separately in geometric gradients
0 1 2 3 ----- n
1 g n
1 Pg
1 i for g i
Pg A
ig
nA
Pg f or g i
1 i
Note: If g is negative, change signs in front of both g values
where: A1 = cash flow in period 1 and g = rate of increase
Example: Geometric Gradient