BSNL

Chapter 1.

INTRODUCTION

BSNL is commited to provide quality Telecom services at affordable price to the

citizens of the remotest part of the country. Access to telecommunication for the citizens
is at core of the vision and goal of the new Telecom policy.

Strive to provide a balance between the provision of universal service to all

uncovered service to all uncovered areas, including the rural areas, and provision of high
– level services capable of meeting the needs of the country’s economy. Encourage
development of telecommunication facilities in remote, hilly and trible areas of the
country.

BSNL having existance over a period of 150 years is providing various services in
telecommunication field spread throughout the nook and corner of the country. BSNL is
the only company in the country in all respects, as far as customer base, infrastructure
and assets. Being PSU fully owened by government of India BSNL is committed to the
nation for its development and social obligation.

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Chapter 2.

TYPES OF EXCHANGE

Telecommunication is communicating at a distance , a communication system is

the means of conveying the information from one place to the other place. Today the
fastest media of communication is the telephone.

The person at one place can communicate to other person with of telephone in any
part of the world. But how does the telephone works? How are the calls are diverted to
different places? How can we talk at long distance ? where the telephone are connected ?
What is the media through which we can talk at such a long distance ? All the answers to
these question is TELEPHONE EXCHANGE. Telephone exchange is the media through
which one person is possible to communicate at a long distance. Telephone exchange is
of two types.

2.1. Electromechanical Exchange.

2.2. Electronic Exchange.

Now a days the world is of computers. Since 1950’s research and development
effort have been directed in application of electronic technique in telephone exchange
system. This was due to many advantage of electronic devices and system over the
electromechanical system. Let us see electronic exchange in detail.

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Chapter 3.

ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE

An electronic exchange can be divided into four major blocks as :

3.1. Connection Unit :

The block named “interface unit” contain the connection unit have equipment
which are directly connected to the subscriber lines. They performs operation like
providing the battery feed, to generated various tones used for inter exchange
signaling. They also contain the recorded announcement circuits, In addition to this
the subscribers are connected to the switching network through the connection unit,
convert the analog signal to digital signal, tariff observation count etc.

3.2. Control Unit :

The control unit is common to the entire system. A centralised control is used.
The control system operates on the “ stored program control” (SPC) principle. This
means all the switching function and procedure to be followed for the processing of a
call are stored in memory. The processor which handles the call processing functions
will access this program and execute it. Due to the electronic exchange are some time
called as stored program control exchange.

3.2.1 Functions of Control Unit :

a) Call Setup. b) Supervision c) Making and Breaking calls d) Charging

e) Control Unit Organisation.

3.2.2 Switching Networks :

The switching network use time division multiplexed digital switches. The most
widely used configuration of the switching networks is a 3-stage time space-time
structure. The connection units are connected to these switches using PCM links. The
time switches are connected to each other through the space switches. This ensures

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increased flexibility. The control unit generates the control and signals required for the
operation of this stage.

3.3 Operation and Maintenance Centre

3.4 Advantage Of Electronic Exchange :

3.4.1 Reduction in cost :

Due to reduction in cost of electronic devices, components, microprocessors,

etc over the year, the cost of electronic had reduced as composed to
electromechanical exchanges.

3.4.2 Less Maintenance

No mechanical parts are involved hence less maintenance is required the

electronic system have self maintaining & connecting features.

3.4.3. Less installation & commissioning time.

3.4.4. Reduction in size & weight.

The electronic exchanges are 1/6th of size as composed to crosser exchange of

save capacity.

3.4.5 No cross talk.

The switching system as well as interconnecting systems are digital (they use
PCM), which reduces crosstalk and noise intervene to a very low level.

3.4.6. Higher speed

This is due to electronic devices introduced in the switching system. They are
much faster than relays & electromechanical switches.

3.4.7. Better quality of speech :

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Due to use of PCM, signal regeneration is possible at every stage, which will
maintain shape of signal through out the network which improve quality of
speech.

Chapter 4.

EQUIPMENTS IN EXCHANGE

4.1 Some of the important equipment are :

• OCB ROOM :

• Subscriber Exchange (in the subscriber exchange, every large chunk of

wire contain in it 32 small wires corresponding to 16 subscribers.)

• Mobile MDF (Main Distribution Frame)- Ericcsson

• DDF (digital distribution frame) (in between two exchange, the

transmission media comprise a distribution frame called the DDF).

• A special phone (no number) which provide a direct connection between

two adjacent exchanges, used in times of mass exchange breakdown

• An instrument which detects the basic reason for the breakdown in

connectivity.(simple principle : if no complaint in wires, a battery source
from one exchange should light a bulb in the other exchange).

• VCC MDF – Manufactured By ITI In Collaoration With C-DOT.

• WLL (wireless local loop)MDF

• WLL exchange

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• Mdf Room: MDF- (Main Distribution Frame).

4.2 Power Transmissition Room :

• Transformer

• An AC-distributed board (3 - phase)

• Lightning protection device

• An SMPS power plant (Switch mode power supply).

• Batteries (24 nos. x 2.2V)

• An inverter

• An diesel plant

• An AVR (Automated voltage regulator).

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Chapter 5.

OCB SECTION

(Organ Controlled Version ‘B’ Using Series 83 Processor)

The capacity of OCB is 60,000 at present 50,000 are working. There is a switching
room and one is operating room. The switching room is that in which a big ALCATEL
machines are placed in rack. The rack consists of the cards.

5.1 Features of OCB:-

1. OCB stands for Organ Control B-version.

2. Digital switching system developed by M/S CIT ALCATEL by FRANCE

3. Digital switching system with signal “T” stage.

4. OMC and switching network are duplicated.

5. Verities of services provide are Basic telephone, ISDN, STD, mobile, video net
and others.

6. It supports different types of signaling system Decadic, MF (20), CAS, CCITT

number7.

7. Maximum number function may be 60,000.

8. Only 35 types of cards.

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9. Space requirement is not very stringent.

10. Traffic handing capacity is 8,00,00 BHCA.

11. Automatic fault recovery system and remote monitoring.

12. Operating system used in RTOS (Real time operating system).

13. Language used in CHILL.

5.2 Major units of OCB System:-

5.2.1. CSN: - It is a subscriber connection unit. it is CSNL for local sub’s a CSN
basically consist of 1 basic rack and 3 extension racks capacity of CSN is 5000 max.
Subs may be analog and digital.

5.2.2.SMX:- It is called switching matrix. It is a single “T’ stage made up of host

switching matrix and branch selection and amplification function, SMX is duplicated.
It is main rack .it is heart of this section. If there is any problem in working of SMX
them the exchange is close. There are 32 pluses that are 32 time slots are allotted to
different subscriber. Maximum handing capacity of SMX is 2048 call simultaneously.
One SMX can handle 256 calls simultaneously. If I call to my friend and 5th pulse is
allotted to me and I am saying HELLOW. Then at the first 5th pulse Hel and the next
5th pulse LO will be reached to my friend. Rest first and fourth and sixth to thirty
second pulse will be allotted to different subscriber.

5.2.3 SMM:- It is called as main maintenance station. It is OMC for supervising

functions of different units and for taking suitable action at the event of faults. it uses
two identical microprocessors Motorola 3830.there are two magnetic disks each of
capacity 1.2 GB of version storages. One streamer driver of 525MB is provided for
initialization and backup. There are two magnetic tape drive for transferring changing
data billing subsequently. SMM is connected to TAX and it is used for billing. If

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there is any problem in working of this section the exchange is not closed but the bill
cannot be printed. The hard disk is of 4 GB. Every month the new data is stored.

5.2.4.CSN:- It is called as NUMERIC SATELLITE CONCENTRATOR. In one card

there are 16 connections this card is also known as TABAI card. Metering pulse are
given to the STD, ISD or local calls. If there is a local call then the pulse is of
3minutes. The beeping sound after 3min is a pulse of 16 KHz.

5.2.5.SDE:-It is ENERGY DISTRIBUTION STATION. Power is send to all rock via

this station.

5.2.6.SMA:- it is ANUXILARY Equipment station. It contains ETA and PUPE ETA

consists of frequency receiver/generator, conference call CCT’ S, tone generator.
PUNE some does functions of CCITT number 7. Different types of tones are
generated through this card .this is given to OCB the CSN’s.

5.2.7.SMT:- it is MAIN TRUNK CONTOLLED STATION AFLR are the group of

32 time slots it is interface between the switching network and junction from the other
exchanges

5.2.8.SMC: - It is MAIN CONTROLLES STATION> this is the station through

which we can know that which subscriber is calling. What charge is to be given to
particular subscriber? If there is a caller ID and answering machine then it is operated
by this station .The status and properties of the subscriber are stored .ACMCS card
are used to store this ACAHBA is a card used processor. There are 5 control units as
under.

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Multiregister (MR) for establishing and releasing of calls.

a) Charging unit (TX) for carrying out charging jobs.

b) Marker (MQ) – Performers connections and disconnection of subscriber.

c) CCS-7 Controller (PC) - for carrying out routing and traffic management
functions.

d) Matrix system Handler (GX)- for monitoring connection in switching.

5.2.9.STS: - It is TIMING AND SYCHRONISATION STATION. It is display panel. It is

the synchronization station to higher authority tax there are alarms’ D1, D2, D3, D4 and so
on the card of this station.

5.2.10.SSC:- It is ENVIRONMENTAL AND INFRASTRUCTURAL ALARAM

STATION. This station helps the exchange to know about the perfection of exchange that
is operating temperature is 18-25 c. if temperature is more or less than this then the alarm
is on. If there is more moisture then the alarm is on. If there is water leakage then also
alarm is on. Maintains of infrastructure is done by called ACRAL @in which all the
alarms are stored.

ICMPN2 is a card in which the entire announcement are stored. There are
60 different announcements such as please dial after some time, this number does not
exists, please check the code, this facility is not available on your phone, all the lines in
this routes are busy . This number is temporarily out order.

Chapter 6.
M D F SECTION

(Main Distribution Frame Section)

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The full data of MDF section is in PROPOSED COMPUTERISED SYSTEM

CITOMS. It function is.

1) Complaints and fault attendance

2) Subscriber line information.

3) MDF access.

4) Work order issue and execution.

5) Late payment activity.

6) External plant usage.

The system will help in booking complaints, faster rectification of faults. DITOM’s is
developed in ORCLE 7.0 world’s best and powerful RDBMS AND 4 GL tools.

In this section all the works are done. Making the new connection of the subscriber,
detecting faults. MDF is synchronization between the subscriber side and the exchange
side. In the subscriber building there is a DP box i.e distribution box in which all the
connection to different subscriber are made. This DP box is connected to the pillar in that
area. Different subscribers staying in the different buildings have been connected in the
pillar. In the pillar there are 6 or more blocks. In one lock there are 100 pairs of
connection. The cable to subscriber side is called distribution cable and cable from
exchange side is called primary cable. All the connection from subscriber, the JELLY
FIELD CABLE is used. The pillar is connected to the MDF section. There are two side
and is known as tag. Another given to the EWSD, C-DOT AND OCB section, which is
known as NE. this all information is stored in SLIMS.

6.1.SLIMS: it is a subscriber line information and management system. The system

maintain up to the data information on the subscriber line. The information of the
subscriber line detail, instrument details, facilities provided are recovered and
maintained. Each record in allocated a unique number. The information available in the
system is

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• Telephone/indicator number.

• Previous telephone number if any.

• Subscriber name, initial, title.

• Subscriber’s address.

• Customers premises equipment details.

• DP number, DP tags number, pillar number, pillar tag number, MDF

number/ NE point, tag block number, primary cache details and secondary
cable details.

6.2.CAFAMS: It is COMPLAINT AND FAULT ATTENDANCE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM. This system assists in recording subscriber’s complaints, localizing clearance,
generation exception reports and also statistical reports and also many more.

When 198 is dialed for an complaints it checks whether it is a repeat compliment, phone
disconnected due to non-payment and safe custody. And flashes corresponding message
on the terminal. Serial so jacket number is given to every complaint registered. The jacket
number is communicate to the subscriber

The complaint so registered is channel leased for test desk and the operator at this
position will test the line and input his/her finding/location results into the system. In this
way faults are detected.

6.3. Important Features of CAFAMS:

1.Acceotance of duplicate complaint is avoid.

2.Rejection of complaint for number under DNP or under cable fault or any other
reasons.

3.Automatically fixing priority for VIP/non VIP category.

4.On line complaint history is available.

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5.Docket status monitory.

6.Online help/list of codes facility.

6.4 FRS System:-The computerized FRS system in functioning in the some way as a
manual procedural all the tasks being carried out by computers.

There are various logins given for different positions. The logins
further invoked entry screens or the reports. If the screen is invoked then the user has to
select an option, which will further call a entry screen or the report. The entry screen
design for user in order to keep tracks of the entries, updating. The reports are the output
files to get the information from the various tables especially to make the hand copies. It
is FAULT MAIN EXCHANGE receivers around 80-120 complaints a day.

6.5 Benefits of FRS System:-

1.Paper work eliminated.,

2.No searching for records.
3.Information flows electronically.
4.Only valid complaints accepted .
5.Can focus on long pending complaints.
6.Customer queries answered instantly.
7.Statistical information for decision-making.
8.Faster execution of works.
9.Control of information updated.
10.Directory information updated.
11.Streamline and integration operation.
12.Improved customer service, which is primary goal of telecom industry.

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Chapter 7.
SMPS POWER PLANT
(Switch Mode Power Supply)

The power system is intended primarily to provide uninterrupted DC power to the

telecom exchange and current for charging the batteries. The system works from
commercial AC mains which is rectified and regulated to 54V DC and is fed to the
exchange. The system has provision to connect a maximum of 3 sets of VRLA batteries
and facility to charge them simultaneously, to ensure that uninterrupted DC power is
always available to the exchange.

7.1 Power System -

The power system (-48V, 600A) has the following features:

a) Multi-rack configuration having one main and two extension racks.

b) Facility to parallel a maximum of 6 nos. of 100A (5600W) rectifier modules operating

from three phase, 400V (phase-phase), 50Hz AC.

c) Termination for three sets of VRLA batteries and exchange.

d) System input-3-phase, 4-wire, 50 Hz supply.

The power system has a single bus called auto float/charge bus. Depending upon
the status of the batteries, the output DC voltage is maintained at 54.0+ -0.5V under auto
float condition. During auto charge, the maximum DC voltage reached across the bus is
55.2V. The exchange, battery and rectifier modules are connected in parallel.

The system employs natural convection, cooling and has AC input distribution,
DC output distribution, protection and alarm circuitry for rectifiers. Batteries and
equipments.

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7.2 Supply of Power To The Exchange-

The exchange runs on DC supply, except for some devices such as computers etc,
which require constant AC supply. The requirement of constant AC is met through the
use of a inverter. The AC, which is procured from the state electricity board, is fed
through the changeover to the AVR (automated voltage regulator). From here it is fed to
lightning .Protection device before it reaches the LV/HV disconnected unit.
From here it is fed to power plant, which comprises a rectifier, which ideally converts
220V AC into 48V DC (practically 48-55V). This power is used to meet the requirement
of the exchange.

In class the AC power goes off, which is common in India, there is ready backup
by batteries available. There are in all 2 set, of 24 batteries each, each of which, give an
output of 2.2V(hence 48-55V). As soon as the AC goes, the batteries turn on. The two
set are, just is case, on fails to works, the other is pressed into service. At a stretch, the
batteries can give upto 8 hours of continuous back up.

The batteries are used for ready back up. If the AC power does not come soon
enough, the diesel plant is switched on. The plant provides reliable constant supply. For
the Aizwal exchange, 1-hour supply of power consumes upto 25 litres of diesel.

In this way, constant supply of power to the exchange is regulated.

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• Therefore the frequencies for the uplink and downlink are different (Frequency
Division Multiplex) and the the bandwidth of the GSM system is 25 MHz.

• Channel bandwidth –200KHz.

• Number of channels – 124 channel pairs (25MHz/200MHz) are available spaced

at 200KHz intervals.

• Due to interface to other system, the very first carrier is not used.

7.3. Modulation Method:

• Modulation method

• Guassian minimum shift keying (GMSK)

• The modulation method in GSM & GMSK which facilitates the use of narrow
bandwidth and coherent detection capability.

• Rectangular pulses are passed through a gaussian filter prior to their passing
through a modulator.

• The modulation scheme almost satisfies the adjacent channel power spectrum
density requirements of –60db specified by CCIR.

7.4.Function of GSM Network:-

• Transmission (user information and signaling).

• Radio Resource (RR) – channel allocation, HO, FH,PC,DTX/DRX,TA.

• Mobility management (NM)- location, security

• Call management (CM)- call control, supplementary service management, SMS

management

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7.5. Switching System (SS) :-

Perform 1) call processing and 2) subscriber related functions.

It includes following functional units :

1) MSC 2) HLR 3) VLR 4) AVE 5) EIR

Base station system (BSC) performs radio related functions units of BSS are

1) BSC 2) BTS

OCM performs and maintenance task for n/w such as monitoring traffic and network
alarms.

7.6 Switching System (SS) Components:

• MSC function: telephony switching function for mobile n/w

• MSC controls call to and from other telephony & data system (PSTN) ISDN.

MSC interrogate a network’s to route a call to a mobile station MS. which gives MSC
the functionality of gateway MSC, GMSC.

Home location register (HLR) is the centralized network database.

HLR stores and manages all mobile all subscription of a specific operator.

HLR acts permanent storage for person’s subscription information.

The information of subscriber (persons) stored includes

• Subscriber identify.

• Subscriber supplementary service.

• Subscriber location information

• Subscriber authentication information.

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7.7 VISITOR location register (VLR) one VLR per MSC.

• VLR stores information about all the mobile subscriber currently located in a
MSC service area.

• VLR can be called as distributed HLR as it holds a copy of HLR into stored
about the subscriber.

7.8 Authentication Centre (AUC)-

Main function of AUC is to authenticate the subscribers attempting to use the n/w.

• It protects n/w operators against fraud.

• AUC is the database connected to HLR to provide authentication parameter to

ensure n/w security.

7.9 Equipment Identify Register (EIR) is a database which contains mobile equipment
identify information to block the calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective MS.

7.10. Base Station System (BSS) Components:

Base Station Controller (BSC):

• BSC manager all radio related function of GSM n/w.

• BSC is a high capacity switch which provide function as :

• MS handover

• Radio channel assignment

• Collection of cell configuration data

• A no. of BSC’s can be controlled by MSC.

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7.11. Base Transreceiver Station (BTS) -

• BTs control the ratio interface to the MS

• The BTS comprises the radio equipment such as transreceiver

• And antennas to serve cell in n/w.

• A group of BTS are controlled by BSC.

7.12. Operation And Maintainance Centre (OMC) -

a OMC is a computerized monitoring center which is connected to other

networks components such as MSC’s and BSC’s X-25 data n\w links. On OMC
information about status of the n/w is given. Varity of system parameters are monitored
and controlled at OMC.

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Chapter 8.

IVRS

( Ineractive Voice Response Service )

Interactive voice Response System is bases on Computer Telephony Integration

(CTI). The system consists of a computer & IVRS boards. The system can be connected
to various servers using Ethernet. The IVRS will act as a client. The caller can dial a
predefined number & get the information relevant to them by dialing various options
given by the system. The system will guide the caller by voice menu & necessary data
will be retrieved from the server.

8.1. IVRS –

Interactive voice Response System provides seven applications, which is as follows-

8.1.1.Changed Number Announcement System (CNAS) -

This service is provided to given the new or changed number to the caller when
old number is dialed. The service number is 195.

When the caller dials this 195 service, the system welcomes the user. It will ask to
dial old number. After receiving all the digits, the system verifies the database for the
dialed number. If the number exists, the system retrieves the corresponding new number
& announces it to the user. The system will also create a database, which will contain the
channel number, call received date & time. This is used to generate the report later for
analyzing.

8.1.2. Bulk Changed Number Announcements System (BCNAS) –

Under this services are informed about the change of their telephone number.
After creating the changed number list, system can be enabled for dialing. The IVRS will
fetch these numbers from the database & dial the subscriber sequentially. If the called
number is busy or no response, the system will redial after a gap which can be specified

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in the setup. The system will also generate report for the number which are informed,
busy, & no response.

8.1.3. Fault Booking System (FBS)-

This service is provided to book the faulty telephone numbers. The system
welcomes the caller & it asks the caller to dial the faulty telephone number. After
receiving all the digits, the system searches the database for the dialed number. If the
number is a working number, then the system asks to dial the calling number, fault type
& books the complaint & announces the new docket number for the corresponding dialed
telephone number & the fault is not yet rectified, then the system announces the old
docked number that has been registered already.

8.1.4. Payment Reminder System (PRS)-

This service calls the unpaid subscriber’s telephone number & announces the
payment reminder messages. The system will take the present telephone numbers &
amount dues, dials them one by one & announces the payment reminder messages to the
subscriber. It retries the engaged/ not answered numbers after a gap. The system will also
generate report for the number of successful & unsuccessful calls.

8.1.5.Meter Reading System (MRS)-

This service is provided for the subscriber to know Meter Reading Units for their
telephone numbers, the system announces the Meter Reading Units for that telephone
number. The system will also generate reports for the number of successful &
unsuccessful calls.

8.1.6. Bill Enquiry System (BES)-

This service is provided for the subscriber to know about the bill amount to be
paid. When the subscriber dials the telephone number, the system announces the Bill
amount & Bill date that has to pay more than one bill, the system announces all the
pending bill in one call itself. It also generates reports for the number of successful &
unsuccessful calls.

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8.1.7.Subscriber Response System (SRS ) –

The subscriber Response system is a service provided by the DOT. If the

subscriber has already paid his bill, but he receives calls from PRS, then he can use this
service in order to avoid PRS calls. When the subscriber lands this system, it welcomes
them & asks them to dial or to record the information about the telephone number, bill
date, amount paid, mode of payment etc. it stores all information for further action.

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Chapter 9.

CONCLUSION
As per the above observation & processing analysis of all the department we can
concluded that BSNL is an organization which belive on thought of quality with quality
& with customer satisfaction. It was observed that the BSNL is largest leading
telecommunication company, which is the only government company who can compits
the private sector company in telecommunication. Since last two or three decades
company should maintain their working environment properly they follow their rules &
regulation properly.

When we saw the different sections of BSNL, they are well equipped,well
maintained with healthy environment for machines. The different sections are OCB
ROOM ,Subscriber Exchange, (in the subscriber exchange, every large chunk of wire
contain in it 32 small wires corresponding to 16 subscribers.),MDF (Main Distribution
Frame), SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply).

The capacity of OCB is 60,000 at present 50,000 are working. There is a switching
room and one is operating room. The switching room is that in which a big ALCATEL
machines are placed in rack. The rack consists of the cards.

The function of MDF section is Complaints and fault attendance, Subscriber line
information. MDF access, Work order issue and execution, Late payment activity,
External plant usage.

SMPS is the power system is intended primarily to provide uninterrupted DC

power to the telecom exchange and current for charging the batteries. The system works
from commercial AC mains which is rectified and regulated to 54V DC and is fed to the
exchange. The system has provision to connect a maximum of 3 sets of VRLA batteries
and facility to charge them simultaneously, to ensure that uninterrupted DC power is
always available to the exchange.

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BSNL have the world class equipments & great working peoples So that’s why
BSNL is India’s largest leading telecommunication government company & it works
very hard .

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