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ii
ANSI/ASNT CP-105-2016
Secretariat
Abstract
This standard applies to personnel whose specific tasks or jobs require appropriate knowledge of the technical principles tmderlying non-
destructive testing (NDT) methods for which they have responsibilities within the scope of their employment. These specific tasks or jobs
include, but are not limited to, performing, specifying, reviewing, monitoring, supervising, and evaluating NDT work.
To the extent applicable to the standard set forth herein, The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) does not assume
the validity or invalidity, enforceability or unenforceability of patent rights, registered trademarks or copyrights in connection with any
item referred to in this standard, study materials, or examinations. Users of this standard, study materials, or examinations are further
cautioned and expressly advised that determination of the validity or enforceability of any such patent rights, trademarks, or copyrights,
and the risk of the infringement of such rights through misuse of protected materials are the responsibility of the user. Reference to or pic-
torial depiction of specific types of products or equipment are for purposes of illustration only and do not represent the endorsement of
such products or equipment by ASNT.
Employers or other persons utilizing nondestructive testing services are cautioned that they retain full responsibility for ultimate determi-
nation of the qualifications ofNDT personnel and for the certification process. The process of personnel qualification and certification as
detailed in the standard does not relieve the employer of the ultimate legal responsibility to ensure that the NDT personnel are fully quali-
fied for the tasks being undertaken.
iii
American National Standard
American National Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires verification 'by ANSI that the requirements for due
process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by
directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity.
Consensus requires that all vie-ws and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether they
have approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes, or products not conforming
to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any
American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute.
CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American
National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or 'Withdraw this standard. Purchasers of
American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards
Institute.
IV
FOREWORD
_-\n essential element in the effectiveness of nondestructive testing (NDT) is the qualification of the personnel who are responsible for and
·who perform nondestructive testing. Formal training is an important and necessary clement in acquiring the skills necessary to effectively
perform nondestructive tests.
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. (ASNT) has, therefore, undertaken the preparation and publication of this
standard, which specifies the body of knowledge to be used as part of a training program qualifying and certifying NDT personnel.
A.SNT CP-105: ASNT Standard Topical Outlinesfor Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel was initially processed and approved
for submittal to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) by the ASNT Standards Development Committee. This revision was
processed by the ASNT Standards Development Committee. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all
committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the Standards Development Committee had the
r-ollowing members:
The outlines contained in this American National Standard were approved by the ASNT Technical and Education (T&E) Council through
its method committees. At the time the standard was approved, the T&E ComKil, Methods Division had the following members:
v
Methods Division Christopher C. Hawekotte Leak Testing CommiHee
Joseph L. Mackin, Chair Joshua R. Jones Mark A. Johnson, Chair
David G. Moore, Vice Chair Anthony J. Heinz, Vice Chair
Raymond G. Morasse
Michael J. Bolton
Ricky L. Morgan
Acoustic Emission Committee Thorn Schafer Edward). Briggs
Lawrence W. Gill, Chair Khosrow Tabrizi Gary R. Elder
Gerard Hacker, Vice Chair Darrell W. Harris
Dietmar F. Henning
john C. Duke. Jr. Guided Wave Testing
David M. Kuhn
Allen T. Green Glenn M. Light, Chair
Edmund G. Henneke Michael V. McGloin
Jason K. Van Velsor, Vice Chair
Kane M. Mordatmt
Eric V.K. Hill Andreanne Potvin, Secretary
·Venkat N. Ramani
David L. Kesler David Alleyne
Todd E. Sellmer
Margarit G. Lozev David R. Bajula Donald). Trapp
Ronnie K. Miller David R. Dechene
James R. Mitchell Mark Evans
Adrian A. Pollock
Magnetic Flux Leakage
Nat Y. Faransso Martin T. Anderson, Chair
Jack C. Spanner, Jr. HuidongGao
Sotirios Vahaviolos Timothy Scott Roach, Vice Chair
Kevin Holt David R. Bajula
FrederickS. Hoyt
Darrell W. Harris
Eleclromagnetics CommiHee Paul Jackson
Danny L. Keck
Mark A. Johnson, Chair Danny L. Keck
Joseph L. Mackin
Michael C. Smith, Vice Chair Doran Kishoni
Chris L. Pankratz
AlbertS. Birks Donald D. Locke
Michael C. Brown Peter). Mudge
james R. Cahill Lawrence E. Mullins, Sr. Microwave CommiHee
Marvin W. Trimm, Chair
Robert E. Cameron Michael J. Murray
Jack R. Little, Jr., Vice Chair
James E. Cox Ronald T. Nisbet
Kevin R. Ostergren Robert J. ·woodward, Secretary
Claude D. Davis
Darrell W. Harris Michael ). Quarry Jacques L. Brignac
Xiaowei He Reyaz Sabet-Sharghi Joseph T. Case
Dirk Schumann William A. Ellingson
Gary E. Heath
Michael G. Sens Ryan Goitia
William G. Hoffmann
Terry M. Webb Brian J. Gray
Bharath Kumar Kodumuru
Shant Kenderian
Martin C. Lugg
Jouni Koivumaki
joseph L. Mackin Infrared/Thermal CommiHee
Ken Murphy
David D. Mackintosh L. Terry Clausing, Chair
William Neyer
John A. Markanich Albert A. Obliger, Vice Chair
Karl F. Schmidt, Jr.
Allan F. Pardini Daniel R. Ryan, Secretary
Jeffrey Sengenberger
Michael). Ruddy Gary Orlove
Robin Sloan
Ward D. Rrnnmel Steven M. Shepard
James F. Tedesco
David E. Russell Robert W. Spring
Larry Weigel
Hussein M. Sadek
Roderic K. Stanley Laser Method CommiHee
Ankit Vajpayee MT/PT CommiHee
Roger Gregory, Chair
Andrew P. Washabaugh Lisa M. Price, Secretary
Bennett Feferman, Vice Chair
Tracy L. Alger
Flynn Spears, Secretary
Raymond D. Berry, III
Ground Penetrating Radar Gavin Bristow
Committee Richard A. Bordelon
Michael R. Colling"vood
Lawrence W. Gill, Chair Lisa Brasche
Matt Crompton
Morteza K. Jafari, Vice Chair John C. Brausch
Edgardo D. Ferrer
Kristy A. Davis- Jones, Secretary Marc Breit
Paul J. Kulowitch
Sreenivas Alampalli Gina R. Caudill
Eberhard Moser
Peter A. Annan Brenda L. Collins
Andrew L. Murray
James E. Cook Paulla ). Daily
John VV. Newman
Linda R. Davis Claude D. Davis
Terry R. Tamberg
James S. Davis Charles W. Eick
Rick D. Wallen
Michael J. Diaz Nat Y. Faransso
Andreas Welz
Juan R. Diaz
vi
Claudia V. Kropas- Hughes Ultrasonics Committee
Parrish A. Furr.
Kevin L. McClain Doron Kishoni, Chair
David Gcis
Michael V. McGloin Ricky L. Morgan, Vice Chair
Ed,'lard J. Gosselin
Gregory A. Mohr David Alleyne
Donald E. Harvey
Robert F. Plumstead David R. Bajula
Samuel C. Heller, 111
William C. Plumstead, Jr. Y oseph Bar-Cohen
Lsa Henry
James E. Prindiville Kaydell C. Bowles
Eric D. Henry
Steve L. Herfurth Rick L. Ruhge john A. Bruuk
Bryan K. Shumway, Jr. James R. Cahill
George M. Hopman
Kyle D. Stoll Eugene J. Chemma
Bruce G. Isaacson
Kyle R. Thompson Andriy M. Chertov
.\kin Arif Koksal
Ray R. Tsukimura Thomas N. Claytor
Douglas G. Krauss
Jeffrey T. Wiswesser Claude D. Davis
Ronald VV. Kruzic
David R. Dechene
Brian D. Laitc
SNT-TC-lA Review Committee Robert D. Dille
Thomas J. Larkin
Michael J. Ruddy, Chair B Boro Djordjevic
joseph L. Mackin
Robert E. Cameron, Vice Chair James B. Elder, III
James A. MacMillan
Charles P.longo, Secretary Louis J. Elliott
Arnold G. Marquez
Eugene G. Miller John Ahow Nat Y. Faransso
Douglas C. Miskell James H. Fauth
Michael W. Allgaier
David G. Moore Philip E. Fish
Bill L. Baker jerry Fulin
\Villiam E. Mooz Robert C. Barnett Parrish A. Furr
Ronald D. Mosburg Karen L. Bruer Michael Gardner
Thomas A. Mullen
Ciji L. Nelson Eugene J. Chemma Matthew). Golis
L. Terry Clausing Donald E. Harvey
Kaylie Page Amos E. Holt
David L. Culbertson
Jonathan Pasqua Morteza K. Jafari
Luis A. Payano Claude D. Davis
David R. Dechene Danny L. Keck
William C. Plumstead, Jr.
john j. Kinsey
Robert F. Plumstead Nat Y. Faransso
Brian D. Laite
Ward D. Rummel Jerry Fulin
Glenn M. Light
Richard I. Seals Darrell W. Harris Eric A. Lindgren
Robert Siegel Paul E. Hartbmver john A. Long
Tamie R. Simmons Morteza K. Jafari Joseph L. Mackin
Loric Walter Walter R. Jeter, Jr. David A. Mandina
lichael L. White
jim F. Kelly Thomas E. McConomy
Kevin D. \.Yoloszyk
Doran Kishoni Michael A. McKinley
joseph L. Mackin Scott D. Miller
Penetrating Radiation Committee
James A. MacMillan Billy G. Musgraves
Trey Gordon, Chair
Ronald R. Mika Ronald T. Nisbet
Scott McClain, Vice Chair
Raymond G. Morasse Luis A. Payano
Karen L. Bruer, Secretary
Robert F. Plumstead
Lance K. Armistead Ricky L. Morgan
Mark R. Pompe
Luke K. Bauks William C. Plumstead, Jr.
Jay C. Richardson
John P. Barton \.Yilliam C. Plumstead, Sr. Scott D. Ritzheimer
Hassina Bilheux Mark R. Pompe Robert L. Saunders
Edward J. Briggs
Scott D. Ritzheimer Simon D. Senibi
Scott P. Cargill
Rick L. Ruhgc Andrew D. Smith
David L. Culbertson
David T. Sanders Graham H. Thomas
Harold P. Egbert
Lawrence H. Strouse Rolando j. Valdes, Sr.
Gary R. Elder
Marvin W. Trimm Brad S. Whiteleather
john P. Ellegood
at Y. Faransso Ray R. Tsukimura Andrew J. Woodrow
Robert A. Feole David H. Vaughn
George K. Hodges David J. Vigne
jim F. Kelly
vii
Vibration Analysis Committee Visual Testing Committee
Kenneth Starry, Chair Robert E. Cameron, Chair
Edward F. Nolte, III, Vice Chair Michael W. Allgaier, Vice Chair
l
James Berry James H. Amy
viii
James Bricco Terence M. Browne
Keith A. Evans john W. Cale
Frederick M. Gallardo Rich Crandall
Brian Graney Bruce G. Crouse
Gregory Lee Claude D. Davis
Robert D. Miller Roger VV. Engelhart
Albert A. Obliger Nat Y. Faransso
Carey Repasz Jack K. Harper
Michael Sigley Dietmar F. Henning
Richard C. Hooper Gregory A. Hudkins
Steven C. Johnson, Sr. Gary D. Larson
Joseph L. Mackin
VValter R. Matulewicz Timothy W. McA.oally
William C. Plumstead, Sr. Lawrence H._ Strouse
David J. Vigne
·Paul D. Vona, Jr.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................................... v
SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
ASNT Standard Topical Outlines far Qualification af Nondestructive Testing Personnel ............................................ I
ix
Q-ound Penetrating Radar (GPR) Topical Outlines ......................................................................................... 19
C:..;-cc;!18 Penetrating Radar level I Topical Outline ...............................................................................................................19
Theory Course ...........................................................................................................................................................19
aosic Techniques Course ..........................................................................................................................................19
Ground Penetrating Radar Level II Topical Outline ........................................................................................................ 20
Principles and Applications Course ....................................................................................................................... 20
Ground Penetrating Radar level Ill Topical Outline ...................................................................................................... 20
Theory Course .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Applications Course ................................................................................................................................................ 21
Ground Penetrating Radar Method, Level I, II, and Ill Training References .................................................................. 22
X
Contents
xi
Computed Tomography Testing Level II Topical Outline ............................................................................................ 68
Computed Tomography Technique Course ......................................................................................................... 68
Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation Course ................................................................................. 69
Digital Radiography Testing Level I Topical Outline .................................................................... , ................................ 69
Basic Radiographic Physics Course ........................................................................................................................ 69
Basic Digital Radiography Technique Course ...................................................................................................... 70
Digital Radiography Testing Level II Topical Outline ...................................................................................................... 70
Digital Radiography Technique Course ............................................................................... ,...............................................70
Evaluation and Interpretation Course .................................................................................................................... 71
Radiographic Testing Level Ill Topical Outline .............................................................................................................72
Basic Radiographic Topics .................................................................................................................................... 72
Radiographic Testing ..............................................................................................................................................72
Common Digital System Elements and Digital Image Properties ........................................................................73
Computed Radiography Testing .............................................................................................................................73
Computed Tomography Testing .............................................................................................................................74
Digital Radiography Testing ..........................................................................................................................................................74
Radiographic Testing. Levell. II. and Ill Training References ..........................................................................................74
Limited Certification for Radiographic Film Interpretation Topical Outlines ...............................................................75
Radiographic Technique Course ...........................................................................................................................75
Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course .............................................................................................76
Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation Course ............................................................................................76
xii
Contents
xiii
xiv
SCOPE
3
1.2.3 Significance of applied load in acoustic emission
2.6 Data interpretation and evaluation: introduction
testing
2.6.1 Separating relevant acoustic emission indications
1.2.4 Basic math review (exponents, graphing, metric
from noise
unit/;)
2.6.2 Accept/reject techniques and evaluation criteria
1.3 Materials and deformation
2.7 Reports 1.3.1 Constitution of crystalline and noncrystalline
2.7.1 Purpose materials
2.7.2 Content and structure
1.2.2 Stress and strain
1.2.3 Elastic and plastic deformation; crack grmvth
3.1 Codes, Standards, and Procedures 1.3 Sources of acoustic emission
3.2 Guide-type standards (glossaries, calibration, etc.) 1.3.1 Burst emission, continuous emission
3.3 SLandardized/codified acoustic emission test procedures 1.3.2 Emission/signal levels, units of amplitude
3.4 User-developed test procedures measurement
1.3.3 Sources in crystalline materials
4.1 Applications of Acoustic Emission Testing (course should 1.3.3.1 Dislocations- plastic deformation
include at least 3 categories from 4.1 and at least 4 1.3.3.2 Phase transformations
categories from 4.2) 1.3.3.3 Deformation tv..'inning
4.2 Laboratory studies (material characterization) 1.3.3.4 Nonmetallic inclusions
4.2.1 Crack growth and fracture mechanics 1.3.3.5 Subcritical crack growth
4.2.2 Environmentally assisted cracking 1.3.3.5.1 Subcritical crack grmvth under
4.2.3 Dislocation movement (metals) increasing load
4.2.4 Clarifying deformation mechanisms (composites) 1.3.3.5.2 Ductile tearing under increasing
4.2.5 Phase transformation and phase stability load
4.2.6 Creep 1.3.3.5.3 Fatigue crack initiation and
4.2.7 Residual stress growth
4.2.8 Corrosion 1.3.3.5.4 Hydrogen embrittlement
4.2.9 Fatigue cracking
4.2.10 Rupture 1.3.3.5.5 Stress corrosion cracking
4.2.11 Ductile/brittle transition 1.3.4 Sources in nonmetals
4.2.12 Other material characterization applicatiolls 1.3.4.1 Microcracking
4.3 Structural applications 1.3.4.2 Gross cracldng
4.3.1 Pressure vessels (metal) 1.3.4.3 Crazing
4.3.2 Storage tanks (metal) 1.3.4.4 Other somces in nonmetals
4.3.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks (composite) 1.3.? Sources in composites
4.3.4 Piping and pipelines
1.3.5.1 Fiber breakage
4.3.5 Bucket trucks 1.3.5.2 Matrix cracking
4.3.6 Aircraft 1.3.5.3 Fiber-matrix debonding
4.3.7 Bridges 1.3.5.4 Delamination
4.3.8 Mines 1.3.5.5 Fiber pull-out, rela"X:ation
4.3.9 Dams, earthen slopes
1.3.5.6 Friction
4.3.10 Pumps; valves, etc.
1.3.6 Other sources
4.2.11 Rotating plant 1.3.6.1 Pressure leaks
4.2.12 In-process weld monitoring 1.3.6.2 Oxide and scale cracking
4.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring
1.3.6.3 Slag cracking
4.2.14 Other structural applications
1.3.6.4 Frictional sources
1.3.6.5 Liquefaction and solidification
Acoustic Emission Testing Level II Topical 1.3.6.6 Loose parts, intermittent contact
Outline 1.3.6.7 Fluids and nonsolids
1.3.6.8 Crack closure
1.4 Wave propagation
Acoustic Emission Physics Course 1.4.1 Near-field impulse response
1.4.2 Modes of propagation
1.1 Principles of Acoustic Emission Testing 1.4.3 Mode conversion, reflection and refraction
1.2 Characteristics of acoustic emission testing 1.4.4 \tr...rave velocity in material
1.2.1 Introductory concepts of source, propagation, 1.4.5 Anisotropic propagation in composites
measurement, display, evaluation 1.4.6 Specimen geometry effects
1.2.2 Relationships between acoustic emission and 1.5 Attenuation
other NDT methods 1.5.1 Geometric attenuation
4
Acoustic Emission Testing Topical Outlines
5
2.9 Data evaluation 1.1..:!...:: G::!::::;:: tary roles of acoustic
2.9.1 Methods for ranking, grading, accepting/rejecting a::xi other methods
2.9.2 Comparison with calibration signals 1.1.2..3 Poun-:i.:.i! or ronfiicting results behveen
2.9.3 Source evaluation by complementary NDT methods methods
2.10 Reports 1.1.2.4 Factors that qualify/disqualify the use of
2.10.1 Purpose acoustic emission testing
2.10.2 Content and structure 1.1.3 Math re\if1.•; (exponents, logarithms, metric units,
and conversions)
3.0 Codes, Standards, Procedures, and Societies 1.2 Materials and deformation
3.1 Guide-type standards (glossaries, calibration, etc.) 1.2.1 Materials constitution
3.2 Standardized/codified acoustic emission test procedures 1.2.1.1 Crystalline/noncrystalline
3.3 User-developed test procedures 1.2.1.2 Metals/composites/other
3.4 Societies active in acoustic emission 1.2.2 Stress and strain (including triaxial, residual,
thermal)
4.1 Applications of Acoustic Emission Testing (course should 1.2.3 Elastic and plastic deformation; crack growth
include at least 3 categories from 4.1 and at least 4 1.2.4 Materials properties (strength, toughness, etc.)
categories from 4.2) 1.3 Sources of acoustic emission
4.2 Laboratory studies (material chantcterization) 1.3.1 Broadband nature of source spectra
4.2.1 Crack grov.1h and fracture mechanics 1.3.2 Emission/signal levels, units of amplitude
4.2.2 Environmentally assisted cracking measurement
4.2.3 Dislocation movement (metals) 1.3.3 Sources in crystalline materials
1.3.3.1 Dislocations- plastic deformation
4.2.4 Clarifying deformation mechanisms (composites)
4.2.5 Phase transformation and phase stability 1.3.3.2 Phase transformations
1.3.3.3 Deformation h<rinning
4.1.6 Creep
4.1.7 Residual stress 1.3.3.4 Nonmetallic inclusions
4.1.8 Corrosion 1.3.3.5 Subcritical crack growth
4.1.9 Fatigue 1.3.3.5.1 Subcritical crack growth under
4. 1.10 Rupture increasing load
4.1.11 Ductile/brittle transition 1.3.3.5.2 Ductile tearing under increasing
4.1.12 Other material characterization applications load
4.2 Structural applications 1.3.3.5.3 Fatigue crack initiation and
4.2.1 Pressure vessels (metal) grov."th
4.2.2 Storage tanks (metal) 1.3.3.5.4 Hydrogen embrittlement
4.2.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks (composite) cracking
4.2.4 Piping and pipelines 1.3.3.5.5 Stress corrosion cracking
4.2.5 Bucket trucks 1.3.4 Sources in nonmetals
4.2.6 Aircraft 1.3.4.1 Microcracking
4.2.7 Bridges 1.3.4.2 Gross cracking
4.2.8 Mines 1.3.4.3 Crazing
4.2.9 Dams, earthen slopes 1.3.4.4 Other sources in nonmetals
4.2.10 Pumps, valves, etc. 1.3.5 Sources in composites
4.2.11 Rotating plant 1.3.5.1 Fiber breakage
4.2.12 In-process weld monitoring 1.3.5.2 Matrix cracking
4.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring 1.3.5.3 Fiber-matrix debonding
4.2.14 Other structural applications 1.3.5.4 Delamination
1.3.5.5 Fiber pull-out, relaxation
1.3.5.6 Friction
Acoustic Emission Testing Level Ill Topical 1.3.6 Other sources
Outline 1.3.6.1 Pressure lealcs; cavitation
1.3.6.2 Oxide and scale cracking
1.0 Principles and Theory 1.3.6.3 Slag cracking
1.1 Characteristics of acoustic emission testing 1.3.6.4 Frictional sources
1.1.1 Concepts of source, propagation, loading, 1.3.6.5 Liquefaction and solidification
measurement, display, evaluation 1.3.6.6 Loose parts, intermittent contact
1.1.2 Proper selection of acoustic emission as technique 1.3.6.7 Fluids and nonsolids
of choice 1.3.6.8 Crack closure
1.1.2.1 Differences bel ween acoustic emission 1.3.6.9 Corrosion
testing and other techniques
6
Acoustic Emission Testing _Topical Outlines
7
2.14 Factors affecting test equipment selection 4.1.5 Xoise efhTa:iio:n- data filtering techniques
2.14.1 Material being monitored 4.1..5.1 Spatial fiheri11g
2.l4.2 Location and nature of emission 4.1.5.2 Filtering on "'-aYeform characteristics
2.14.3 Type of information desired 4.1.53 Trme-based and parametric-based
2.14.4 Size and shape of test part filtering
4.2 Data e\-aluation
4.2.1 Methods for ranking, grading, accepting/rejecting
3.0 Techniques
4.2.2 Comparison \\ith calibration signals
3.1 Equipment calibration and setup for test
3.1.1 Calibration signal generation techniques 4.2.3 Source eYaluation by_complementary NDT
3.1.2 Calibration procedures methods
3.1.3 Sensor selection and placement 4.3 Reporl<>
3.1.4 Adjustment of equipment controls 4.3.1 Purpose
3.1.5 Discrimination technique adjustments 4.3.2 Content and .structure
3.2 Establishing loading procedures 4.3.3 Developing a standard report format
3.2.1 Type ofloading
3.2.2 Maximum test load 5.1 Procedures
3.2.3 Load holds 5.2 Guide-type standards (glossaries, calibration, etc.)
3.2.4 Repeated and programmed loadings 5.3 Standardized/codified AE test procedures
3.2.5 Rate of loading 5.3 User-developed test procedures
3.3 Precautions against noise 5.4 Societies active in AE
3.3.1 Noise identification 5.5 Interpretation of codes, standards, and procedures
3.3.1.1 Electromagnetic noise 5.6 Developing and writing AE test procedures
3.3.1.2 Mechanical noise 5.7 Training and examining Level I and II NDT personnel
3.3.2 Noise elimination/discrimination before test
3.3.2.1 Electrical shielding 6.0 Safety and Health
3.3.2.2 Grounding 6.1 Hazards associated \"'ith structural failure during test
3.3.2.3 Frequency filtering 6.2 Other hazards associated with AE testing
3.3.2.4 Gain and/or threshold adjustment 6.3 Importance of local regulations
3.3.2.5 Floating threshold
3.3.2.6 Attenuating materials and applications
7.1 Applications
3.3.2.7 Prevention of movement, friction 7.2 Laboratory studies (material characterization)
3.3.2.8 Guard channels, spatial filtering 7.2.1 Crack growth and fracture mechanics
3.3.2.9 Time-based and load-based gating 7.2.2 Environmentally assisted cracking
3.3.2.10 Discrimination based on waveform 7.2.3 Dislocation movement (metals) (strain rate and
characteristics volume effects)
3.4 Special test procedures
7.2.4 Clarifying deformation mechanisms (composites)
3.4.1 High temperature/low temperature tests
7.2.5 Phase transformation and phase stability
3.4.2 Interrupted tests (including cyclic fatigue)
7.2.6 Creep
3.4.3 Long-term tests, permanent/continuous
7.2.7 Residual stress
monitoring
7.2.8 Corrosion
3.4.4 Tests in high noise environments 7.2.9 Fatigue
3.5 Data displays 7.2.10 Rupture
3.5.1 Purpose and value of different displays 7.2.11 Ductile/brittle transition
3.5.1.1 Time-based and load-based plots 7.2.12 Other material characterization applications
3.5.1.2 Location displays 7.3 Structural applications
3.5.1.3 Distribution functions 7.3.1 Pressure vessels (metal)
3.5.1.4 Crossplots 7.2.2 Storage tanks (metal)
3.5.1.5 Other displays 7.2.3 Pressure vessels/storage tanks (composite)
3.5.2 Selection of displays 7.2.4 Piping and pipelines
7.2.5 Bucket trucks
4.0 Interpretation and Evaluation 7.2.6 Aircraft
4.1 Data interpretation 7.2.7 Bridges
4.1.1 Relevant and nonrclevant AE response 7.2.8 Mines
4.1.2 Recognizing noise versus true AE in the recorded 7.2.9 Dams, earthen slopes
data 7.2.10 Pumps, valves, etc.
4.1.3 Distribution function analysis 7.2.11 Rotating plant
4.1.4 Crossplot analysis 7.2.12 In-process weld monitoring
7.2.13 Leak detection and monitoring
7.2.14 Other structural applications
8
Acoustic Emission Testi g Topical Outlines
Acoustic Emission Testing, Level I, II, Miller, R.K. and E.v.K. Hill, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, ed.
and Ill Training References Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 6,
Acoustic Emission Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society
- nual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.*
:-!!::!-ring. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
[aterials. Latest edition.* Monitoring Structural l'ntegrity by Acoustic Emission STP 571.
Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials.
_.!.SST Questiom & Answers Book: Acoustic Emission Testing, 1975.
:::U umbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Nicoll, A.R. Acoustic Emission. Germany: DGM Metallurgy
==.c. Latest Edition.*
Informationsgesellschaft. 1980. -
3tr:gham, A.H., C."W. Ek and J.R. Tanncf, eds. Acoustic Emission
:."c"ting of Aerial Devices and Associated Equipment Used in the Nondestructive Evaluation aild Quality Control: Metals Handbook,
:.·:ility Industries- STP 1139. Philadelphia, PA: American Society ninth edition: Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM InternationaL
:!:TTesting and Materials. 1992. 1989.'
3....,_;$ and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V,Articles 11 and 12. New Sachse, W., K Yamaguchi, and J. Roget, eds. Acoustic Emission;
;-;:;:k, Y: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Latest cdi- Current Practice and Future Directions, STP 1077. Philadelphia,
:Dn.. PA: American Society for Testing and Materials. 1991.*
=:-:uuillard, T. Acoustic Emission: A Bibliography with Abstracts. Spanner, }.C. Acoustic Emissions: Techniques and Applications.
A- York: Plenum Press. 1979.
Evanston, IL: Intex Publishing Co. 1974.
!.rtthews, J.R. Acoustic EmissioH (Nondestructive Testing * Available from The .American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
Columbus, OH.
]. _:::ographs and Tracts, Vol. 2). New York: Gordon and Breach,
..nee Publishers, Inc. 1983.
9
10
AHernating Current Field Measurement Technique Course
Testing Level I Topical Outline
1.1 Alternating Current Field Measurement Theory
1.2 Production of uniform fields
Theory Course 1.2 Current flow, Bx, Bz, and By relationships
1.3 Relationship of the Bx, Bz, and butterfly plots
1.0 Introduction to Electromagnetic Testing 1.4 Other sources that influence the signals
1.1 Brief history of testing
1.2 Basic principles ofNDT testing
2.1 Types of Probes
2.2 Coil arrangements
.!.0 Electromagnetic Theory 2.2.1 Primary induction coil
2.1 Eddy current theory 2.2.2 Bx and By sensor coils
2.l.l Generation of eddy currents by means of an AC 2.3 Coil factors (lift off)
field 2.4 Theory of operation
2.1.2 .Effects of fields created by eddy currents 2.5 Applications
2.1.3 Properties of eddy currents 2.6 Limitations
2.1.3.1 Travel in circular direction 2.7 Probe markings
2.1.3.2 Eddy current distribution
2.1.3.3 Effects of lift off and geometry
3.1 Probe Software
2.1.3.4 Relationship of magnetic field in relation
3.2 Probe software versions and compatibility
to a current in a coil
3.2 Manufacturers' sensitivity settings
2.1.3.5 Effects of permeability variations in 3.2.1 Gain
magnetic materials 3.2.2 Scalings
2.1.3.6 Effect of discontinuities 3.2.3 Relationship between gain and current settings
2.1.3.7 Relationship between frequency and depth
3.3 Sensitivity checks
of penetration
2.1.3.8 Standard depths of penetration
4.1 Factors Affecting the Choice of Probes
2.2 Flux leakage theory 4.2 Type of part to be inspected
2.2.1 Terminology and units
4.2 Type of discontinuity to be inspected
2.2.2 Principles of magnetization 4.3 Speed of testing required
2.2.2.1 B-H curve 4.4 Probable location of discontinuity
2.2.2.2 Magnetic properties
2.2.2.3 Magnetic fields
5.0 Types of Hardware and Operating Software Applications
2.2.2.4 Magnetic permeability
5.1 Choice of systems for specific applications
2.2.2.5 Factors affecting magnetic permeability
5.2 Choice of software for specific applications
2.3 Basic electrical theory 5.2.1 Depth and length sizing capabilities
2.3.1 Basic units of electrical measurement
5.2.2 Probe resolution
2.3.2 Direct current circuits
5.2.3 Coating thickness
2.3.3 Ohm's law
2.3.4 Faraday's law
6.1 Scanning for Detection
2.3.5 Resistance
2.3.6 Inductance 6.2 Initial set up
2.3.7 Magnetic effect of electrical currents 6.3 Setting position indicators
6.4 Probe orientation
6.5 Scanning speed
6.6 Scanning pattern for tubulars and pipes
6.7 Scanning pattern for linear sections
6.8 Scanning for transverse cracks
11
7.0 Signal Interpretation
Eddy Current Testing Levell Topical
7.1 Review of display format Outline
7.2 Detection and examination procedure
7.3 Crack signals -linear cracks, angled cracks, line contacts Theory Course
and multiple cracks, transverse cracks
7.4 Other signal sources - lift-off, geometry, materials,
1.0 Introduction to Eddy Current Testing
magnetism, edges, and corners
1.1 Historical and developmental process
1.1.1 Founding fathers: Arago, Lenz, Faraday, Max1.vell
Alternating Current Field Measurement 1.1.2 Advances in electronics
Testing Level II Topical Outline 1.2 Basic physics anQ. controlling principles
1.2.1 Varying magnetic fields
1.2.2 Electromagnetic induction
Principles Course 1.2.3 Primary and secondary force relationships
12
Electromagnetic Testi g Topical Outlines
13
1.1.4.2 Pipes and pipelines
2.5 Calculation of flaw frcquency
1.1.4.3 External and through-transmission
2.6 Sorting for properties related to conductivity
probes
2.7 Thickness evaluation
2.8 Measurement of ferromagnetic properties 1.1.5 Advantages
2.8.1 Comparative circuits 1.1.5.1 Equal sensitivity to internal and external
flaws
1.1.5.2 Easy to understand: increasing depth of
Remote Field Testing Level ITopical flaw signals rotate CCW
Outline 1.1.6 Limitations
1.1.6.1 Speed
1.1.6.2 ·Difficult to differentiate internal versus
Theory Course
external flaws
1.1.6.3 Small signals from small volume flaws
1.0 Introduction to Remote Field Testing
1.1.6.4 Finned tubes
1.1 Historical and developmental process
1.2 Factors affecting choice of probe type
1.1.1 Founding fathers: McLean, Schmidt, Atherton,
1.2.1 Differential for small volume flaws (e.g., pits)
and Lord
1.2.2 Absolute for large area defects (e.g., steam
1.1.2 The computer age and its effect on the
erosion, fretting)
advancement of remote field testing (RFT)
1.2.3 Test (probe travel) speed
1.2 Basic physics and controlling principles
1.2.4 Single versus dual exciters and areas of reduced
1.2.1 Varying magnetic fields
sensitivity
1.2.2 Electromagnetic induction
1.2.3 Primary and secondary field relationships 1.2.5 Bobbin coils and solid-state sensors
1.2.6 Finned tubes
14
Electromagnetic Testing Topical Outlines
15
4.1 Inspection System Output 2.6 Instrument design considerations
4.2 Accept/reject criteria 2.6.1 Amplification
4.2.1 Customer specified or code specified 2.6.2 Phase detection
4.3 Signal classification processes 2.6.3 Differentiation or filtering
4.3.1 Discontinuity 2.6.4 Thresholds, box gates, etc.
4.2.2 Flaw
4.3 Detection of signals of interest 3.1 Techniques/Calibrations
4.3.1 Near/under support plates and tubesheets 3.2 Factors which affect coil impedance
4.3.2 Flaws in the free span 3.2.1 Test part
4.3.3 Internal and external flaws 3.2.2 Test system
4.3.4 Recognition of signals from non-flaws 3.3 Selection of test frequency
4.4 Signal recognition, data analysis, and flaw-sizing 3.3.1 Relation of frequency to type of test
techniques 3.3.2 Consideration affecting choice of test
4.4.1 Understanding the RFT reference curve and using 3.3.2.1 Signal-to-noise ratio
it for flaw sizing 3.3.2.2 Phase discrimination
4.4.2 Using phase angle to calculate flaw depth on the 3.3.2.3 Response speed
X-Y display 3.2.2.4 Skin effect
4.4.3 Coil footprint considerations 3.4 Coupling
3.4.1 Fill factor
Electromagnetic Testing Level Ill Topical 3.4.2 Lift-off
3.4 Field strength
Outline 3.4.1 Permeability changes
3.4.2 Saturation
Eddy Current Testing 3.4.3 Effect of AC field strength on eddy current testing
3.5 Comparison of techniques
1.0 Principles/Theory 3.6 Standardization
1.1 Eddy current theory 3.6.1 Techniques
1.1.1 Generation of eddy currents 3.6.2 Reference standards
1.1.2 Effect of fields created by eddy currents 3.7 Techniques- general
(impedance changes) 3.7.1 Thickness
1.1.3 Properties of eddy currents 3.7.2 Sorting
1.1.3.1 Travel mode 3.7.3 Conductivity
1.1.3.2 Depth of penetration 3.7.4 Surface or subsurface flaw detection
1.1.3.3 Effects of test part characteristics - 3.7.5 Tubing
conductivity and permeability
1.1.3.4 Current flow 4.1 Interpretation/Evaluation
1.1.3.5 Frequency and phase 4.2 Flaw detection
1.1.3.6 Effects of permeability variations - noise 4.3 Sorting for properties
1.1.3.7 Effects of discontinuity orientation 4.4 Thickness gaging
4.5 Process control
2.1 Equipment/Materials 4.6 General interpretations
2.2 Probes- general
2.2.1 Advantages/limitations 5.0 Procedures
2.3 Through, encircling or annular coils and hall elements
2.3.1 Advantages/limitations/ differences
2.4 Factors affecting choice of sensing elements Remote Field Testing
2.4.1 Type of part to be inspected
2.4.2 Type of discontinuity to be detected 1.1 Remote Field Testing (RFT) Principles and Theories
2.4.3 Speed of testing required 1.2 Three zones in RFT
2.4.4 Amount of testing required 1.1.1 Near field (direct field)
2.4.5 Probable location of discontinuity 1.1.2 Transition zone
2.4.6 Applications other than discontinuity detection 1.1.3 Remote field zone
2.5 Read out selection 1.2 Through-transmission nature ofRFT
2.5.1 Meter 1.3 Standard depth of penetration factors
2.5.2 Oscilloscope, X- Y, and other displays 1.3.1 Thickness
2.5.3 Alarm, lights, etc. 1.3.2 Permeability
2.5.4 Strip chart recorder 1.3.3 Conductivity
1.3.4 Frequency
1.3.5 Geometry
16
Electromagnetic Testing Topical Outlines
Cecco, V.S., G. Van Drunen, and F.L. Sharp. Rddy Current Testing,
AHernating Current Field Measurement Testing US Edition, Columbia, MD: Nichols Publishing, Inc. 1987 (AECL-
7523).'
I.D Principles and Theory
l.l Generation of eddy currents Kilgore, R.J. and S. Ramchandran. "Remote-Field Eddy Current
1.2 Effect of fields created by eddy currents Testing of Small-Diameter Carbon Steel Tubes," }vfaterials
1.3 Properties of eddy currents Evaluation. Vol. 47, No.1. 1989. pp 32-36.*
1.3.1 Deplh of penetration
Libby, H.L. Introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test
1.3.2 Effects of test part characteristics
Methods. Huntington, NY: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co. 1979.
l.3.3 Current flow
1.3.4 Frequency Mackintosh, D.D., D.L. Atherton, and P.A. Puhach. "Through-
1.3.5 Effects of permeability variations Transmission Equations for Remote-Field Eddy Current
1.3.6 Effects of discontinuity orientation Inspection of Small- Bore Ferromagnelic Tubes," lviaterials
flvalualion. Vol. 51, No.6. 1993. pp 744-748.*
Equipment and Materials
2.1 Alternating current measurement probes general Mackintosh, D.D., D.L. Atherton, T.R. Schmidt, and D.E. Russell.
2.1.1 Advantages and limitations "Remote Field Eddy Current for Examination of Ferromagnetic
2.2 Factors affecting choice of probes Tubes," Materials Evaluation. Vol. 54, No.6. 1996. pp 652-657.*
2.2.1 Type of part to be inspected
Materials and Processes for NDT Technology, second edition.
2.2.2 Type of discontinuity to be inspected
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.2.3 Speed of testing required
Inc. 2016.*
2.2.4 Amount of testing required
2.2.5 Probable location of discontinuity Mordfin, L. Handbook of Reference Data for Nondestructive
2.2.6 Applications other that discontinuity detection Testing. second edition, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM
2.3 Techniques/equipment sensitivity International. 2002. **
2.3.1 Selection of test frequency
2.3.2 Selection of correct probe scalings in relation to Sadek, H. Electromagnetic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
the test Series). Columbus, OH: TI1e American Society for Nondestructive
2.3.3 Selection of correct communication rates Testing, Inc. 2006."
U Procedures
17
5.::::::::::rid T_R_ !be Remote Field Eddy Current Technique," Lugg, M. An Introduction to Alternating Current Field
_\!.;tcria!s Evaluation. Vol. 42, No.2. 1984. pp 223-230.* Measurement.
Schmidt, T.R, D.L. Atherton, and S. Sullivan. "The Remote- Field PCN Classroom Training Handbook Product Technology (PCN
Transition Zone," Materials Evaluation. Vol. 47, No.9. 1989. pp Certification Services, British Institute ofNDT).
969-979.
Raine, A. "'An Alternative Method for Offshore Inspection,"
Smith, H. and D.D. Mackintosh. Remote Field Eddy Current CSNDT Annual Conference. 1995. (Insight. Vol. 36, No. 9.
Examination of Boiler Tubes. Proceedings ofEPRI Topical September 1994).
Workshop on Electromagnetic NDE Application in the Electric
Power Industry, Charlotte, NC, August 21-23, 1995. pp 1-17. Raine, A. and C. Laenen. "Additional Applications with the
Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) Technique,"
Sollish, D.B. Field Experience in Boiler Examinations Using Remote Proceedings of the ASNT Spring Conference and 7th Annual
Field Eddy Current. Corrosion 91: NACE Annual Conference and Research Symposium, March 1998.
Corrosion Show, Cincinnati, OH, March 11-15, 1991. pp 224/1 to
224/8. Topp, D. "The Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique
and its Application to the Inspection of Oil and Gas Installations,"
Sullivan, S. and D.L. Atherton. "Analysis of the Remote Field Eddy 32nd Annual British Institute ofNDT Conference (Insight. Vol.
Current Effect in Non-magnetic Tubes," Materials Evaluation. 36, No.6_ June 1994),
VoL 47, No. I. 1989. pp 80-86.'
Topp, D. and B. Jones. Operational Experience with the ACFM
Taylor, J.L., ed. Basic lvletallurgy for Non-Destructive Testing, Inspection Technique for Sub-Sea Weld Inspection. British Gas
revised edition. Essex, England: W.H. Houldershaw, Ltd. (British Environmental Engineering, March I994.
Institute of Nondestructive Testing) 1988.*
Topp, 0. The Use of Manual and Automated Alternating Current
Udpa, S., tech. ed., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Field Measurement Techniques for Sub-sea and Topside Crack
Handbook, third edition: Volume 5, Electromagnetic Testing. Detection and Sizing. Offshore S E Asia, December 1994, OSEA
Columbus, OH: American Society for-Nondestructive Testing, 94.137.
Inc., 2004.*
"' Available from The American Society for NondestructiYc Testing, Inc.,
Columbus OH.
Additional Papers "'""Available from The American Society for Testing of Materials.
The following selected papers are available from PCN Certification
Services, British Institute ofNDT, 1 Spencer Parade, Northampton
NNI 5AA. The list of available papers may be extended by the
addition of later publications. This document will not be revised to
show the extended list in every case.
18
I
19
Ground Penetrating Radar Level II Topical 2.2.2 Transmission loss
Outline 2.2.3 Coupling loss
2.2.4 Mismatch
Principles and Applications Course 2.2.5 Target scatter
2.l.6 Material attenuation
2.3 Velocity propagation
1.1 Review of Electromagnetic Theory 2.4 Clutter
1.2 Radar equation 2.5 Resolution
1.2 Stokes vector
2.5.1 Depth
1.3 Mueller matrix 2.5.2 Plan
1.4 Poincare sphere
3.0 Modeling
2.0 Types of Tests 3.1 Time domain models
3.2 Antenna radiation
3.1 Factors Affecting Tests 3.3 Numerical modeling
3.2 Depth of investigation 3.3.1 Schemes
3.3 Orientation 3.3.2 Applicalions
3.4 Noise 3.3.3 Absorbing boundary conditions (ABC) properties
3.4.1 Signal-to-noise ratios 3.4 Target shape effects
3.4.2 Causes
3.4.3 Filters 4.0 Material Properties
3.5 Interferences
u Dielectric materials
3.6 Noninvasive surfaces
4.2 lee, water
4.3 Soils, rocks
4.1 Field Strength 4.4 Suitability
4.2 Antenna drive 4.5 Man-made materials
4.2 Effects of conductivity 4.6 Techniques
4.3 Permeability effects 4.7 Measurcment techniques
4.4 Ground truth
4.5 Hyperbolic shape analysis
5.1 Antennas
5.2 Types
5.1 Instrument Design Considerations 5.2.1 Element
5.2 VVaveguides 5.2.2 Traveling wave
5.2 Multipathing 5.2.3 In:tpulse radiating
5.3 Near field and far field factors 5.2.4 Frequency dependent
5.4 Resonance 5.2.5 Horn
5.5 Resolution 5.2.6 Dielectric antennas
5.2 Arrays
6.1 Data 5.3 Polarization
6.2 Data acquisition
6.3 Data processing 6.1 Signal Modulation
6.3.1 Displays 6.2 Ultra-\\r:ideband signal resolution
6.4 Modeling 6.2.1 'Araveform characteristics
6.5 Interpretation 6.2.2 Signals
6.5.1 Uncertainty 6.2.2.1 Time domain
6.2.2.2 Noise
Ground Penetrating Radar Level Ill 6.2.2.3 Comparisons
6.2.2.4 Speclra comparisons
Topical Outline
6.3 Ampliludc modulation
6.4 Continuous wave frequency modulation
Theory Course 6.4 Polarization modulation
21
Ground Penetrating Radar Method,
Level I, II, and Ill Training References
Daniels, D., ed., Ground Penetrating Radar, seconded. London,
UK: The Institution of Engineering and Technology. 2004.
22
Guided Wave Levell Topical Outline 3.6 Computer interface_
3.7 Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (E.MATs)
Xote: It is recommended that the trainee receive instruction
:n this course prior to performing work in guided wave 4.1 Testing Teiliniques
:=sting. 4.2 Pulse-echo
4.3 Through-transmission
Guided wave (GW) or long-range ultrasonic testing is uniquely
5fferent and specialized such that it should be considered a sepa- 5.0 Calibrations
:ate technique for Level I and II personnel. The intent of this doc- 5.1 Distance calibration
::::nent is to provide basic body of knowledge requirements for 5.2 Amplitude calibration (DAC and TCG)
p:tided wave testing of piping that is consistent with other meth-
:rls and not intended to replace specific training or schemes iden- 6.1 Procedures
:::i;:ed by the various equipment manufacturers. 6.2 Specific applications
6.2.1 Weld/feature location
LO Introduction 6.2.2 Corrosion and wall loss evaluation
1.1 Basic understanding of nondestructive testing 6.2.2.1 Aboveground piping- uninsulated
1.2 Responsibilities of levels of certification 6.2.2.2 Aboveground piping- insulated
1.3 Terminology of guided wave testing (GW) 6.3 Basic data collection
L4 History of GW 6.3.1 Choosing a test location
1.5 Product technology 6.2.2 Selection of wave modes
1.5.1 Pipe designs and manufacturing processes 6.2.3 Selection of frequency
1.5.2 Process versus service-induced defects 6.3 Basic data evaluation
6.3.1 Data quality
6.3.2 Influe ce of geometry and structure
Basic Principles of Guided Wave Testing (GW)
6.3.3 Recognition of symmetrical features
2.1 Utility of GW
6.3.4 Distance amplitude correction
2.2 Characteristics of guided wave propagation
6.3.5 Recognition of non-symmetrical features
2.3 Basic concepts of GW of piping
6.3.6 Influence of coatings, linings, and pipe condition
2.4 Various types of guided waves
of pulse-echo analysis
6.3.7 Recognizing false indications
Equipment 6.4 Basic reporting
3.1 Transmission and reception of guided waves 6.4.1 A-scan presentations
3.2 Piezoelectric effect 6.4.2 Feature list
3.3 Magnetostriction effect
3.4 Transduction
3.4.1 Pulser-receiver unit(s) Guided Wave Level II Topical Outline
3.4.2 Sensor rings
3.4.3 Types of sensors 1.1 Introduction
3.4.4 Array arrangement 1.2 Review of Level I knowledge
3.4.5 Directionality 1.3 Terminology of GW
3.4.6 Frequency limits t .3 Level II responsibilities
3.4.7 Dead zone and near field 1.4 Product technology
3.4.8 Influence of transduction and frequency on 1.4.1 Various types of pipeline supports
inspection 1.4.2 Advanced information on girth welds and other
3.4.9 Guided wave focusing accessories welded to pipe (including typical
3.4.10 Factors influencing selection of test conditions defects)
3.4.11 Influence of pipe geometry and pipe 1.4.3 Structural integrity of pipelines- codes and
configuration standards for the specific sector
3.5 Cables
23
2.1 Principles of Guided Wave Testing (GW) 2.2.1 Advanced GW propagation theory
2.2 Various types of guided wave modes (deeper knowledge) 2.2.2 Dispersion effect and compensation factors
2.2 Factors influencing selection of test parameters 2.2.3 Effect of material properties
2.3 Sensitivity to cross-sectional changes 2.2.4 Bi-layer systems
2.2.5 Attenuation due to viscoelastic coatings and
2.4 Effect of feature geometry
2.5 Transducer configuration embedded medium (parameters affecting and
mathematical prediction)
2.2.6 Sensitivity to stiffness changes
3.1 Equipment
2.2.7 Properties of guided waves in pipes and plates
3.2 Advanced transduction configuration
3.3 Hardvmre and software requirements for optimization of 2.2 Various types of GW modes
2.2.1 Torsional, longitudinal, and flexural
test parameters
2.2.2 Modes in bends
3.4 Data presentation (deeper knowledge)
24
Guided W ve Topical Outlines
.-\Heyne, D.N., MJ.S. Lowe, and P. Cawley. "The Reflection of Demma, A., P. Cawley, M. Lowe, and A Roosenbrand. "The
Guided \Vaves From Circumferential Notches in Pipes," Journal Reflection of the Fundamental Torsional Mode From Cracks and
JfApplied Mechanics, (65), No.3, (199g): 635-641. :.:fotches in Pipes," The Journal of the Acoustical Society of
America. (114) No.2, (2003): 611- 625.
A5ST Level II Study Guide: Ultrasonic Testing, second edition.
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Ditri, J. "Utilization of Guided Elastic Waves for the
:::c. 2016. Characlerization of Circumferential Cracks in Hollo\V Cylinders,"
The Journal of the Acoustical Society ofAmerica, (96), No.6,
_-\STM: E2775-ll "Standard Practice for Guided Wave Testing of (1994): 3769-3775.
A!x>ve Ground Steel Pipework using Piezoelectric Effect
Ditri, J. and J. Rose. "Excitation of Guided Elastic Wave Modes in
-:!:ansduction," 20ll.West Conshochocken, PA: ASTM
Hollmv Cylinders by Applied Surface Tractions," Journal of
:=:r..-rnational.
Applied Physics, (72), No. 7, (1992): 2589-2597.
_.!._5TIJE2929-13 "Standard Practice fOr Guided Wave Testing of
Ditri, J., J. Rose, and A. Pilarski. "Generation of Guided Waves in
_-L ve Ground Steel Pipework with Magnetostrictive
Hollow Cylinders by Wedge and Comb Type Transducers,"
:.lll5;duction," 2013. West Conshochocken, PA: ASTM
Review of Progress in Quantitative NondestnJctive
·-;mtational.
Evaluation, (1993): 211-218.
.!.- d. B.A. 1973. Acoustic Fields and Waves in Solids, Vol. I and
Gazis, D.C., "Thrcc-Dimensionallnvestigation of the Propagation
.::_ :\"ew York: \Vilcy Interscience.
of Waves in Hollow Circular Cylinders. I.Analytical Foundation,"
3J::shinger, J. N. and J. L. Rose. "Guided Wave Propagation in an The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (31) No. 5,
E::?...."4ic Hollo\v Cylinder Coated with a Viscoelastic Material," (1959a): 568-573.
--==F Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Graff, K., 1991. Wave Motion in Elastic Solids, revised edition.
C: "701, (51) No. 11, (2004): 1547-1556. New York: Dover Publications.
ger, J.N., J.L. Rose, and M.J. Avioli, Jr. "Guided Wave c·wcompendium: Articles on Guided Wave- Collected from
ance Tuning for Pipe Inspection," Journal of Pressure Vessel
ASNT Publications. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
::;;.;,":nology, (124), (2002): 303-310. Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2016.*
&a=ri.... -. M. Lowe, and P. Cawley. 2003. "Inspection of Steel Hayashi, T., K. Kawashima, Z. Sun, and J. L. Rose. "Analysis of
ns in Concrete Using Guided Waves,"A/P Conference Flexural Mode Focusing by a Semi-Analytical Finite Element
,.xlfedings, (657): 1139-1147. New York: American Institute of Melhod," The Journal of the Acoustical Society ofAmerica, (113)
!,:os. No.3, (2002): 1241-1248.
·Jni, S., A. Crompton, and, R.L. Royer. "Integrated Hirao, M. and H. Ogi. 2003. EMATsfor Science and Industry-
.:tion and Analytical Technologies tOr Buried Pipe Noncontacting Ultrasonic Afeasurements, ninth ed., Boston:
_."'"'srnenl:s.," Proceedings of the Electric Pmver Research Kluwer.
· 9th International Conference on NDE in Relation to
J Imegrity fOr Nuclear and Pressurized Components, Hirao, M. and H. Ogi."An SH-wave EMAT Technique for Gas
- 2012, Seattle, WA. Pipeline Inspection," NDT&E International, (32), No. 3, (1999):
127-132.
I :2011 "Non-Destructive Testing- Guided Wave
Part 1: General Guidance and Principles," London: Krautkramer, J. and H. K.rautkramer. 1990. Ultrasonic Testing of
Standards Institution, 2011. Materials, fourth edition, New York: Springer-Verlag.
25
Li, I. and J.L. Rose. "Angular-Profile Tuning of Guided Waves in Royer, R.L., J.K. Van Velsor, and J.L. Rose. "An Ultrasonic
Hollow Cylinders using a Circumferential Phased Array," IEEE Guided Wave Approach for Pipeline Health Monitoring,"
Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on NDE in
Control, (49) No. 12, (2002,): 1720-1729. Relation to Stmctural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized
Components (2009): 496-500.
Liu, G. and I. Qu. "Guided Circumferential Waves in a Circular
Annulus." Journal q(Applied Mechanics, (65), No.2, (1998a): Royer, R.L., K. Rach, A. Crompton, and D. Keene. "Safety
424-430. Related Senrice Water Piping Assessment for Nuclear Power
Stations," Proceedings of the Tenth Intemational Conference on
Luo, W. and J.L. Rose. "Phased Array Focusing with Guided
NDE in Relation to Stntctural Integrity for Nuclear and
Waves in a Viscoelastic Coated Hollow Cylinder," The Journal of
Pressurized Components, (2013).
the Acoustical Society of America, (121), No. 4, (2007): 1945-
1955. Silk, M. and K. Bainton. 1979. "The Propagation in Metal Tubing
of Ultrasonic Wave Modes Equivalent to Lamb Waves,"
Mu, I. and J.L. Rose. "Guided Wave Propagation and Mode
Ultrasonics, (17) No. l, ( 1979): 1-19.
Differentiation in Hollow Cylinders with Viscoelastic Coatings,"
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, (124) No.2, Sun, Z., L. Zhang, and Joseph L. Rose. "Flexural Torsional
(2008): 866-874. Guided Wave Mechanics and Focusing in Pipe," Transactions of
the ASME, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, (127) 4 (2005):
Mudge, P A, and Alleyne, D. 1996. "A Long Range Method Of
471-478.
Detection Of Corrosion Under insulation In Process Pipework,"
The Strategic Importance of Oil and Gas Technology: 5th Thompson, D.O. and D.E. Chimenti, eds. "Disperse: A General
European Union Hydrocarbons Symposium. Purpose Program For Creating Dispersion Curves," Twenty-Third
Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestntctive
Myoung-Seon Choi, Sang-Young Kim, 1-Iegeon Kwtm, and Glenn
Evaluation, (16A), (1997): 185-192.
M. Light, "Transmission Line Model for Simulation of Guided-
Wave Defect Signals in Piping," IEEE Transactions on Thompson, D.O. and D.E. Chimenti, eds. "Phased-Array Focusing
Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, (51), No.5, Potential in Pipe with Viscoelastic Coating," Thirty-Third Review
(May 2004). of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, American
Institute of Physics. (26A), (2006): 188-123.
NACE SP0313-20l3 "Standard Practice Guided Wave Technology
for Piping Applications," 2013. Houston, TX: NACE Thompson, D.O. and D.E. Chimenti, eds."Circumferential Guided
International. Waves for Defect Detection in Coated Pipes," Thirty-Second
Annual Review ofProgress in Quantitative Nondestntctive
Redwood, M. I960.1\1echanical Wave-Guides, The Propagation of
Evaluation, (25A), (2006): 165-172.
Acoustic and Ultrasonic Waves in Fluids and Solids with
Boundaries. New York: Pergamon. Thompson, R. B. "J?hysical Principles of Measurements with
EMAT Transducers," Physical Acoustics. New York: Academic
Rose·, J. "A Baseline and Vision of Ultrasonic Guided Wave
Press. (19), (1990): 157-200.
Inspection Potential," Journal ofPressure Vessel Technology,
(124), No.3, (2002): 273-282. 2014. Van Velsor, J.K., H. Goo, and J.L. Rose. "Guided-Wave
Tomographic Imaging of Defects in Pipe Using a Probabilistic
Rose, j.L. Ultrasonic Guided Waves in Solid Media, revised edi-
Reconstruction Algorithm," Insight, (49) 9, (2007): 532-537.
tion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Viktorov, LA. 1967. Rayleigh and Lamb Waves, Physical Theory
Rose, J.L., R.L. Royer, J. Mu, J. Hua, and S. Kenefick. "Guided
and Applications. New York: Plenum Press.
Wave lnspection of Buried Pipe: Part 1-Theory," Proceedings of
the Electric Power Research Institute Seventh International Zemanek, J., Jr. "An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear of Elastic Wave Propagation in a Cylinder," The Journal of the
and Pressurized Components, (2009): 490-495. Acoustical Society of America, (51) 18, (1972): 265-283.
Rose, J.L., R.L. Royer, I. Mu, I. Hua, and S. Kenefick. "Guided Zhao, X. and J. L. Rose. "Guided Circumferential Shear
Wave Inspection of Buried Pipe: Part 2- Experiments," Horizontal Waves in an Isotropic Hollow Cylinder," The Journal
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on NDE in of the Acoustical Society nf America, (115) 5, (2004): 1912-1916.
Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized
Components, (2009): 490-495.
26
Laser Methods - Holography/Shearography 3.4.1 Solid-state lasers
3.4.2 Gas lasers
Level ITopical Outline 3.4.3 Ion lasers
3.4.4 Diode lasers
Basic Holography /Shearagraphy Physics Course 3.4.5 Diode pumped solid-state lasers (DPSS)
3.5 Use of multiple laser sources
1.1 Introduction 3.5.1 Multiple beams from single lasers (beam splitting)
1.2 Nondestructive testing 3.5.2 Independent laser sources (e.g., laser diodes)
1.3 Overview of shearography and holography NDT (basic 3.5.2.1 Coherence and phase limitations
premise) 3.6 Use of fiber optic delivery systems
1.3.1 Relationship between stress and strain for a
material or structure 4.1 Laser Safety
1.3.2 Inherent material or structural stiffness 4.2 Introduction
(e.g., Young's modulus) 4.2 Potential dangers
1.3.3 Looking for sub-surface defects by observing the 4.2.1 Eye exposure
surface of the test article as it is acted upon by an 4.2.1.1 Dangers of intra-beam (collimated) vie¥ling
applied stress. 4.2.1.2 Dangers of concentrated (magnified)
1.4 History ofholography/shearography testing viewing
1.5 Definition of speckle interferometry 4.2.2 Skin exposure
1.6 Application of shearography (SNDT) holography NDT 4.2.3 Potential ignitions source
(HNDT) 4.2.4 Hazardous material exposure from laser mediurils
1.7 Overview of international NDT certification 4.2.5 Hazardous by-products (e.g., ozone production)
1.8 Respomibilities of levels of certification 4.3 Levels of laser classification 1 - 4 based on increasing
level of potential danger
.!..0 Basic Principles of Light and SNDT 4.3.1 Classification limits and safety requirements .
2.1 Wave nature of light 4.4 Expanded beams -inverse square law
2.2 VVave particle duality 4.5 Laser system classification
2.3 White light versus monochromatic light 4.5.1 Potential exposure during normal operation and
2.4 Definition of coherence maintenance versus service
2.5 Interference 4.5.2 Safety during service operations
2.6 Interferometry 4.5.3 Measurement locations
2.6.1 What is an interferometer 4.5.4 Aversion response time (blink response)
2.6.1.1 Michelson interferometer example 4.5.5 Enclosures and interlocks
2.6.2 Wavelength of light used as a measuring stick 4.6 Rules for the safe use of lasers
2.6.3 Shearography and holography cameras are 4.7 Keeping laser systems safe
interferometers 4.8 Safety requirements for the production and field
applications
lasers 4.9 Laser safety officers
3.1 Introduction to lasers 4.10 Laser safety references.
3.2 Properties of laser light
3.2.1 Practical sources of monochromatic-coherent light 5.1 Basic Holography/Shcarography Systems
3.2.2 High power densities 5.2 Laser illumination (use of monochromatic coherent light)
3.2.3 Polarized outputs 5.2 Differences between holography camera and
3.3 Interference and the formation of laser speckle shearography camera
3.3.1 laser speckle and interferometry provide the basis 5.2.1 Independent reference beam versus sheared images
for holography and shearography NDT. 5.2.2 Shear vector (definition)
3.4 Commonly used lasers based on medium (basic 5.2.2.1 Magnitude and sensitivity
properties) 5.2.2.2 Direction (orientation) and sensitivity
5.2.3 Beam ratio (definition)- holography
27
5.2.4 Holography sensitive to absolute displacement 1.3 Test article imaging considerations
5.2.4.1 Single-lobed indication similar to a 1.3.1 Specular versus diffuse reflectors
topographical map 1.3.2 Overall reflectivity
5.2.4.2 Increased stability requirements 1.3.3 Transparent or translucent surface
5.2.5 Shearography sensitive to relative displacements. 1.3.4 Orienting test article to minimize glare
5.2.5.1 Double-lobed indications showing first 1.3.5 Possible surface preparations
derivative of displacement 1.4 Measurement calibration
5.3 Basic holography/shearography NDT 1.4.1 Mapping screen resolution to part resolution
5.3.1 Basic premise 1.4.1.1 Defining pixels/unit distance
5.3.2 Image capture 1.4.2 Accowl.ting for shear vector
5.3.3 Application of stress 1.4.3 Manual calibration
5.3.4 Observation of surface deformation 1.4.4 Spot projection calibration
5.4 Basic image formation process (general overview) 1.4.5 Recalibration requirements
5.4.1 Subtraction 1.5 Measuring indications
5.4.2 Phase stepping 1.5.1 Overall indication sizing (single lobe versus
5.4.2.1 \\Trapped versus unwrapped images double lobe)
5.4.3 Continuous phase stepping \vith variable reference 1.5.2 Marking defect location on test articles.
5.4.4 Hybrid techniques (e.g., phase reversal, additive 1.6 Image processor settings (defined within Level I
subtractive phase modulation ...) technique description)
1.6.1 Video signal optimization
1.6.2 System specific settings
Basic Operating Course 1.6.3 Processing modes (review)
1.6.3.1 Subtraction
1.0 Holography/Shearography System Setup 1.6.3.2 Phase stepping
1.1 Camera and test article stability 1.6.3.2.1 v..rrapped versus unwrapped
1.1.1 Three-point mounting images
1.1.2 Additional requirements for holography 1.6.3.3 Continuous phase stepping with variable
1.1.3 Benefits of com.mon camera/test article platform reference
1.2 Camera settings 1.6.3.4 Hybrid techniques (e.g., phase reversal,
t.2.1 Focus/clarity additive subtractive phase reversal ...)
1.2.1.1 Rclatiomhip between iris and focus 1.6.4 Pile saving
setting
1.6.4.1 File types
1.2.1.2 Proper procedure for setting focus at 1.6.4.2 Linking images to test data
minimum depth of field
1.2.2 Iris/aperture 2.0 Primary Stres,sing Methods (Introduction)
1.2.2.1 Selecting the proper iris setting
2.1 Mechanicalloading
1.2.2.2 Saturation
2.2 Thermal stressing
1.2.2.3 Relationship between iris and speckle size
2.3 Vacuum (pressure reduction) stressing
1.2.3 Shear vector
2.3.1 Chamber; whole body pressure reduction
1.2.3.1 Relationship between shear distance and
2.3.2 Vacuum hood or window; single sided vacuu
camera shear angle
stressing
1.2.3.2 Shear distance and system sensitivity
2.4 Pressurization stressing
1.2.3.3 Common shearing convention and its
2.5 Vibration stressing
importance
2.5.1 Acoustic versus mechanical
1.2.3.4 Nominal shear magnitudes
2.5.2 Contact versus non-contact
1.2.3.5 Shear orientation and direction of
2.5.3 Frequency limitations acoustic versus mechanical
maximum sensitivity
2.6 Combined stressing systems
1.2.3.5.1 Minimizing effect of part or
2.6.1 Sequential application
camera motion
2.6.2 Combined application
1.2.3.6 Effect of shear vector orientation on
indication appearance
3.1 Test Standards:
1.2.4 Beam ratio (holography only)
3.2 Importance of test standards
1.2.4.1 Optimum 1:1 ratio for digital holography
3.3 Representative/relevant standards
1.2.5 Test article illumination
3.3.1 Representative defects for test article
1.2.5.1 Ensuring full coverage of test area
3.3.2 Representative defects for chosen stressing
1.2.5.2 Multiple illumination sources (e.g.,
method
aligning multiple laser diodes)
1.2.5.3 Parallax correction for camera to part 3.4 Operational validation
distance
28
Laser Mt;ltho?s Topical Outlines
29
Holography/Shearography Testing 4.5 Laser classification based on:
Level II Topical Outline 4.5.1 Pulsed or continuous wave emission
4.5.2 Wavelength
4.5.3 Power
Intermediate Physics Course 4.5.4 Expanded or collimated beam
4.4.4.1 Power density reduction via inverse
1.0 Introduction to Holography and Shearography NDT square law
1.1 Basic premise - looking for sub-surface defects and 4.5.5 Extended source or point source
anomalies by observing changes in the surface of a test 4.5.6 Expanding beams- inverse square law
article while it is acted on by an applied stress. 4.6 Dangers of intra-beam (collimated) viewing
1.2 Stress/strain relationship of a specific material or 4.7 Dangers of concentrated (magnified) viewing
structure (Young's modulus) 4.8 Laser system classification
1.3 Difference between holography and shearography 4.8.1 Potential exposure during normal operation and
systems maintenance versus service
4.8.2 Safety during service operations
2.0 Physics of Light 4.8.3 Measurement locations
2.1 Basic wave theory 4.8.4 Aversion response time (blink response)
2.2 White light versus monochromatic light 4.8.5 Enclosures and interlocks
2.3 Coherence and interference 4.9 Rules for the safe use of lasers
2.4 Interferometry 4.10 Keeping laser systems safe
2.4.1 Michelson interferometer example 4.11 Safety requirements for the laboratory
2.4.2 VVavelcngth of light used as a measuring stick 4.12 Safety requirements for production
4.13 Safety requirements for the workshop or field
3.1 Lasers 4.14 Laser safety officers
3.2 Introduction to lasers 4.15 Additional laser safety references
3.3 Properties of laser light
3.3.1 Practical sources of monochromatic-coherent 5.1 Holography NDT and Speckle Interferometry (Historical
light Development)
3.2.1.1 Coherence length 5.2 Holographic recording process (wavefront recording
3.3.2 High power densities and reconstruction)
3.3.3 Polarized outputs 5.2.1 Stability requirements
3.4 Interference and the formation oflaser speckle 5.3 Holography NDT
3.5 Laser speckle and interferometry 5.4 Practical limitations of digital wavefront recording
3.6 Speckle interferometry 5.5 Speckle photography and speckle correlation
3.7 Commonly used lasers based on medium (basic 5.6 Speckle iritcrferometry
properties) 5.6.1 Reference beam makes speckle image phase
3.7.1 Solid-state lasers sensitive
3.7.2 Gas lasers 5.7 Digital holography- basic image formation
3.7.3 Ion lasers (correlation/subtraction)
3.7.4 Diode lasers 5.7.1 Stability requirements
3.7.5 Diode pumped solid-state lasers (DPSS)
3.8 Logistics and the choice oflasers 6.1 Digital Holography and Shearography Optics
3.9 Use of multiple laser sources 6.2 Holography camera optics
3.9.1 Multiple beams from single lasers (beam splitting) 6.2.1 Independent reference beam
3.9.2 Independent laser sources (e.g., laser diodes) 6.2.1.1 Beam ratio
3.9.3 Coherence and phase limitations 6.2.2 Sensitive to absolute displacement changes
3.10 Use of fiber optic delivery systems 6.2.3 Singlelobed indications for a simple displacement
6.3 Shearography camera optics
4.1 Laser Safety 6.3.1 Laterally sheared object and reference beams
4.2 Introduction (shearing interferometer)
4.3 Potential dangers 6.3.2 Sensitive to relative displacements betv•.reen
4.3.1 Eye exposure sheared points on test article.
4.3.2 Skin exposure 6.3.3 Double-lobed indications showing first derivative
4.3.3 Potential ignitions source of the displacement
4.3.4 Hazardous material exposure from laser mediums 6.3.3.1 Strain gradient (lines of isostrain)
4.3.5 Hazardous by-products (e.g., ozone production) 6.4 Shear Vector
4.4 Levels of laser classification I - 4 based on increasing 6.4.1 Relationship behveen shear distance and camera
level of potential danger shear angle
30
Laser Metho?s Topical Outlines
6.4.2
Shear distance and system sensitivity 5.1 Spedde Interferometry- Image Processor
6.4.3
Common shearing convention and its importance 5.2 Advanced processor adjustment
6.4.4
Nominal shear magnitudes 5.3 Advanced post-processing techniques
6.4.5
Shear orientation and direction of maximum 5.4 Interface options
sensitivity 5.5 Documentati n options
6.4.6 Minimizing effect of part or camera motion
6.4.7 Effect of shear vector orientation on indication 6.1 Stressing Systems, Setup, and Operation
appearance 6.2 Thermal stressing systems
6.5 Types of shearography cameras 6.3 Vacuum inspection systems
6.5.1 Fixed shear 6.4 Pressurization systems
6.5.2 Adjustable shear 6.5 Vibration excitation
6.5.3 Phase stepped
6.6 Phase stepping 7.1 Method Development
6.6.1 Correlation shcarography review (subtraction) 7.2 Test standards
6.6.2 Phase stepping defined 7.3 Effective research for optimum defect detection
6.6.3 Image capture 7.4 Representative defect sample/confidence pieces
6.6.4 Phase map creation 7.5 Method format/procedure/technique writing
6.6.5 Phase map advantages
6.6.6 Unwrapped phase maps 8.1 Documentation
6.6.7 Unwrapped phase map advantages 8.2 Digital image file management
8.3 Reporting
;.0 Physics of Materials 8.4 Archiving data
7.1 Stress strain and strain relationship (Young's modulus)
7.2 Deformation versus strain
7.3 Flat plate deformation equation
Intermediate Applications Course
7.4 Thermal expansion
7.5 Vacuum stressing loads 1.1 Materials and Applications
7.6 Pressurization loads (biaxial strain/axial and hoop) 1.2 Laminates
7.7 Vibrations stressing and resonance 1.3 Honeycombs
1.4 Foam core materials
1.5 Advanced materials
Intermediate Operating Course 1.6 Pressure vessel, piping, and tubing
1.7 Plasma spray and ceramics
1..0 Holography and Shcarography Systems 1.8 Bonded metal
1.1 Automated inspection systems
1.2 Tripod-based systems 2.1 Fringe Interpretation
1.3 On vehicle inspections 2.2 Quantitative fringe measurement
2.3 Defect measurement and characterization
2...0 Sources of Noise and Solutions 2.4 Strain measurement
2.1 Stability
2.2 Vibration 3.1 Mechanical Loading
2.3 Thermal currents 3.2 Review of mechanical loading methods
2.4 Air currents 3.3 Applications
3.3.1 Cracks
Fixturing for Test Parts and Camera Systems 3.3.2 Material weaknesses
3.1 Simple forms 3.3.3 Detection of ply wrinkling
3.1.1 3 point mounting 3.3.4 Interpretation of results
3.1.2 Use of pre-loads 3.3.5 Strain gradient versus loading
3.2 Automated system requirements
4.1 Thermal stressing
Speckle Interferometry Camera 4.2 Review of thermal stressing methods
4.1 Field of view 4.2.1 Time versus temperature thermal gradient
4.2 Resolution versus field of view 4.2.2 Time versus depth
4.3 Focus and iris settings 4.2.3 Multiple image analysis
4.4 Sensitivity versus angles 4.3 Applications
4.5 Tn-plane and out-of-plane considerations 4.3.1 Delaminations
4.6 Effects of shear orientation 4.3.2 Impact damage
4.7 Specular reflections 4.3.3 Composite repair evaluation
4.3.4 Foreign material
4.4 Interpretation of results -phase change
31
1.2 Lasers
5.1 Vacuum Stressing
1.2.1 Introduction to lasers
5.2 Review of stressing methods
1.2.2 Properties of laser light
5.2.1 The general purpose method
1.2.2.1 Practical sources of monochromatic-
5.2.2 Depth versus fringes
coherent light
5.2 Applications
1.2.2.1.1 Coherence length
5.2.1 Near side disbands
1.2.2.2 High power densities
5.2.2 Far side disbands
1.2.2.3 Polarized outputs
5.2.3 Composite repair evaluation
1.2.3 Interference and the formation oflaser speckle
5.2.4 Delaminations
1.2.4 Laser speckle and interferometry
5.3 Interpretations of results
1.2.5 Speckle interferometry
5.3.1 Effects of windows
1.2.6 Commofily used lasers based on medium (basic
properties)
6.1 Pressurization Stressing 1.2.6.1 Solid-state lasers
6.2 Review of pressure stressing methods '
1.2.6.2 Gas lasers
6.3 Applications
6.3.1 Piping and tubing
1.2.6.3 Ion lasers
1.2.6.4 Diode lasers
!
6.3.2 Pressure vessels 1.2.6.5 Diode pumped solid-state lasers (DPSS)
6.3.3 Aircraft fuselage
1.2.7 Logistics and the choice oflasers
6.4 Interpretation of results 1.2.8 Use of multiple laser sources
1.2.8.1 Multiple beams from single lasers (beam
7.0 Vibration Excitation, Mechanical splitting)
7.1 Review of mechanical vibration excitation methods
1.2.8.2 Independent laser sources (e.g., laser
7.1.1 Frequency versus material stiffness
diodes)
7.1.2 Frequency versus material thickness/depth
1.2.8.3 Coherence and phase limitations
7.1.3 frequency versus defect size
1.2.9 Use of fiber optic delivery systems
7.1.4 Amplitude
1.3 Optics
7.1.5 Sweep rate
1.3.1 Holographic optics
7.1.6 VVhite noise
1.3.2 Shearography optics
7.2 Applications
1.3.3 Polarization
7.3 Interpretation of results
1.3.4 Filters
1.4 Material properties
8.0 Vibration Excitation, Acoustic 1.4.1 Stress/strain Young's modulus of elasticity
8.1 Review of acoustic vibration excitation methods 1.4.2 Plate deformation equation
8.1.1 Frequency versus material stiffness
1.4.3 Deformation versus strain
8.1.2 Frequency versus material thickness/depth 1.4.4 Specular versus diffuse reflections
8.1.3 Frequency versus defect size 1.4.5 Transparent coating and translucent materials
8.1.4 Amplitude 1.4.6 Thermal expansion of materials
8.1.5 Sweep rate 1.4.7 Vacuum stress and out-of-plane strain
8.1.6 White noise 1.4.8 Pressurization, axial, hoop, and out-of-plane
8.2 Applications strain
8.3 Interpretation of results
1.4.9 Vibration and resonance
8.4 Safe use of acoustic exciters
1.4.10 Stress relaxation
32
Laser Methods Topical Outlines
33
5.3 Guideline standards 7.3.1.4 Advanced materials
5.4 Standardized procedures 7.3.1.5 Bonded metal
5.5 User developed standards 7.3.2 Marine applications
5.6 Interpretation of codes, standard<>, and procedures 7.3.2.1 Solid laminates
5.7 Responsibilities of a Level III 7.3.2.2 Sand\vich structures
5.8 Respom;ibilities as an external Level III 7.3.2.3 Ply drop off
5.9 Training and examining Level I and Level II NDT 7.3.2.4 Bulkhead detection
personnel 7.3.2.5 Repair evaluation
7.3.3 Tire inspection
6.1 Laser Safety 7.3.3.1 Equipment
6.2 Introduction 7.3.3.2 Fault detection
6.3 Potential dangers 7.3.4 Encapsulated microcircuit leak detection
6.3.1 Eye exposure 7.3.4.1 Leak rate
6.3.2 Skin exposure 7.3.4.2 Volume
6.3.3 Potential ignitions source 7.3.5 Civil engineering applications
6.3.4 Hazardous material exposure from laser mediums 7.3.5.1 Composite reinforcement
6.3.5 Hazardous by-products (e.g., ozone production) 7.3.5.2 Insulation panel inspection
6.4 Levels of laser classification 1 - 4 based on increasing 7.3.6 Complex structures
level of potential danger 7.3.6.1 Types of construction
6.5 Laser classification based on: 7.3.6.2 Interpretation of results
6.5.1 Pulsed or continuous wave emission
6.5.2 Wavelength
6.5.3 Power
Holography /Shearography Testing,
6.5.4 Expanded or collimated bean1 Level I, II, and Ill Training References
6.4.4.1 Power density reduction via inverse ASTM E2581-15 Standard Practice for Shearography of Polymer
square law Matrix Composites and Sandwich Core Materials in Aerospace
6.5.5 Extended source or point source Applications, 2014, \•Vesl Conshochockcn, PA: ASTM
6.5.6 Expanding beams - inverse square law International.
6.6 Dangers of intra-beam (collimated) viewing
6.7 Dangers of concentrated (magnified) viewing ASTM E2981-15 Standard Guide for Nondestructive Testing of the
6.8 laser system classification Composite Ovenvrap in Filament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in
6.8.1 Potential exposure during normal operation and Aerospace Applications. 2015, West Conshochocken, PA: ASTM
maintenance versus service International.
6.8.2 Safety during service operations Bossi, R.H., tech. ed., and P.O. Moore, ed. 2014. ASNT Industry
6.8.3 Measurement locations Handbook: Aero pace NDT. Columbus, OH: The American Society
6.8.4 Aversion response time (blink response) of Nondestructive Testing.
6.8.5 Enclosures and interlocks
6.9 Rules for the Safe use of lasers Gabor, D. "Microscopy by Reconstructed Wavefronts,"
6.10 Keeping laser systems safe Proceedings of the Royal Society (London), A197 (1949)o 454.
6.11 Safety requirements for the laboratory
6.12 Safety requirements for production Hung, Y.Y. "Applications of Digital Shearography for Composite
6.13 Safety requirements for the workshop or field Materials," Composites Part B: Engineering, (30), No.7 (1999}: 765-
6.14 Laser safety officers 773.
6.15 Additional laser safety references
Hung, Y.Y. "Shearography: A New Optical Method for Strain
Measurement and Nondestructive Testing," Optical Engineering,
7.1 Applications (21) (1982)o 391-395.
7.2 Holography NDT applications (HNDT)
7.2.1 Felt metal Johnston, S. Holographic Visions, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7.2.2 Plasma bonding 2006.
7.2.3 Other inspections
7.3 Shearography NDT applications (SNDT) Leith, E. N. and}. Upatnieks. "Vhvefront Reconstruction with
7.3.1 Aerospace applications Diffused Illumination and Three Dimensional Objects," Journal of
7.3.1.1 Composite materials the Optical Society of America (54). No. 11. (Nov 1964): 1295-
7.3.1.2 Laminates 1301.
7.3.1.3 Sandwich constructions Lui, Zhanwei, et al. "NDT Capability of Digital Shearography for
7.3.1.3.1 Honeycomb Different Materials," Optics and Lasers itl Engineering, ( 49) No. 12
7.3.1.3.2 Foam cores (December 2011)o 1462-1469.
7.3.1.3.3 Other core material
34
Laser Method Topical Outlines
35
Laser Testing - Profilometry Level Ill 6.1 Evaluation of Indications
Topical Outline 6.2 General
6.2.1 Flaws in various materials
1.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Overview of typical causes of flaws in materials
1.2 Purpose for laser methods and laser profilometry testing 6.2.3 Appearance of flaws
1.3 Responsibilities of Level III laser profilometry examiner 6.2.4 Non-flaw-related indication
1.4 Limitations of Level III laser profilometry examiner 6.3 Factors affecting quality of inspection results
6.4 Indications
6.4.1 Internal pitting and corrosion
2.1 Knowledge of Other Basic NDT methods
6.4.2 Cracks
2.2 Advantages and limitations of each method
6.4.3 Erosion
2.3 Applications well suited to laser profilometry testing
6.4.4 Other
2.4 Test methods that complement laser profilometry testing
6.5 False indications
6.6 Interpreting and sizing indications
3.1 Laser Safety 6.6 Confirming inspection results
3.2 Laser classifications
3.2.1 Laser power calculation
7.0 Reporting Inspection Results
3.1.2 Calculating laser classification
3.3 Precautions and equipment for safe laser operation
3.4 Regulations and governing organizations 8.0 Training Level I and II Personnel for Certification
3.4.1 Laser product user
3.4.2 Laser product manufacturer Laser-based Profilometry Testing, Level I,
II, and Ill Training References
4.1 Codes, Standards, Specifications) and Procedures
4.2 Interpreting codes, standards, specifications American National Standards Institute, American National
4.3 Establishing techniques, procedures, and acceptance Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers: ANSI Z-136:1, Orlando, FL:
criteria Laser Institute of America. Latest edition.
36
Leak Testing Level ITopical Outline 2.6 Vacuum fW1damentals
2.6.1 Introduction to vacuum
2.6.1.1 Terminology
Fundamentals in Leak Testing Course
2.6.1.2 Principles
2.6.1.3 Units of pressure
1.0 Introduction 2.6.2 Characteristics of gases
1.1 History of leak testing 2.6.2.1 Kinetic theory
1.2 Reasons for leak testing 2.6.2.2 Mean free path
1.2.1 Material loss prevention
2.6.3 Gas laws
1.2.2 Contamination 2.6.4 Quantity, throughput, and conductance of gas
1.2.3 Component/system rcliabiliLy
2.6.4.1 Quantity
1.2.4 Pressure-differential maintenance 2.6.4.1.1 Comparison with an electric
1.2.5 Personnel/public safety circuit
1.3 Functions ofleak testing
2.6.4.1.2 Comparison with water flow
1.3.1 Categories
2.6.4.2 Conductance analogy with electrical
1.3.2 Applications
resistance
1.4 Training and certification
2.6.4.2.1 Resistance com1ected in series
2.6.4.2.2 Resistance connected in parallel
2..0 Leak Testing Fundamentals
2.7 Vacuum 1:iystem operation
2.1 Terminology
2.7.1 Effects of evacuating a vessel
2.1.1 Leakage terms
2.7.2 Pump-down time
2.1.2 l,eakage tightness
2.8 Vacuum system characteristics
2.1.3 Quantitative/semi-quantitative
2.8.1 General
2.1.4 Sensitivity/ calibration terms
2.8.1.1 Operating limits
2.2 Leak testing units
2.8. 1.2· Rate of pressure rise- measurement
2.2.1 Mathematics in leak testing
2.8.2 Vacuum pumps
2.2.2 Exponential notation
2.8.2.1 Mech..mical pumps (positive displacement)
2.2.3 Basic and fundamental units
2.8.2.1.1 Oil-sealed rotary pumps
2.2.4 The International System of Units (SI)
2.8.2.1.1.1 Construction
2.3 Physical nnits in leak testing
2.8.2.1.1.2
Operation
2.3.1 Volume and pressure
2.8.2.1.1.3
Pump fluids
2.3.2 Time and temperature
2.8.2.1.1.4
Difficulties with
2.3.3 Absolute values
rotary pumps
2.3.4 Standard or atmospheric conditions
2.8.2.1.1.5 Care of rotary
2.3.5 Leakage measurement
pumps
2.4 Leak testing standards
2.8.2.1.2 Mechanical booster pumps
2.4.1 Capillary or permeation
2.8.2.2 Vapor (diffusion) pumps
2.4.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology
2.8.2.2.1 Construction
(NIST) standards
2.8.2.2.2 Operation
2.4.3 System versus instrument calibration
2.8.2.2.3 Pump fluids
2.4.4 Inaccuracy of calibration
2.8.2.2.4 Diftlculties wid1 diffusion pumps
2.5 Flow characteristics
2.8.2.2.5 Diagnosis of diffusion pump
2.5.1 Gas flovoi
trouble
2.5.2 Liquid flow
2.8.2.3 Sublimation pumps (getter pumps)
2.5.3 Correlation ofleakage rates
2.8.2.4 Ion pumps
2.5.4 Anomalous leaks
2.8.2.5 Turbomolecular pumps
2.5.5 Leak clogging
2.8.2.6 Absorption pumps
2.8.2.7 Cryopumps
37
Safety in Leak Testing Course 1.1.2 Ultrasonic testing
1.1.2.1 Sonic/mechanical flow
Note: It is recommended that the trainee, as well as all other leak 1.1.2.2 Sound generator
testing personnel, receive instruction in this course prior to per- 1.1.3 Voltage discharge testing
forming work in leak testing. 1.1.3.1 Voltage spark
1.1.3.2 Color change
1.1 Safety Considerations 1.1.4 Pressure leak testing
1.2 Personnel and the public 1.1.4.1 Hydrostatic
1.3 Product serviceability 1.1.4.2 Pneumatic
1.4 Test validity 1.1.5 Ionization
1.4 Safe work practices 1.1.5.1 Photoionization
1.1.5.2 Flame ionization
2.1 Safety Precautions 1.1.6 Conductivity
2.2 Explosive/implosive hazards 1.1.6.1 Thermal conductivity
1.1.6.2 Solid-state
2.3 Flammability, ignitibility, combustibility hazards
1.1.7 Radiation absorption
2.4 Toxicity and asphyxiation hazards
1.1.7.1 Infrared
2.5 Cleaning and electrical hazards
1.1.7.2 Ultraviolet
1.1.7.3 Laser
3.0 Pressure Precautions
3.1 Pressure test versus proof test 1.1.8 Chemical-based
3.2 Preliminary leak testing 1.1.8.1 Chemical penetrants
3.3 Pressurization check 1.1.8.2 Chemical gas tracer (colorimetric)
3.4 Design limitations 1.1.9 Halogen detector
3.5 Equipment and setup 1.1.9.1 Halide torch
1.1.9.2 Electron capture
4.0 Safety Devices 1.1.9.3 Halogen diode
4.1 Pressure control valves and regulators 1.1.10 Pressure change measurement
4.2 Pressure relief valves and vents 1.1.10.1 Absolute
4.3 Flow rate of regulator and relief valves 1.1.10.2 Reference
1.1.10.3 Pressure rise
1.1.10.4 Flow
5.1 Hazardous and Tracer Gas Safety
1.1.10.5 Pressure decay
5.2 Combustible gas detection and safety
1.1.10.6 Volumetric
5.3 Toxic gas detection and safety
1.1.11 Mass spectrometer
5.4 Oxygen-deficiency detectors
1.i.11.1 Helium or argon leak detector
5.4 Radioisotope detection
1.1.11.2 Residual gas analyzer
1.1.12 Radioisotope
6.0 Types of Monitoring Equipment
6.1 Area monitors
2.0 Leak: Testing Method Course Outline
6.2 Personnel monitors
2.1 The following may be applied to any of the listed
6.3 Leak-locating devices
methods.
2.2 Terminology
7.0 Safety Regulations 2.3 Basic techniques and/or units
7.1 State and federal regulations 2.3.1 Leak location- measurement/monitoring
7.2 Safety codes/standards 2.3.2 Visual and other sensing devices
7.3 Hazardous gas standards 2.3.3 Various techniques
7.4 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) radiation 2.4 Testing materials and equipment
requirements 2.4.1 Materials, gases/fluids used
2.4.2 Control devices and operation
Leak Testing Methods Course 2.4.3 Instrument/gages used
2.4.4 Range and calibration of instrument/gages
1.1 The follol'ling leak testing methods may be incorporated as 2.5 Testing principles and practices
applicable. 2.5.1 Pressure/vacuum and control used
1.2 Each of these methods can be further divided into major 2.5.2 Principles of techniques used
techniques as shown in the following examples. 2.5.3 Effects of temperature and other atmospheric
1.2.1 Bubble testing conditions
1.2.1.1 Immersion 2.5.4 Calibration for testing
1.2.1.2 Film solution 2.5.5 Probing/scanning or measurement/monitoring
2.5.6 Leak interpretation evaluation
38
Leak Testing Topical Outlines
2.6 Acceptance and rejection criteria 2.0 Physical Principles in Leak Testing
2.7 Safety concerns 2.1 Physical quantities
2.8 Advantages and Jimilations 2.1.1 Fundamental units
2.9 Codes/standards 2.1.2 Volume and pressure
2.1.3 Time apd temperature
2.1.4 Absolute values
Leak Testing Level II Topical Outline 2.1.5 Standard versus atmospheric conditions
2.1.6 Leakage rates
Principles of Leak Testing Course 2.2 Structure of matter
2.2.1 Atomic theory
1.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Ionization a!ld ion pairs
2.2.3 States of matter
1.2 Leak testing fundamentals
l.l.l Reasons for leak testing 2.2.4 Molecular structure
40
Leak Testinl3 Topical Outlines
41
2.3 Vacuum pumps 3.1 Techniques/Calibration
2.3.1 Mechanical pumps (positive displacement) 3.2 Bubble test
2.3.1.1 Oil-sealed rotary pwnps 3.2.1 Bubble testing practices and techniques
2.3.1.1.1 Construction 3.2.1.1 Vacuum box testing
2.3.1.1.2 Operation 3.2.1.2 Pipe, nozzle, and pad plate testing
2.3.1.1.3 Pump fluid 3.2.1.3 Vessel testing
2.3.1.1.4 Difficulties with rotary pumps 3.2.1.4 Weather effects and lighting
2.3.1.1.5 Care of rotary pumps 3.3 Pressme change/measurement test
2.3.1.2 Vapor (diffusion) pumps 3.3.1 Absolute pressure leak test _and reference system test
2.3.1.2.1 Construction 3.3.1.1 Principles of absolute pressure testing
2.3.1.2.2 Operation 3.2.1_.1.1 General gas law equation
2.3.1.2.3 Pump fluid 3.3.1.1.2 Effects of temperature change
2.3.1.2.4 Diagnosis of diffusion pwup 3.3.1.1.3 Effects of water vapor pressure
troubles change
2.3.1.3 Sublimation pumps (getter pumps} 3.3.1.1.4 Effects of barometric pressure
2.3.1.4 Ion pumps change
2.3.1.5 Turbomolecular pumps
3.3.1.2 Terminology related to absolute pressure
2.3. I .6 Absorption pumps testing
2.3.1.7 Cryopumps 3.4 Halogen diode detector leak test
2.4 Bubble testing practices and techniques 3.4.1 Principles of halogen diode detector test
2.4.1 Solutions
3.4.2 Terminology related to halogen diode test
2.4.2 Solution applicators 3.4.3 Calibration of detectors for testing
2.4.3 Vacuum boxes
3.4.3.1 Standard leak settings
2.5 Absolute pressure testing equipment 3.4.3.2 Halogen mixture percentages
2.5.1 Pressure measuring instruments 3.4.3.3 Detection sensitivity versus test sensitivity
2.5.2 Temperature measuring instruments 3.4.4 Halogen detector probe "sniffer" testing
2.5.3 Dew point measuring instruments techniques and practices
2.5.4 Accuracy of equipment
3.4.4.1 Detector probe "sniffer" speed
2.5.5 Calibration of equipment
3.4.4.2 Halogen background
2.5.6 Reference panel instruments
3.4.4.3 Effects of heat on refrigerant R-12
2.5.7 Reference system installation and testing 3.4.5 Halogen leak detector operation and servicing
2.6 Absolute pressure hold testing of containers 3.4.5.1 Operation of the probe
2.6.1 Equation for determining pressure change 3.4.5.2 Replacing the sensing element
2.6.2 Temperature measuring
3.4.5.3 Cleaning the sensing element
2.7 Absolute pressure leakage rate testing of containers 3.5 Mass spectroineter leak testing
2.7.1 Equation(s} for determining percent loss 3.5.1 Terminology related to mass spectrometer testing
2.7.2 Positioning of temperature and dew point sensors 3.5.2 Helium mass spectrometer
for mean sampling accuracy 3.5.2.1 Operation
2.7.3 Analysis of temperature and dew point data 3.5.2.2 Calibration
2.8 Analysis of data for determination of accurate results 3.5.2.3 Maintenance
2.9 Halogen testing equipment
3.5.3 Helium mass spectrometer pressure testing
2.9.1 Leak detector control unit
3.5.3.1 Detector probe "sniffer" techniques
2.9.2 Gun detectors
3.5.3.2 Mixture percentage
2.9.3 Staodard leaks
3.5.3.3 Pressure differential techniques
2.9.4 Refrigerant tracer gases
3.5.3.4 Bagging-accumulation techniques
2.10 Helium mass spectrometer testing equipment
3.5.3.5 Calibration helium mass spectrometer for
2.10.1 Mechanical vacuum pump systems "sniffer" testing
2.10.2 Cryogenic pumps
3.5.4 Helium mass spectrometer vacuum testing by
2.10.3 Diffusion pumps
dynamic method
2.10.4 Vacuum gages
3.5.4.1 Tracer probing
2.10.5 Vacuum hose
3.5.4.2 Bagging or hooding
2.10.6 Vacuum valves
3.5.4.3 System calibration
2.10.7 Standard leaks
3.5.4.4 Helium mixture
2.10.8 Vacuum sealing compounds
3.5.4.5 Calculation of leakage rate
2.10.9 Vacuum connectors
2.10.10 Detector "sniffer" probes
2.10.11 Tracer probes
42
Leak Testin?J Topical Outlines
3.5.5 Helium mass spectrometer vacuum testing by 6.6 Hazardous and tracer gas safety
static method 6.6.1 Combustible gas detection and safety
3.5.5.1 Static equation 6.6.2 Toxic gas detection and safety
3.5.5.2 System calibration 6.6.3 Oxygen-deficiency detectors
3.5.5.3 Helium mixture 6.6.4 Radioisotope detection
3.5.5.4 System pressure 6.7 Types of monitoring equipment
3.5.5.5 Calculation of leakage rate 6.7.1 Area monitors
6.7.2 Personnel monitors
4.0 Interpretation/Evaluation
6.7.3 Leak-locating devices
4.1 Basic techniques and/or units
6.8 Safety
4.1.1 Leak location-measurement/monitoring
6.8.1 State and fed ral regulations
4.1.2 Visual and other sensing devices
6.8.2 Safety codes/standards
4.1.3 Various techniques
6.8.3 Hazardous gas standards
4.2 Test materials and equipment effects
6.8.4 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) radiation
4.2.1 Materials, gases/fluids used
requirements
4.2.2 Control devices and responses
4.2.3 Instrumentation/gages used
4.2.4 Range and calibration Leak Testing Method, Level I, II, and Ill
4.3 Effects of temperature and other atmospheric conditions Training References
4.4 Calibration for testing
4.5 Probing/scanning or measurement/monitoring ASNT Level III Study Guide: Leak Testing Method, Columbus. OH:
4.6 Leak interpretation evaluation The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
4.7 Acceptance and rejection criteria ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Bubble Leak Testing. Columbus,
OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
5.1 Procedures
5.2 Leak testing procedures ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Halogen Diode Detector.
5.2.1 Basic categories and techniques Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
5.2.2 Leak location versus leakage measurement Latest edition.*
5.2.3 Pressurization or evacuation
5.2.4 Sealed units with or without tracer gas ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Mass Spectrometer Testing
5.2.5 Units accessible from one or both sides Method. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive
5.2.6 Systems at, above, or below atmospheric pressure Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
5.3 Leak testing specifications ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Pressure Change Measurement
5.3.1 Design versus working conditions Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive
5.3.2 Pressures and temperature control Testing, Inc. Latest edition.*
5.3.3 Types ofleak testing methods
5.3.4 Sensitivity of leak testing methods Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vol. 03.03. Philadelphia, PA:
5.3.5 Test method and sensitivity needed American Society for Testing and Materials. Latest edition.*
5.3.6 Preparation of a leak testing specification
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection Code B, Section V,
Article 10, Leak Testing. New York: American Society of
6.1 Safety and Health Mechanical Engineers. Latest edition.
6.2 Safety considerations
6.2.1 Personnel and the public Containment System Leakage Testing Requirements (ANSI!ANS
6.2.2 Product serviceability 56.8). LaGrange Park, IL: American Nuclear Society. 1981.
6.2.3 Test validity
6.2.4 Safe work practices Jackson, C.N. and C.N. Sherlock, technical eds., P.O. Moore, ed.
6.3 Safety precautions Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 1, Leak
6.3.1 Explosive/implosive hazards Testing. Columbus OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
6.3.2 Flammability, ignitibility, combustibility hazards Testing, Inc. 1998.*
6.3.3 Toxicity and asphyxiation hazards Mix, P.E.lntroduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training
6.3.4 Cleaning and electrical hazards Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005.
6.4 Pressure precautions
6.4.1 Pressure test versus proof test Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
6.4.2 Preliminary leak test Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
6.4.3 Pressurization check
6.4.4 Design limitations Wilson, N. and L. Beavis. Handbook of Vacuum Leak Detection.
6.4.5 Equipment and setup New York: American Vacuum Society. 1988.
6.5 Safety devices
6.5.1 Pressure control valves and regulators * Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
6.5.2 Pressure relief valves and vents Columbus OH.
6.5.3 Flow rate of regulator and relief valves
43
Uquid Penetrant Testing Level I Topical 3.1 Inspection and Evaluation of Indications
Outline 3.2 General
3.2.1 Discontinuities inherent in various materials
1.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Reason for indications
1.2 Brief history of nondestructive testing and liquid 3.2.3 Appearance of indications
penetrant testing 3.2.4 Time for indications to appear
1.3 Purpose of liquid penetrant testing 3.2.5 Persistence of indications
1.4 Basic principles of liquid penetrant testing 3.2.6 Effects of temperature and lighting (white to UV)
1.5 Types of liquid penetrants commercially available 3.2.7 Effects of metal smearing operations (shot
1.6 Method of personnel qualification peening, machining, etc.)
3.2.8 Preferred sequence for penetrant inspection
3.2.9 Part preparation (pre-cleaning, stripping, etc.)
2.1 Liquid Penetrant Processing
3.3 Factors affecting indications
2.2 Preparation of parts
3.3.1 Pre-cleaning
2.3 Adequate lighting
3.3.2 Penetrant used
2.4 Application of penetrant to parts
3.3.3 Prior processing
2.5 Removal of surface penetrant
3.3.4 Technique used
2.6 Developer application and drying
3.4 Indications from cracks
2.7 Inspection and evaluation
3.4.1 Cracks occurring during solidification
2.8 Pos -cleaning
3.4.2 Cracks occurring during processing
3.3.3 Cracks occurring during service
3.1 Various Penetrant Testing Methods 3.4 Indications from porosity
3.2 Current ASTM and ASME standard methods- 3.5 Indications from specific material forms
ASTM E 165, E 1208, E 1209, E 1210, and E 1417 3.5.1 Forgings
3.3 Characteristics of each method 3.5.2 Castings
3.4 General applications of each method 3.5.3 Plate
3.5.4 "Velds
4.1 Liquid Penetrant Testing Equipment 3.5.5 Extrusions
4.2 Liquid penetrant testing units 3.6 Evaluation of indications
4.3 Lighting for liquid penetrant testing equipment and light 3.6.1 True indications
meters 3.6.2 False indications
4.3 Materials for liquid pe"netrant testing 3.6.3 Relevant indications
4.4 Precautions in liquid penetrant inspection 3.6.4 Nonrelevant indications
3.6.5 Process control
3.6.5.1 Controlling process variables
3.6.5.2 Testing and maintenance materials
Liquid Penetrant Testing Level II Topical
Outline 4.1 Inspection Procedures and Standards
4.2 Inspection procedures (minimum requirements)
1.0 Review 4.3 Standards/codes
1.1 Basic principles 4.3.1 Applicable methods/processes
1.2 Process of various methods 4.3.2 Acceptance criteria
1.3 Equipment
5.0 Basic Methods of Instruction
2.1 Selection of the Appropriate Penetrant Testing Method
2.2 Advantages of various methods
2.3 Disadvantages of various methods
45
liquid Penetrant Testing Level Ill Topical 3.3.3 Environment (lighting, temperature, etc.)
3.3.4 Effect of metal smearing operations (shot peening,
Outline machining, etc.)
3.4 Indications from discontinuities
1.0 Principles/Theory
3.4.1 Metallic materials
1.1 Principles of liquid penetrant process
3.4.2 Nonmetallic materials
1.1.1 Process variables
3.5 Relevant and nonrelevant indications
1.1.2 Effects of test object factors on process
3.5.1 True indications
1.2 Theory
3.5.2 False indications
1.2.1 Physics of how penetrants work
1.2.2 Control and measurement of penetrant process
4.0 Procedures
variables
1.2.2.1 Surface tension, viscosity, and capillary
entrapment 5.1 Safety and Health
1.2.2.2 Measurement of penetrability, 5.2 Toxicity
washability, and emulsification 5.3 Flammability
1.2.2.3 Contrast, brightness, and fluorescence 5.4 Precautions for ultraviolet radiation
1.2.2.4 Contamination of materials 5.5 Material safety data sheets (MSDS)
1.2.2.5 Proper selection of penetrant levels for
different testing (sensitivity) Liquid Penetrant Testing, Level L II, and Ill
1.3 Proper selection of PT as method of choice
Training References
1.3.1 Difference between liquid penetrant testing and
other methods Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.03, Nondestructive
1.3.2 Complementary roles ofliquid penetrant testing Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
and other methods Materials. Latest edition.*
1.3.3 Potential for conflicting results between methods
1.3.4 Factors that qualify/disqualify the use of liquid
ASNT Level II Study Guide: Liquid Penetrant Testing Method.
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
penetrant testing
1.3.5 Selection of liquid penetrant testing technique Inc. Latest edition.*
1.4 Liquid penetrant processing ASNT Level III Study Guide: Liquid Penetrant Testing Method.
1.4.1 Preparation of parts Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
1.4.2 Applications of penetrants and emulsifiers to parts Inc. Latest edition.*
1.4.3 Removal of surface penetrants ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Liquid Penetrant Testing.
1.4.4 Developer application and drying Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
1.4.5 Evaluation Latest edition.*
1.4.6 Post-cleaning
Badger, D. Liquid Penetrant Testing Classroom Training Book
1.4.7 Precautions
(PTP Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2005.*
2.1 Equipment/Materials
2.2 Methods of measurement Boisvert, B. Principles and Applications of Liquid Penetrant
2.2 Lighting for liquid penetrant testing Testing: A Classroom Training Text. Columbus, OH: The
2.2.1 White light intensity American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1993.*
2.2.2 Ultraviolet radiation intensity, wann-up time, etc. Lovejoy, D. Penetrant Testing: A Practical Guide. New York:
2.2.3 Physics and physiological differences Chapman & Hall. 1991.
2.3 Materials for liquid penetrant testing
Mix, P.E.lntroduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training
2.3.1 Solvent removable
Guide, second edition. New York: John VViley & Sons. 2005.
2.3.2 Water-washable
2.3.3 Post-emulsifiable Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
2.3.3.1 Water base (hydrophilic) Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
2.3.3.2 Oil base (lipophilic) Standard Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspection:
2.3.4 Dual sensitivity Adjunct to ASTM E 433. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM. l985.*
2.4 Testing and maintenance of materials
Tracy, N., tech. ed., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook,
third edition: Volume 2, Liquid Penetrant Testing. Columbus, OH:
3.1 Interpretation/Evaluation
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1999*
3.2 General
3.2.1 Appearance of penetrant indications Welding Handbook, Volume 1. Miami, FL: American Welding
3.2.2 Persistence of indications Society. Latest edition.
3.3 Factors affecting indications
3.3.1 Preferred sequence for penetrant inspection "' Available from thl! American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
3.3.2 Part preparation (pre-cleaning, stripping, etc.) Columbus, OH.
46
Magnetic Particle Testing Level ITopical 5.1 Selecting the Proper lylethod of Magnetization
Outline 5.2 Alloy, shape, and condition of part
5.3 Type of magnetizing current
1.1 Principles of Magnets and Magnetic Fields 5.4 Direction of magnetic field
1.2 Theory of magnetic fields 5.5 Sequence of operations
1.2.1 Earth's magnetic field 5.6 Value of flux density
1.2.2 Magnetic fields around magnetized materials
1.3 Theory of magnetism 6.1 Inspection Materials
1.3.1 Magnetic poles 6.2 Wet particles
1.3.2 Law of magnetism 6.2 Dry particles
1.3.3 Materials influenced by magnetic fields
1.2.3.1 Ferromagnetic 7.1 Principles of Demagnetization
1.2.3.2 Paramagnetic 7.2 Residual magnetism
1.3.4 Magnetic characteristics of nonferrous materials 7.3 Reasons for requiring demagnetization
1.4 Terminology associated with magnetic particle testing 7.4 Longitudinal and circular residual fields
7.5 Basic principles of demagnetization
2.1 Characteristics of Magnetic Fields 7.6 Retentivity and coercive force
2.2 Bar magnet 7.7 Methods of demagnetintion
2.2 Ring magnet
8.1 Magnetic Particle Testing Equipment
3.1 Effect of Discontinuities of Materials 8.2 Equipment selection considerations
3.2 Surface cracks 8.1.1 Type of magnetizing current
3.3 Scratches 8.J.2 Location and nature oftest
3.4 Subsurface defects 8.1.3 Test. materials used
8.1.4 Purpose of test
4:..0 Magnetization by Means of Electric Current 8.1.5 Area inspected
4.1 Circular field 8.2 Manual inspection equipment
4.1.1 field around a straight conductor 8.3 Medium- and heavy-duty equipment
4.1.2 Right-hand rule 8.4 Stationary equipment
4.1.3 Field in parts through which current flows 8.5 1-"lechanized inspection equipment
4.1.3.1 Long, solid, cylindrical, regular parts 8.5.1 Semiautomatic inspection equipment
4.1.3.2 Irregularly shaped parts 8.5.2 Single-purpose semiautomatic equipment
4.1.3.3 Tubular parts 8.5.3 Multipurpose semiautomatic equipment
4.1.3.4 Parts containing machined holes, slots, 8.5.4 Fully automatic equipment
etc.
4.1.4 Methods of inducing current flow in parts 9.1 Types of Discontinuities Detected by Magnetic Particle
4.1.4.1 Contact plates Testing
4.1.4.2 Prods 9.2 Inclusions
4.1.5 Discontinuities commonly discovered by circular 9.3 Blowholes
fields 9.4 Porosity
4.2 Longitudinal field 9.5 Flakes
4.2.1 Field produced by current flow in a coil 9.6 Cracks
4.2.2 Field direction in a current-carrying coil 9.7 Pipes
4.2.3 Field strength in a current-carrying coil 9.8 Laminations
4.2.4 Discontinuities commonly discovered by 9.9 Laps
longitudinal fields 9.10 Forging bursts
4.2.5 Advantages of longitudinal magnetization 9.11 Voids
4.2.6 Disadvantages oflongitudinal magnetization
47
10.1 Magnetic Particle Test Indications and Interpretations 4.3 Longitudinal technique
10.2 Indications of nonmetallic inclusions 4.3.1 Principles of induced flux field_<;
10.3 Indications of surface seams 4.3.2 Geometry of part to be inspected
10.4 Indications of cracks 4.3.3 Shapes and sizes of coils
10.5 Indications of laminations 4.3.4 Usc of coils and cables
10.6 Indications of laps 4.3.4.1 Strength of field
10.7 Indications of bursts and flakes 4.3.4.2 Current directional flow versus flux field
10.8 Indications of porosity 4.3.4.3 Shapes, sizes, and current capacities
10.9 Nonrelevant indications 4.3.5 Current calculations
4.3.5.1 Formulas
4.3.5.2 Types of current required
Magnetic Particle Testing Level II Topical 4.3.5.3 Current demand
Outline 4.3.6 Discontinuities commonly detected
7.0 Equipment
2.1 Flux Fields
7.1 Portable type
2.2 Direct current 7.1.1 Reason for portable equipment
2.2.1 Depth of penetration factors
7.1.2 Capabilities of portable equipment
2.2.2 Source of current
7.1.3 Similarity to stationary equipment
2.3 Direct pulsating current
7.2 Stationary type
2.3.1 Similarity to direct current
7.2.1 Capability of handling large and heavy parts
2.3.2 Advantages
7.2.2 Flexibility in use
2.3.3 Typical fields
7.2.3 Need for stationary equipment
2.4 Alternating current
7.2.4 Use of accessories and attachments
2.4.1 Cyclic effects
7.3 Automatic type
2.4.2 Surface strength characteristics
7.3.1 Requirements for automation
2.4.3 Safety precautions
7.3.2 Sequential operations
2.4.4 Voltage and current factors
7.3.3 Control and operation factors
2.4.5 Source of current
7.3.4 Alarm and rejection mechanisms
7.4 Multidirectional units
3.1 Effects of Discontinuities on Materials 7.4.1 Capability
3.2 Design factors 7.4.2 Control and operation factors
3.2.1 Mechanical properties 7.4.3 Applications
3.2.2 Part use 7.5 Liquids and powders
3.3 Relationship to load-carrying ability 7.5.1 Liquid requirements as a particle vehicle
7.5.2 Safety precautions
4.1 Magnetization by Means of Electric Current 7.5.3 Temperature needs
4.2 Circular techniques 7.5.4 Powder and paste contents
4.2.1 Current calculations 7.5.5 Mixing procedures
4.2.2 Depth-factor considerations 7.5.6 Need for accurate proportions
4.2.3 Precautions- safety and overheating 7.6 Ultraviolet radiation type
4.2.4 Contact prod_<; and yokes 7.6.1 Ultraviolet radiation and fluorescence
4.2.4.1 Requirements for prods and yokes 7.6.2 Visible light and black light comparisons
4.2.4.2 Current-carrying capabilities 7.6.3 Requirements in the testing cycle
4.2.5 Discontinuities commonly detected 7.6.4 Techniques in use
48
Magnetic Particle Testing Topical Outlines
5.0 Procedures
5.1 Magnetic particle procedures, codes, standards, and
Magnetic Particle Testing Level Ill Topical specificatiOns
Outline
6.0 Safety and Health
1.0 Principles/Theory 6.1 Precautions for ultraviolet radiation
1.1 Principles of magnets and magnetic fields
1.1.1 Theory of magnetic field<i
1.1.2 Theory of magnetism
1.1.3 Terminology associated with magnetic particle
Magnetic Particle Testing, Level I, II, and
testing Ill Training References
1.2 Characteristics of magnetic fields
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, VoL 03.03, Nondestructive
1.2.1 Bar magnet
Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
1.2.2 Ring magnet
Materials. Latest edition.*
2.1 Equipment/Materials ASNT Level II Study Guide: Magnetic Particle Testing Method.
2.2 Magnetic particle test equipment Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.2.1 Equipment selection considerations Inc. Latest edition.*
2.2.2 Manual inspection equipment
2.1.3 Medium- and heavy-duty equipment ASNT Levelll! Study Guide: Magnetic Particle Testing Method.
2.1.4 Stationary equipment Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.1.5 Mechanized inspection equipment Inc. Latest edition.*
2.2 Inspection materials ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Magnetic Particle Method.
2.2.1 Wet particle technique
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.2.2 Dry particle technique
Inc. Latest edition.*
49
Betz, C.E. Principles of Magnetic Particle Testing. Chicago, lL: Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
Magnaflux Corp. 2000. Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
Mix, P.E., Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training Smith, G. Magnetic Particle Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005. Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc. 2015.* ·
Moore, D.G., tech. ed., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing
Handbook, third edition: Volume 8, lviagnetic Particle Testing. Welding Handbook, Volwne 1. Miami, FL: American Welding
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Society. Latest edition.
Inc. 2008.*
50
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level I 10.1 Readout Mechanism
Topical Outline 10.2 Displays
10.3 Strip-chart recorder
1.0 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing 10.4 Computerized data acquisition
1.1 Brief history of testing
1.2 Basic principles of testing Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level II
Topical Outline
2.0 Principles of Magnetic Fields
2.1 Magnetic fields characteristics
2.2 Plux line characteristics Magnetic Flux Leakage Evaluation Course
51
7.0 Applications 3.2 Coupling
7.1 General 3.2.1 Fill factor
7. t.l Flaw detection 3.2.2 Lift-off
7.1.2 Sorting for properties related to permeability 3.3 Field strength
7.1.3 Measurement of magnetic-characteristic values 3.3.1 Permeability changes
7.2 Specific 3.3.2 Saturation
7.2.1 Tank floor and side inspection 3.4 Comparison of techniques
7.2.2 Wire rope inspection 3.5 Standardization
7.2.3 Tube inspection 3.5.1 Techniques
7.2.4 "Intelligent" pigs 3.5.2 Reference standards
7.2.5 Bar inspection 3.6 Techniques- g ncral
3.6.1 Surface or subsurface flaw detection
8.0 User Standards and Operating Procedures 3.6.2 Noise suPpression
8.1 Explanation of standards and specifications used in
magnetic flux leakage testing 4.1 Interpretation/Evaluation
8.2 Explanation of operating procedures used in magnetic 4.2 Flaw detection
flux leakage testing 4.3 Process control
4.4 General interpretations
4.5 Defect characterization
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Level Ill
Topical Outline 5.1 Standards
5.2 ASME Section V Article 16 Magnetic Flux Leakage
1.1 Principles/Theory 5.3 API 653 Appendix G
1.2 Flux leakage theory
1.3 FOrster and other theories
6.0 Procedures
1.4 Finite element methods
1.4 DC flux leakage/AC flux leakage
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Method,
2.1 Equipment/Materials Levell, II, and Ill Training References
2.2 Detectors
2.2.1 Advantages/limitations ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Electromagnetic Testing Method.
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.3 Coils
Inc. Latest edition.""
2.3.1 Advantages/limitations
2.4 Factors affecting choice of sensing elements Beissner, R.E., G.J\. Matzkanin, and C.M. Teller. NTIAC-80-1,
2.4.1 Type of part to be inspected NDE Applications of Magnetic Leakage Field Methods. January 1980.
2.4.2 Type of discontinuity to be detected
2.4.3 Speed of testing required Bray, D.E. and R.K. Stanley. Nondestructive livaluation, A Tool in
2.4.4 Amount of testing required Design, Manufacturing and Service, revised edition. CRC Press. 1996.
2.4.5 Probable location of discontinuity
1\1FL Compendium: Articles on Magnetic Flux Leakage - Collected
2.4.6 Applications other than discontinuity detection
from Materials Evaluation Published from 1953 to 2006.
2.5 Read out selection ·
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.5.1 Oscilloscope and other monitor displays
Inc. 2010.*
2.4.2 Alarm, lights, etc.
2.4.3 Marking system Moore, D.G., tech. ed., P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing
2.4.4 Sorting gates and tables Handbook, third edition: Volume 8, Magnetic Particle Testing.
2.4.5 Cutoff saw or shears Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.4.6 Automation and feedback Inc. 2008.*
2.4.7 Strip-chart recorder
2.4.8 Computerized data acquisition Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
2.5 Instrwnent design considerations Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
2.5.1 Amplification
Udpa, S.S., tech. ed, P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing
2.5.2 Filtering
2.5.3 Sensor configuration
Handbook, third edition: Volwne 5, Electromagnetic Testing.
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. 2004.*
3.0 Techniques/Standardization
3.1 Consideration affecting choice of test
3.1.1 Signal-to-noise ratio " Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
3.1.2 Response speed Columbus OH.
3.1.3 Skin effect
52
Microwave Technology Level ITopical Technique Course
Outline • 1.0 Basic Scanning Microwave Instrument
1.1 System hardware
Theory Course
2.0 Instrument Electronics
1.1 Introduction to Microwave Theory 2.1 Transmitter
1.2 Microwave scanning 2.2 Receiver
1.3 Reflection interference pattern 2.3 Antennas
1.4 Differential amplitude measurement 2.4 Probe
1.4 Basic math review 2.5 Position interface
2.6 Sampling
2.0 Basic Electromagnetic Theory 2.7 Data format
2.1 Nature of EM waves
2.2 ·wave generation 3.1 Position Control
2.3 Propagation and modes 3.2 Positioning interface
3.3 Position feedback
3.0 Material Properties
3.1 Coi1.ductors and dielectrics 4.0 Antenna Design
4.1 Phase relation
4.1 Scanning Microwave Basics 4.2 2 channel receiver
4.2 Scanning rnicmwave interference pattern image 4.3 Stand off
4.2.1 Interference pallern
4.2.2 Compare amplitude of reflected signal v.rith
5.1 Display System
standing wave 5.2 Hardware.
4.1.3 Emitter and receiver in probe ftxed physical 5.3 Display software
relationship
4.1.4 Fixed phase relationship
6.0 Control Functions
4.2 Probe design
6.1 Power
4.2.1 Phase relation
6.2 Signal penetration
4.2.2 2 channel receiver
6.3 Response amplification
4.2.3 Stand off
4.3 Antenna and sensor pattern
4.3.1 Reflected signal pattern
7.0 Data Collection and Formatting
4.4 Image creation
4.4.1 Signal voltage- position Microwave Technology Level II Topical
4.4.2 Interference map - phase relationship
Outline
4.4.3 Channel relationship
4.5 Signal differential and phase relationship
4.6 Interference pattern image Theory Course
4.6.1 Line and circle patterns
4.6.2 Nodes and depth 1.1 Measure Electromagnetic '\Vave Interaction with Part
4.7 Measurement 1.2 Attenuation
4.7.1 Interference patterns 1.3 Reflection
4.7.2 Wavelength in material
2.0 MaA"Well's Equations
53
3.0 Microwave Propagation 3.0 Calibration
3.1 VVave propagation
3.1 Frequency selection
3.2 Wave interaction with matter 3.2 Standoff
3.3 Power
4.0 Microwave Energy and Excitation Energies 3.4 Gain
3.5 Sample rate
5.0 Microwave Energy :Field- Charge Interaction 3.6 Scan separation
5.1 Dipole moment
5.2 Polarity
4.1 Calibration Blocks
5.3 Interference 4.2 Nominal specimen
5.4 Anisotropic material properties
4.3 Fault exan1ples .
4.4 Measurement
6.0 Material Properties 4.4.1 Dielectric constant
6.1 Conductors and dielectrics 4.4.2 Wave length in material
6.2 Excitation energies 4.3.3 Loss tangent
55
Stakenborghs, R. "Specific Application NDE Method Leads to Tipler, P.A. and R.A. Llewellyn. Afodem Physics, fifth edition. New
Development of Novel Microwave NDE Technique," York: \.Y.H. Freeman. 2007.
Inspectioneering Journal, (ll) No.1, (Jan/Feb 2005): 11-13.
Udpa, S.S., lech. ed, P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing
Stakenborghs, R. and J. Little. "A Modern Approach to Condition- Handbook, third edition: Volume 5, Hlectromagnetic Testing.
Based Maintenance of Reinforced Rubber Cooling System Columbus, OH: The-American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Expansion Joints Utilizing a Microwave Nondestructive Inspection Inc. 2004.'*
Method- JCON£17-75602," Proceedings of the Seventeenth
International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, (2):1003-1009. *Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
New York: American Society for Mechanical Engineering. 2009. Columbus, OH. '
56
Neutron Radiographic Testing Level I 3.3 Accelerators
3.3.1 Types of accelerators
Topical Outline 3.3.2 Neutron-producing reactions
Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and 3.3 Isotopic sources
Level II certification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe- 3.3.1 Radioisotope+ Be
ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation 3.3.1.1 0< - Be
3.3.1.2 Y- Be
Safety Tapical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used
3.3.2 Radioisotope + D
as guidance. 3.3.2.1 Y- D
3.3.3 Spontaneous fission
Basic Neutron Radiographic Physics Course 3.3.3.1 252 Cf
57
1.3 Track-etch 2.1.5 Sources of radiation
1.3.1 Radiation response 2.1.5.1 Electronic sources
1.3.2 Vacuum/contact considerations 2.1.5.2 Isotopic sources
1.3.3 Radiographic speed 2.1.5.3 Nuclear reactors
1.3.4 Radiographic contrast 2.1.5.4 Accelerators
2.2 Interaction between penetrating radiation and matter
2.1 Neutron Radiographic Process: Basic Imaging {neutron and gamma ray)
Considerations 2.2.1 Absorption
2.2 Definition of sensitivity (including image quality 2.2.2 Scatter
indicators) 2.2.3 Other interactions
2.3 Contrast and definition 2.3 Glossary of terms and units of measure
2.3.1 Neutron energy and neutron screen relationship
2.3.2 Effect of scattering in object 3.0 Radiation Sources for Neutrons
2.3 Geometric principles 3.1 Neutron sources- general
2.4 Generation and control of scatter 3.1.1 Reactors
2.5 Choice of neutron source 3.1.1.1 Principle of fission chain reactions
2.6 Choice of film 3.1.1.2 Fast-neutron flux- energy and spatial
2.7 Use of exposure curves distribution
2.8 Cause of correction of unsatisfactory radiographs 3.1.1.3 Neutron thermalization
2.8.1 High film density 3.1.1.4 Thennal-neutron flux- energy and
2.8.2 Low film density spatial distribution
2.8.3 High contrast 3.1.2 Accelerators
2.8.4 Low contrast 3.1.2.1 Types of accelerators
2.8.5 Poor definition 3.1.2.2 Neutron-producing reactions
2.8.6 Excessive film fog 3.1.2.3 Available yields and energy spectra
2.8.7 Light leaks 3.1.3 Isotopic sources
2.8.8 Artifacts 3.1.3.1 Radioisotope+ Be
2.9 Arithmetic of exposure 3.1.3.2 Radioisotope+ D
3.1.3.3 Spontaneous fission 251Cf
3.1 Test Result Interpretation 3.1.4 Beam design
3.2 Relationship between X-ray and n-ray 3.1.4.1 Source placement
3.3 Effects on measurement and interpretation of test 3.1.4.2 Collimation
3.4 Administrative control of test quality by interpreler 3.1.4.3 Filtering
3.5 Familiarization with image 3.1.4.4 Shielding
58
Neutron Radiographic T<;sting Topical Outlines
59
Neutron Radiographic Testing Level Ill 4.0 Interpretation/Evaluation
Topical Outline 4.1 Radiographic interpretation
4.1.1 Image-object relationships
1.0 Principles/Theory 4.1.2 Material consideratiom
1.1 Nature of penetrating radiation 4.1.2.1 Material processing as it affects use of
1.2 Interaction benveen penetrating radiation and matter item and test results
1.3 Neutron radiography 4.1.2.2 Discontinuities, their cause and effects
1.3.1 Imaging by film 4.1.2.3 Radiographic appearance of
1.3.2 Imaging by fluorescent materials discontinuith;s
1.3.3 Imaging by electronic devices 4.1.3 Codes, standards, and specifications
1.4 Radiometry
5.1 Procedures
2.1 Equipment/Materials 5.2 The radiographic process
2.2 Sources of neutrons 5.2.1 1 Imaging considerations
2.2.1Reactors 5.2.1.1 Sensitivity
2.2.2Accelerators 5.2.1.2 Contrast and definition
2.2.3Isotopic sources 5.2.1.3 Geometric factors
2.2.4Beam control factors 5.2.1.4 Intensifying screens
2.2 Radiation detectors 5.2.1.5 Scattered radiation
2.2.1 Imaging 5.2.1.6 Source factors
2.2.1.1 Converter screens 5.2.1.7 Detection media
2.2.1.2 Film principles, properties, use with 5.2.1.8 Exposure curves
neutron converter screens 5.3 Film processing
2.2.1.3 Fluoroscopy 5.3.1 Darkroom procedures
2.2.1.4 TV and opticall:iystems 5.2.2 Darkroom equipment and chemicals
2.3 Non-imaging devices 5.2.3 Film procel:ising
2.3.1 Solid-state detectors 5.3 Viewing of radiographs
2.3.2 Gaseous ionization detectors 5.3.1 Illuminator requirements
2.3.3 Neutron detectors 5.3.2 Background lighting
2.3.4 Instrumentation 5.3.3 Optical aids
2.3.5 Gaging and control processes 5.4 Judging radiographic quality
5.4.1 Density
3.1 Techniques/Calibnttions 5.4.2 Contrast
3.2 Blocking and filtering 5.4.3 D finition
5.4.4 Artifacts
3.3 Multi-film technique
3.4 Enlargement and projection 5.4.5 Image quality indicators (IQI!:i)
3.5 Stereoradiography 5.4.6 Causes and corrections of unsatisfactory
3.6 Triangulation methods radiographs
3.7 Autoradiography
3.7 Flash radiography 6.0 Safety and Health
3.8 In-motion radiography 6.1 Personnel safety and radiation hazards
3.9 Fluoroscopy 6.1.1 Exposure hazards
3.10 Electron emission radiography 6.1.1.1 General - beta, gamma
3.11 Micro-radiography 6.1.1.2 Specific neutron hazards
3.12 Laminography (tomography) 6.1.2 Methods of controlling radiation exposure
3.13 Control of diffraction effects 6.1.3 Operation and emergency procedures
3.14 Panoramic exposures
3.15 Gaging
3.16 Real time imaging
3.17 Image analysis techniques
60
Neutron Radiographic Testi g Topical Outlines
Neutron Radiographic Testing, Level I, II, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10: Part 0-5. Washington D.C:
U.S. Government Printing Office. 1993.
and Ill Training References
Code of Federal RegulatiOns; Title 10: Part 20. VVashington D.C.:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, VoL 03.03, Nondestructive
U.S. Government Printing Office. 1996.
Testing. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and
Materials. Latest edition.' - Doman us, J.C. Collimators for Thermal Neutron Radiography, An
Overview. D. Reidel Publishing Co. 1987.
ASNT Questions & Answers Book: Neutron Radiographic Testing
lviethod. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Harms, A.A. and D.R. Wyman. Mathematics and Physics of
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.,._ Neutron Radiography. Reidel Publishing Co. 1986.
Berger, H. Neutron Radiography. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Mb::, P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training
Elsevier Publishing Co. 1965. Guide, second edition. New York: John ·wiley & Sons. 2005.
Berger, H. Practical Applications of Neutron Radiography and Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Cor trol: ASM Handbook,
Gaging- STP 586. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
and Materials. 1976.
Radiography in Modern Industry, 'W'\'/'iv.kodak.com/eknec/docu-
Bossi, R.H., F.A. Iddings and G.C. Wheeler, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, ments/87/0900688a802b3c87 /Radiography- in-Modern-
ed., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 4, Industry.pdf. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980.
Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2002.*
* Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing. Inc.,
Columbus, OH.
61
Radiographic Testing Levell Topical 5.0 Interaction of Rad ation with Matter
Outline 5.1 Ionization
5.2 Radiation interaction with matter
Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and 5.2.1 Photoelectric effect
Level IIcertification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe- 5.2.2 Compton scattering
ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation 5.2.3 Pair production
Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used 5.3 Unit of radiation exposure - coulomb per kilogram
as guidance. (C/kg)
5.4 Emissivity of commonly used radiographic sources
5.5 Em.issivity of X-ray exposure devices
Basic Radiographic Physics Course 5.6 Attenuation of electromagnetic radiation - shielding
5.7 Half-value layers, tenth-value layers
1.0 Introduction 5.8 Inverse square law
1.1 History and discovery of radioactive materials
1.2 Definition of industrial radiography
6.1 Exposure Devices and Radiation Sources
1.3 Radiation protection - why?
6.2 Radioisotope sources
1.4 Basic math review - exponents, square root, etc.
6.2.1 Sealed-source design and fabrication
6.2.2 Gamma-ray sources
2.0 Fundamental Properties of Matter 6.2.3 Beta and bremsstrahlung sources
2.1 Elements and atoms 6.2.4 Neutron sources
2.2 Molecules and compounds 6.3 Radioisotope exposure device characteristics
2.3 Atomic particles - properties of protons, electrons, and 6.3 Electronic radiation sources- 500 keY and less, low
neutrons energy
2.4 Atomic structure 6.3.1 Generator- high-voltage rectifiers
2.5 Atomic number and weight 6.3.2 X-ray tube design and fabrication
2.6 Isotope versus radioisotope 6.3.3 X-ray control circuits
6.3.4 Accelerating potential
3.1 Radioactive Materials 6.3.5 Target material and configuration
3.2 Production 6.3.6 Heat dissipation
3.2.1 Neutron activation 6.3.7 Duty cycle
3.2.2 Nuclear fission 6.3.8 Beam filtration
3.2 Stable versus unstable (radioactive) atoms 6.4 * Electronic radiation sources- medium- and high-
3.3 Becquerel - the unit of activity energy 6.4.1* Resonance transformer
3.4 Half-life of radioactive materials 6.4.2 * Van de graaff accelerator
3.5 Plotting of radioactive decay 6.4.3 * Linear
3.6 Specific activity- becquerels/gram accelerator 6.4.4*
Betatron
4.1 Types of Radiation 6.4.5* Coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) output
4.2 Particulate radiation- properties: alpha, beta, neutron 6.4.6* Equipment design and fabrication
4.3 Electromagnetic radiation- X-ray, gamma ray 6.4.7* Bc.:am filtration
4.4 X-ray production 6.5* Fluoroscopic radiation sources
4.5 Gamma-ray production 6.5.1 * Fluoroscopic equipment design
4.6 Gamma-ray energy 6.5.2* Direct-viewing screens
4.7 Energy characteristics of common radioisotope sources 6.5.3 * Image amplification
4.8 Energy characteristics of X-ray machines 6.5.4 * Special X-ray tube considerations and duty
cycle 6.5.5* Screen unsharpncss
6.5.6* Screen conversion efficiency
63
I 7.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review
4.0 Radiographic Image Quality
7.1 Controlling personnel exposure
4.1 Radiographic sensitivity
7.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts
4.2 Radiographic contrast
7.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept
4.3 Film contrast
7.4 Radiation-detection equipment
4.4 Subject contrast
7.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics
4.5 Definition
4.6 Film graininess and screen mottle effects
4.7 Image quality indicators (IQis)
"' Topics may be deleted if the employer does not use these methods and
techniques.
5.1 Film Handling) Loading, and Processing
5.2 Safe light and darkroom practices
Radiographic Technique Course 5.3 Loading bench and cleanliness
5.4 Opening of film boxes and packets
1.1 Introduction 5.4 Loading of film and sealing cassettes
1.2 Process of radiography 5.5 Handling techniques for "green film"
1.3 Types of electromagnetic radiation sources 5.6 Elements of manual film processing
1.4 Electromagnetic spectrum
1.5 Penetrating ability or "quality" ofX-rays and gamma 6.1 Exposure Techniques - Radiography
rays 6.2 Single-wall radiography
1.6 Spectrum of X-ray tube source 6.3 Double-wall radiography
1.7 Spectrum of gamma-radioisotope source 6.3.1 Viewing two walls simultaneously
1.7 X-ray tube- change of rnA or kVp effect on "quality" 6.3.2 Offset double-wall exposure single-wall viewing
and intensity 6.3.3 Elliptical techniques
6.4 Panoramic radiography
2.0 Basic Principles of Radiography 6.5 Usc of multiple-film loading
2.1 Geometric exposure principles 6.6 Specimen configuration
2.1.1 "Shadow" formation and distortion
2.1.2 Shadow enlargement calculation 7.0 Fluoroscopic Techniques
2.1.3 Shadow sharpness 7.1 Dark adaptation and eye sensitivity
2.1.4 Geometric unsharpness 7.2 Special scattered radiation techniques
2.1.5 Finding discontinuity depth 7.3 Personnel protection
2.2 Radiographic screens 7.4 Sensitivity
2.2.1 Lead intensifying screens 7.5 Limitations
2.2.2 Fluorescent intensifying screens 7.6 Direct sc een viewing
2.2.3 Intensifying factors 7.7 Indirect and remote screen viev·ling
2.2.4 Importance of screen-to-film contact
2.2.5 Importance of screen cleanliness and care
2.2.6 Techniques for cleaning screens Radiographic Testing Level II Topical
2.3 Radiographic casselles Outline
2.4 Composition of industrial radiographic f.tlm
2.5 The "heel effect" with X ray tubes Film Quality and Manufacturing Processes Course
64
Radiographic Testing Topical Outlines
66
Radiographic Tes:ing Topical Outlines
Advanced Computed Radiography Course 8.1 Standards, Codes, and Procedures for Radiography
8.2 ASTM/ASME standards
1.1 Computed Radiography (CR) Overview 8.3 Acceptable radiographic techniques and setups
1.2 Photostimulable luminescence (PSL) 8.4 Applicable employer procedures
1.2 Image acquisition
1.3 Image presentation 9.1 Radiographic Safety Principles Review
1.4 Artifacts 9.2 Controlling personnel exposure
9.3 Time, distance, shielding concepts
2.1 Image Display Characteristics 9.4 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept
2.2 Image definition 9.5 Radiation-detection equipment
2.3 Filtering techniques 9.6 Exposure-device operating characteristics
2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
2.5 Modulation transfer function (MTF)
2.5 Grayscale adjustments
Computed Tomography Testing Level I
2.6 Image quality indicators (IQis) Topical Outline
Note: Independent of Lhe training recommended for Level I and
3.1 Image Viewing Level IIcertification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe-
3.2 Image-monitor requirements ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation
3.3 Background lighting Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used
3.3 IQI placement as guidance.
3.4 Personnel dark adaptation and visual acuity
3.5 Image identification
Basic Radiographic Physics Course
3.6 Location markers
l.O Introduction
4.1 Evaluation of CR Images
1.1 History and discovery of radioactive materials
4.2 Pixel value
1.2 Definition of industrial radiography
4.3 IQI
1.3 Radiation protection -why?
4.4 Artifact mitigation
1.4 Basic math review: exponents, square root, etc.
4.5 System performance
4.6 Conformance to specifications
4.7 Image storage and transmission 2.1 Fundamental Properties of Matter
2.2 Elements and atoms
2.3 Molecules and compotmds
5.1 Application Techniques
2.4 Atomic particles- properties of protons, electrons, and
5.2 Multiple-view techniques
neutrons
5.2.1 Thickness-variation parameters
2.5 Atomic structure
5.3 Enlargement and projection
2.6 Atomic number and weight
5.4 Geometric relationships
2.7 Isotope versus radioisotope
5.4.1 Geometric unsharpness
5.4.2 IQI sensitivity
5.4.3 Source-to-image plate distance
5.4.4 Focal-spot size
5.5 Localized magnification
5.6 Plate-handling techniques
67
3.0 Radioactive Materials 7.1 Radiographic Safety Principles Review
3.1 Production 7.2 Controlling personnel exposure
3.1.1 Neutron activation 7.3 Time, distance, shielding concepts
3.1.2 Nuclear fission 7.4 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept
3.2 Stable versus unstable (radioactive) atoms 7.5 Radiation-detection equipment
3.3 Bccqucrcl - the unit of activity 7.6 Exposure-device operating characteristics
3.4 Half-life of radioactive materials
3.5 Plotting of radioactive decay
3.6 Specific activity- becquerels/gram * Topics may be deleted if the employer does not use these methods and
techniques.
68
Radiographic Testing Topical Outlines
69
6.1 Exposure Devices and Radiation Sources 4.1 Detector Issues
6.2 Radioisotope sources 4.2 Scatter sensitivity
6.2.1 Sealed-source design and fabrication 4.3 Radiation exposure tolerance
6.2.2 Gamma-ray sources 4.4 Portability
6.2.3 Beta and bremsstrahlW1g sources 4.4 Detector handling
6.2.4 Neutron sources
6.3 Radioisotope exposure device characteristics 5.0 Technique Sheets
6.3 Electronic radiation sources- 500 keV and less, low-
energy
6.3.1 Generator- high-voltage rectifiers Digital Radiography Testing Level II
6.3.2 X-ray tube design and fabrication Topical Outline_
6.3.3 X-ray control circuits
6.3.4 Accelerating potential Digital Radiography Technique Course
63.5 Target material and configuration
6.3.6 Heat dissipation
1.1 BasiC Digital Radiography versus Film Principles
6.3.7 Duty cycle
1.2 Film versus DR images
6.3.8 Beam filtration
1.2.1 Linearity and latitude
6.4* Electronic radiation sources- medium- and high-energy
1.2.2 Contrast and resolution
6.4.1 * Resonance transformer
6.4.2* Van de graaff accelerator
6.4.3* Linear accelerator 2.1 DR System Components
6.4.4* Betatron 2.2 X-ray and gamma-ray sources
6.4.5' Coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) output 2.1.1 Energy, rnA, focal spot
6.4.6* Equipment design and fabrication 2.1.2 Stability
6.4.7* Beam filtration 2.1.3 Open and closed X- ray tubes
2.1.4 Filtration
2.2 Computer
I 7.0 Radiographic Safety Principles Review
2.2.1 Operator interface
7.1 Controlling personnel exposure
7.2 Time, distance, shielding concepts 2.2.2 System controller
7.3 As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) concept 2.2.3 Image processor
2.3 Monitors
7.4 Radiation-detection equipment
2.3.1 CRT
7.5 Exposure-device operating characteristics
2.3.2 LCD
* Topics may be deleted if the employer does not me these methods and 2.4 Data archive
techniques. 2.4.1 Removable media (CD, DVD, tape)
2.4.2 Redundant array of inexpensive disks (RAID)
2.4.3 Central archive
Basic Digital Radiography Technique Course
3.1 Image Fidelity
1.0 Digital Radiography (DR) Overview 3.2 Measuring image fidelity
Ll Digital radiography 3.2.1 Contrast and resolution
1.2 Digital images 3.2.2 Sigoal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
1.2.1 Bits/bytes 3.3 Image fidelity indicators (system cl1aracterization)
1.2.2 Pixels/voxels
1.3 Image file formats and compression
4.1 Image Processing (Post-Processing)
1.4 DR system overview
4.2 Grayscale adjustments
1.5 DR system capabilities
4.2.1 Windmving and leveling
1.5.1 DR versus film procedural steps
4.2.2 Look-up tables (LUTs)
1.5.2 Cost and environmental issues
4.2.3 Thresholding
4.2.4 Histogram equalization
2.1 DR System Components 4.2.5 Pseudo-color
2.2 Detector(s) used in the radiography shop 4.3 Arithmetic
2.1.1 Operating procedures to use the equipment 4.3.1 Addition (integration)
4.3.2 Subtraction
3.1 Image Fidelity Indicators (System Characterization) 4.3.3 Division
3.2 Image quality indicators (IQls): hole and wire types 4.3.4 Multiplication
3.2 Line pair gages 4.3.5 Averagi.ng
3.3 Phantoms
3.4 Reference quality indicators (RQls)
3.5 TV test patterns
70
Radiographic Test!ng Topical Outlines
71
Radiographic Testing Level Ill Topical 3.1 Safety and Health
Outline 3.2 Exposure hazards
3.2.1 Occupational dose limits
3.3 Methods of controlling radiation exposure
Basic Radiographic Topics
3.3.1 Time
3.3.2 Distance
1.1 Principles/Theory 3.3.2.1 Inverse square law
1.2 Nature of penetrating radiation 3.3.3 Shielding
1.3 Interaction between penetrating radiation and matter 3.3.3.1 Half-value layers
1.4 Radiology overview 3.3.3.2 Tenth-value l yers
1.4.1 Film radiography 3.4 Operational and emergency procedures
1.4.2 Computed radiography 3.4 Dosimetry and film badges
1.4.3 Computed tomography 3.5 Gamma leak testing
1.4.4 Digital radiography 3.6 Transportation regulations
1.3.4.1 Radioscopy
Radiographic Testing
2.1 Equipment/Materials
2.2 Electrically generated sources
1.1 Techniques/Calibration
2.2.1 X- ray sources
1.2 Imaging considerations
2.2.1.1 Generators and tubes as an integrated
1.2.1 Sensitivity
system
1.2.2 Contrast and definition
2.2.1.2 Sources of electrons
1.2.3 Geometric factors
2.2.1.3 Electron accelerating methods
1.2.4 Intensifying screens
2.2.1.4 Target materials and characteristics
1.2.5 Scattered radiation
2.2.1.5 Equipment design considerations
1.2.6 Source factors
2.2.1.6 Microfocus sources
1.1.7 Detection media
2.3 Isotope sources
1.1.8 Exposure curves
2.3.1 Exposure devices
1.2 Film Processing
2.3.2 Source changers
1.2.1 Darkroom procedures
2.3.3 Remote-handling equipment
1.2.2 Darkroom equipment and chemicals
2.3.4 Collimators
1.2.3 Film processing
2.3.5 Specific characteristics
1.3 Viewing of radiographs
2.3.5.1 Half-lives
1.3.1 Illuminator requirements
2.3.5.2 Energy levels
1.3.2 Background lighting
2.3.5.3 Half-value layers 1.3.3 Optical aids
2.3.5.4 Tenth-value layers 1.4 Judging radiographic quality
2.3 Radiation detection overview
1.4.1 Density
2.3.1 Direct imaging
1.4.2 Contrast
2.3.1.1 Film overview
1.4.3 Definition
2.3.1.2 Radioscopy overview
1.4.4 Artifacts
2.3.1.3 X-ray image intensifier system
1.4.5 Image quality indicators (IQis)
2.3.2 Digital data acquisition/detectors
1.4.6 Causes and correction of unsatisfactory
2.3.2.1 Film digitizers radiographs
2.3.2.2 Computed radiography (CR)
1.5 Exposure calculations
2.3.2.3 Digital radiography (DR)
1.6 Radiographic techniques
2.3.2.4 Computed tomography (CT)
1.6.1 Blocking and filtering
2.4 Manipulators
1.6.2 Multi-6lm techniques
2.4.1 Manual versus automated
1.6.3 Enlargement and projection
2.4.2 Multiple axis
1.6.4 Stereoradiography
2.4.3 Weight capacity
1.6.5 Triangulation methods
2.4.4 Precision
1.6.6 Autoradiography
2.5 Visual perception
1.6.7 Flash radiography
2.5.1 Spatial frequency
1.6.8 In-motion radiography
2.5.2 Contrast
1.6.9 Control of diffraction effects
2.5.3 Displayed brightness
1.6.10 Pipe welding exposures
2.5.4 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
1.6.10.1 Contact
2.5.5 Probability of detection (POD) (single versus
1.6.10.2 Elliptical
multiple locations, scanning)
1.6.10.3 Panoramic
2.5.6 Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves
72
Radiographic Testing Topical Outlines
2.0 Advanced Image Processing and Algorithm Analysis 5.1 DR Image Quality Topics
2.1 System performance analysis 5.2 Calibration optimization
2.1.1 Modulation transfer function
5.3 Setting bad pixel limits versus application
2.1.2 Contrast detail dose curve!:i
5.4 Image unsharpness and geometric magnification
2.1.3 Effective energy
5.4.1 Determining required geometric magnification
5.4.2 Geometry and geometric unsharpness
3.0 CT System Performance Measurements and Monitoring 5.4.3 Focal spot size measurement method
3.1 CT system trade spaces 5.4.4 Total image unsharpness
3.2 CT system selection 5.5 SNR compensation for spatial resolution
3.3 Key parameters 5.5.1 Frame averaging
3.3.1 Trade-offs 5.4.2 Binning
3.3.2 Scan plan development 5.4.3 X-ray spectrum optin1ization
5.4.3.1 Filtering
5.4.3.2 Beam collimation
Digital Radiography Testing 5.4.3.3 Beam energy
5.5 Radiation damage management
74
Radiographic Te ting Topical Outlines
ASNT Level III Sludy Guide: Radiographic 'l'esting Afethod, Limited Certification for Radiographic
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Film Interpretation Topical Outlines
Inc. Latest edition.*
Note: Independent of the training recommended for Level I and
ASN'f' Questions & Answers Book: Radiographic Testing Method.
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Level II certification, a trainee is required to receive radiation safe-
Inc. Latest edition."' ty training as required by the regulatory jurisdiction. A Radiation
Safety Topical Outline is available in Appendix A and can be used
Bossi, R.H., F.A. Iddings and G.C. Wheeler, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, as guidance.
ed., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 4,
Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2002. Radiographic Technique Course
Jviaterials and Processes for NDT Technology, second edition. 1.1 Introduction
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1.2 Process of radiography
Inc. 2016.* 1.2 Types of electromagnetic radiation sources
McCain, D., ASNT Study Guide: Industrial Ra{iiography Radiation 1.3 Electromagnetic spectrum
1.4 Penetrating ability or "quality" ofX-rays and gamma
Safety. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive
rays
Testing, Inc. 2009.
1.5 X7ray tube- change of rnA or kVp effect on "quality"
McGuire, S.A. and C.A. Peabody. Working Safely in Radiography. and intensity
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. 2004.* 2.0 Basic Principles of Radiography
2.1 Geometric exposure principles
Mix, P.E. Introduction to Nondestructive Testing: A Training
2.1.1 "Shadow" formation and distortion
Guide, second edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2005.
2.1.2 Shadow enlargement calculation
Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook, 2.1.3 Shadow sharpness
Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.* 2.1.4 Geometric unsharpness
2.1.5 Finding discontinuity depth
Radiography in Modern Industry, W\V>v.kodak.com/eknec/docu- 2.2 Radiographic screens
ments/87/0900688a802b3c87/Radiography-in-Modern- 2.2.1 Lead intensifying screens
Industry.pdf. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980. 2.2.2 Fluorescent intensifying screens
2.2.3 Intensifying factors
Schneeman, J.G.Industrial X-ray Interpretation. Evanston, IL:
2.2.4 Importance of screen-to-film contact
Intex Publishing Co. 1985.*
2.2.5 Importance of screen cleanliness and care
Staton, J, Radiographic Testing Classroom Training Book {PTP 2.3 RadiograPhic cassettes
Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive 2.4 Composition of industrial radiographic film
Testing, Inc. 2016."'
3.0 Radiographs
Taylor, J.L., ed., Basic .Metallurgy for Non-Destructive Testing, 3.1 Formation of the latent image on film
revised edition. Essex, England: W.H. Houldershaw, Ltd. (British 3.2 Inherent unsharpncss
Institute of Nondestructive Testing). 1988.*
3.3 Arithmetic of radiographic exposure
Thielsch, H. Defects and Failures in Pressure Vessels and Piping. 3.3.1 Milliamperage - distance-time relationship
New York: R.E. Krieger Publishing.1977.* 3.3.2 Reciprocity law
3.3.3 Photographic density
Welding Inspection Handbook. Miami, FL: American Welding 3.3.4 Inverse square law considerations
Society. Latest edition. 3.4 Characteristic (Hurter and Driffield) curve
3.5 Film speed and class descriptions
Note: Technical papers on much of the subject material can be
3.6 Selection of film for particular purpose
found in the journal of ASNT, Materials Evaluation. For specific
topics, see the index of Materials Evaluation, on the ASNT Web
4.0 Radiographic Image Quality
site bVl.V>v.asnt.org).
4.1 Radiographic sensitivity
4.2 Radiographic contrast
Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 4.3 Film contrast
Columbus, OH. 4.4 Subject contrast
4.5 Definition
4.6 Film graininess and screen mottle effects
4.7 Image quality indicators (!Qls)
75
5.1 Exposure Techniques- Radiography 3.4 Welding processes and associated discontinuities
5.2 Single-wall radiography 3.4.1 Submerged arc welding (SAW)
5.2 Double-wall radiography 3.4.2 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)
5.2.1 Viewing tw"o walls simultaneously 3.4.3 Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)
5.2.2 Offset double-wall exposure single-wall viewing 3.4.4 Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)
5.2.3 Elliptical techniques 3.4.5 Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)
5.3 Panoramic radiography
5.4 Use of multiple-film loading Radiographic Evaluation and Interpretation
5.5 Specimen configuration
Course
76
Thermal/Infrared Testing Level I Topical Basic Thermal/Infrared Operating Course
Outline
1.1 Introduction
Basic Thermal/Infrared Physics Course 1.2 Thermography defined
1.3 How infrared imagers work
1.3 Differences among imagers and alternative equipment
1.1 The Nature of Heat- What Is It and How Is It 1.4 Operation of infrared thermal imager
Measured/Expressed?
1.4.1 Selecting the best perspective
1.2 Instrumentation
1.4.2 Image area and lens selection for required details
L2 Scales and conversions
1.4.3 Optimizing the image
1.4.4 Basic temperature measurement
2.1 Temperature- What Is It and How Is It 1.4.5 Basic emissivity measurement
Measured!Expressed? 1.5 Operation of support equipment for infrared surveys
2.2 Instrumentation
2.3 Scales and conversions 2.0 Checking Equipment Calibration ·with Blackbody
References
3.1 Heat Transfer Modes Familiarization
3.2 Heat conduction fundamentals 3.1 Infrared Image and Documentation Quality
3.2.1 Fourier's law of heat conduction (concept) 3.2 Elements of a good infrared image
3.2.2 Conductivity/resistance basics 3.2.1 Clarity (focus)
3.3 Heat convection fundamentals 3.2.2 Dynamic range of the image
3.2.l Newton's bw of cooling (concept) 3.1.3 Recognizing and dealing with reflections
3.2.2 Film coefficient/film resistance basics 3.1.4 Recognizing and dealing with spurious
3.3 Heat radiation fundamentals convection
3.3.1 Stefan-Boltzmann Law (concept)
3.2 Recording
3.3.2 Emissivity/a sorptivity/reflectivity/transmissivity
3.2.1 Videotape
basics (Kirchhoff's law)
3.2.2 Photographic images
3.2.3 Video photo cameras
4.1 Radiosity Concepts Familiarization 3.2.4 Digital recording
4.2 Reflectivity 3.2.5 Videoprinters
4.3 Transmissivity
4.4 Absorptivity
4.1 Support Data Collection
4.5 Emissivity
4.2 Environmental data
4.6 Infrared radiometry and imaging
4.3 Emissivity
4.7 Spatial resolution concepts
4.3.1 Measurement
4.7.1 Field of view (FOV)
4.3.2 Estimation
4.7.2 Instantaneous field of view {JPOV) - ref. ASTM E 4.3.3 Surface modification
1149
4.4 Surface reference temperatures
4.7.3 Spatial resolution for temperature measurement- 4.5 Identification and other
the split response function (SRF)
4.7.4 Measurement instantaneous field of view
(MIFOV)
4.8 Error potential in radiant measurements (an overview)
77
Basic Thermal/Infrared Applications Course 3.2.5 Lambertian and non-Lambertian emitters (the
angular sensitivity of emissivity)
3.2.6 Effects of emissivity errors
1.1 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Differences
3.3 Calculation of emissivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity
in Thermal Resistance (Quasi-Steadystate Heat Flow)
(practical use of Kirchoffs law)
1.2 Large surface-to-ambient temperature difference
3.4 Reflectivity problem
1.3 Small surface-to-ambient temperature difference
3.4.1 Quantifying effects of unavoidable reflections
3.4.2 Theoretical corrections
2.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Differences 3.5 Transmissivity problem
in Thermal Capacitance, Using System or Environmental 3.5.1 Quantified effecls of p.irtial transmittance
Heat Cycles
3.5.2 Theoretical corrections
3.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Differences 4.0 Resolution Tests and Calculations
in Physical State 4.1 IFOV, FOV, and MIFOV measurements and
calculations
4.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Fluid Flow 4.2 MRTD measurements and calculations
Problems 4.3 Slit response function - measurement, calculations,
interpretations, and comparisons
5.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Friction 4.4 Resolution versus lens and distance
4.5 Dynamic range
6.0 Detecting Thermal Anomalies Resulting from Non- 4.6 Data acquisition rate/data density
homogeneous Exothermic or Endothermic Conditions 4.7 Frame rate and field rate
4.8 Image data density
4.8.1 Lines of resolution
7.1 Field Quantification of Point Temperatures
7.2 Simple techniques for emissivity 4.8.2 IFOVs/line
7.3 Typical (high emissivity) applications 4.8.3 Computer pixels/line
7.4 Special problem of low emissivity applications
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Operating Course
Thermal/Infrared Testing Level II Topical
1.0 Operating for Infrared Measurements (Quantification)
Outline
1.1 Simple infrared energy measurement
1.2 Quantifying the emissivity of the target surface
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Physics Course 1.3 Quantifying temperature profiles
1.3.1 Use of blackbody temperature references in the
1.0 Basic Calculations in the Three Modes of Heat Transfer image
1.1 Conduction- principles and elementary calculation 1.3.2 Use of temperature measurement devices for
1.1.1 Thermal resistance- principles and elementary reference surface temperatures
calculations 1.3.3 Common sources oftemperature measurement
1.1.2 Heat capacitance- principles and elementary errors
calculations 1.4 Computer processing to enhance imager data
1.2 Convection - principles and elementary calculations
1.3 Radiation- principles and elementary calculations 2.1 Operating for High-Speed Data Collection
2.2 Producing accurate images of transient processes
2.1 The Infrared Spectrum 2.3 Recording accurate images of transient processes
2.2 Planck's law/curves 2.4 Equipment selection and operation for imaging from
2.2.1 Typical detected bands moving vehicles
2.2.2 Spectral emissivitics of real surfaces
2.2.3 Effects due to semitransparent v.rindows and/or 3.1 Operating Special Equipment for"Active" Techniques
gases 3.2 Hot or cold fluid energy sources
2.1.4 Filters 3.3 Heat lamp energy sources
3.4 Flash-lamp energy sources
3.1 Radiosity Problems 3.5 Electromagnetic induction
3.2 Blackbodies - theory and concepts 3.6 La!ier energy sources
3.2 Emissivity problems
3.2.1 Blackbody emissivity 4.1 Reports and Documentation
3.2.2 The graybody and the non-graybody 4.2 Calibration requirements and records
3.2.3 Broadband and narrow-band emitter targets 4.3 Report data requirements
3.2.4 Specular and diffuse emitters 4.4 Preparing reports
78
Thermal/Infrared Testing Topical Outlines
79
Thermal/Infrared Level II Building Diagnostics 3.4 Reflectivity problem
Applications Course 3.4.1 Quantifying effects of unavoidable reflections
3.4.2 Theoretical corrections
1.1 Qualitative versus Quantitative Measurement Applications 3.5 Transmissivity problem
1.2 Isotherms/alarm levels- personnel safety audits, etc. 3.5.1 Quantified effects of partial transmittance
3.5.2 Theoretical corrections
2.1 Energy Loss Analysis Applications
2.2 Conduction losses through envelopes 4.1 Resolution Tests and Cakulations
2.2.1 Basic envelope heat-flow quantification 4.2 lFOV, FOV, and MIFOV measurements and
2.2.2 Recognizing and dealing with v."'ind effects calculations
2.3 Mass-transfer heat exchange (air or other flows into or 4.3 MRTD measurements and calculations
out of the system) 4.3 Slit response function - measurement, calculations,
2.3.1 Location interpretations, and comparisons
2.2.2 Quantification 4.4 Resolution versus lens and distance
4.5 Dynan1ic range
3.0 Building Applications 4.6 Data acquisition rate/data density
3.1 Thermal bridges and Insulation flaws 4.7 Frame rate and field rate
3.2 Air infiltration in building envelops 4.8 Image data density
3.3 Envelope pressurization/depressurization (blower door) 4-K l Lines of resolution
testing 4.8.2 IFOVs/line
3.4 Moisture in building materials 4.8.3 Computer pixels/line
3.5 Sunlight
3.6 Semitransparent targets Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Operating Course
3.7 Transient applications
1.1 Operating for Infrared Measurements (Quantification)
Electrical and Mechanical Equipment 1.2 Simple infrared energy measurement
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Physics Course 1.3 Quantifying the cmissivily of the target surface
1.4 Quantifying temperature profiles
1.1 Basic Calculations in the Three Modes of Heat Transfer 1.4.1 Use of blackbody temperature references in the
1.2 Conduction -principles and elementary calculation image
1.2.1 Thermal resistance- principles and elementary 1.4.2 Use of temperature measurement devices for
calculations reference surface temperatures
1.2.2 Heat capacitance- principles and elementary 1.4.3 Common sources of temperature measurement
calculations errOrs
1.2 Convection - principles and elementary calculations 1.4 Computer processing to enhance imager data
1.3 Radiation -principles and elementary calculations
2.1 Operating for High-Speed Data Collection
2.1 The Infrared Spectrum 2.2 Producing accurate images of transient processes
2.2 Planck's law/curves 2.3 Recording accurate images of transient processes
2.1.1 Typical detected bands 2.3 Equipment selection and operation for imaging from
2.1.2 Spectral emissivitics of real surfaces moving vehicles
2.1.3 Effects due to semitransparent windows and/or
gasses 3.1 Operating Special Equipment for"Active" Techniques
2.1.4 Filters 3.2 Hot or cold fluid energy sources
3.3 Heat lamp energy sources
3.1 Radiosity Problems 3.3 Flash-lamp energy sources
3.2 Blackbodies - theory and concepts 3.4 Electromagnetic induction
3.3 Emissivity problems 3.5 Laser energy sources
3.3.1 Blackbody emissivity
3.3.2 The graybody and the non-graybody 4.1 Reports and Documentation
3.2.3 Broadband and narrow-band emitter targets 4.2 Calibration requirements and records
3.2.4 Specular and diffuse emitters 4.3 Reporl data requirements
3.2.5 Lambertian and non-Lambertian emitters (the 4.4 Preparing reports
angular sensitivity of emissivity)
3.2.6 Effects of emissivity errors
3.3 Calculation of emissivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity
(practical use ofKirchoffs law)
80
Thermal/Infrared Testing Topical Outlines
I
Intermediate Thermal/Infrared Applications 3.0 Radiosity- Basic Theory and Application to
Course Characteristics of Materials
3.1 Blackbodies- theory and concepts
1.0 Temperature Measurement Applications 3.2 Emissivity problems
3.2.1 Blackbody, graybody, and non-graybody
1.1 Isotherms/alarm levels - personnel safety audits, etc.
3.2.2 Specular and diffuse emitters in materials
1.2 Profiles
3.2.3 Lan1bertian and non-Lambcrtian emitters (the
angular sensitivity of emissivity)
2.1 Energy Loss Analysis Applications
3.2.4 Effects of emissivity errors
2.2 Conduction losses through enclosures and housings
3.2.5 Calculation of emissivity, reflectivity, and
2.2.1 Basic envelope heat-flow quantification
transmissivity (practical use ofKirchoffs law)
2.2.2 Recognizing and dealing with wind effects
3.2.6 Quanti-tying etfecls of unavoidable reflections
2.2 Mass-transfer heat exchange (air or other flows into or
out of the system)
4.0 Understanding Infrared Camera Specifications Required
2.2.1 Location
2.2.2 Quantification for Determining Size. Depth, and Type of Flaws in
Materials
4.1 Resolution tests and calculations
3.0 "Active" Applications
4.2 IFOV and FOV measurements and calculations
3. t Insulation flaws in electrical and mechanical equipment
4.3 Resolution versus lens and distance
3.2 Location of high heat-capacity components
4.4 Dynamic range
4.5 Data acquisition rate/data density
4.1 Filtered Applications 4.6 Frame rate and field rate
4.2 Sunlight
4.3 Furnace interiors
4.4 Semitransparent targets Thermal/Infrared Level II NOT of Materials
Operating Course
5.1 Transient Applications
5.2 Imaging a rapidly moving process 1.1 Operating for Qualitative Analysis
5.3 Imaging from a vehicle 1.2 Simple infrared energy measurement- active versus
passive
Thermal/Infrared Level II NOT of Materials Physics 1.3 Quantifying the relative emissivity variations of the
target surface
Course
1.4 QuantifYing thermal profiles
1.5 Producing accurate images of qualitative thermal scenes
1.0 Basic Calculations in the Three Modes of Heat Transfer
1.6 Qualitative and quantitative analysis
l. tConduction- principles and elementary calculation
1.1.1 Thermal resistance- principles and elementary 1.7 Understanding thermal differences from the rate of
calculations change of thermal differences
1.1.2 Heat capacitance - principles and elementary
calculations 2.0 Operating for Quantitative Measurements and Analysis
1.2 Convection -principles and elementary calculations 2.1 Infrared energy measurement
1.3 Radiation - principles and elementary calculations 2.2 Quantifying the emissivity of the target surface
2.3 Quantifying temperature profiles
2.3.1 Use of blackbody temperature references in the
2.0 The Infrared Spectrum
image
2.1 Planck's law/curves
2.1.1 Typical detection bands
2.3.2 Use of temperature measurement devices for
2.1.2 Spectral emissivities of real surfaces
reference surface temperatures
2.1.3 Effects due to semitransparent windows and
2.3.3 Common sources of temperature measurement
materials errors
2.4 Computer processing to enhance imager data
2.5 Producing accurate linages of quantitative thermal
scenes
81
Thermal/Infrared Level II NOT of Materials 2.1.10 Optical pyrometers
Applications Course 2.1.11 Infrared pyrometers
2.1.12 Two-color infrared pyrometers
1.0 Qualitative versus Quantitative Measurement Applications 2.1.13 Laser/infrared pyrometers
l.l Isotherms/alarm levels- personnel safety audits, etc. 2.1.14 Integrating hemisphere radiation pyrometers
2.1.15 Fiber-optic thermometers
2.1 Energy Loss Analysis Applications 2.1.16 Infrared photographic films and cameras
2.2 Conduction losses through envelopes 2.1.17 Infrared line-scanners
2.2.1 Basic envelope heat-flow quantification 2.1.18 Thermal/infrared imagers
2.2.2 Recognizing and dealing ffith ,.,rind effects 2.1.18.1 Pyroelectric , idicons
2.3 Mass-transfer heat exchange (air or other flows into or 2.1.18.2 ingle-detector scanners
out of the system) 2.1.18.3 Multi-detector scanners
2.3.1 Location 2.1.18.4 Staring arrays
2.3.2 Quantification 2.2 Heat flux indicators
2.3 Performance parameters of non-contact devices
2.3.1 Absolute precision and accuracy
3.1 Composite Material Applications
2.3.2 Repeatability
3.2 Thermal bridges and insulation flaws
2.3.3 Sensitivity
3.3 Behavior of water, moisture, and FOD in test materials
2.3.4 Spectral response limits
3.4 Differentiating materials and flaws/contaminants based
2.3.5 Response time
on differences in the rate of change of surface
2.3.6 Drift
temperature
2.3.7 Spot size ratio
3.5 Effects of sunlight and background heat sources
2.3.8 Instantaneous field of view
3.6 Semitransparent targets
2.3.9 Minimum resolvable temperature difference
3.7 Transient applications
2.3.10 Slit response function
82
3.4.9 Measurements on small targets 3.6.16 Gaseous plumes
3.4.10 0 Measurements through semitransparent 3.6.16.1 Monitoring
materials 3.6.16.2 Mapping
3.5 Heat fll.Lx indicators 3.6.17 Ground frostline mapping
3.5.1 Calibration of equipment 3.7 Friction investigations. Typical examples may include,
3.5.2 Measurement of heat flow but are not limited to, the follo-wing:
3.6 Exothermic or endothermic investigations. Typical 3.7.1 Bearings
examples may include, but are not limited to, the 3.7.2 Seals
following: 3.7.3 Drive belts
3.6.1 Power distribution systems 3.7.4 Drive couplings
3.6.1.1 Exposed electrical switchgear 3.7.5 Exposed gears
3.6.1.2 Enclosed electrical switchgear 3.7.6 GearboXes
3.6.1.3 Exposed electrical busses 3.7.7 Machining processes
3.6.1.4 Enclosed electrical busses 3.7.8 Aerodynamic heating
3.6.1.5 Transformers 3.8 Fluid flow investigations. Typical examples may include,
3.6.1.6 Electric rotating equipment but are not limited to, the following:
3.6.1.7 Overhead power lines 3.8.1 Fluid piping
3.6.1.8 Coils 3.8.2 Valves
3.6.1.9 Capacitors 3.8.3 Heat exchangers
3.6.1.10 Circuit breakers 3.8.4 Fin fans
3.6.1.11 Indoor wiring 3.8.5 Cooling ponds
3.6.1.12 Motor control center starters 3.8.6 Cooling towers
3.6.1.13 Lighter arrestors 3.8.7 Distillation towers
3.6.2 Chemical processes 3.8.7.1 Packed
3.6.3 Foam-in-place insulation 3.8.7.2 Trays
3.6.4 Fire fighting 3.8.8 HVAC systems
3.6.4.1 Building investigations 3.8.9 Lake and ocean current mapping
3.6.4.2 Outside ground base investigations 3.8.10 Mapping civil and industrial outflows into
3.6.4.3 Outside airborne investigations waterways
3.6.5 Moisture in airframes 3.8.11 Locating leaks in pressure systems
3.6.6 Underground investigations 3.8.12 Filters
3.6.6.1 Airborne coal mine fires 3.9 Thermal resistance (steadystatc heat flow) investigations.
3.6.6.2 Utility locating Typical examples may include, but arc not limited to, the
3.6.6.3 Utility pipe leak detection following:
3.6.6.4 Void detection 3.9.1 Thermal safety audits
3.6.7 Locating and mapping utilities concealed in 3.9.2 Low temperature insulating systems
structures 3.9.3 Industrial insulation systems
3.6.8 Mammallocatio'h and monitoring 3.9.4 Refractory systems
3.6.8.1 Ground investigations 3.9.5 Semitransparent walls
3.6.8.2 Airborne investigations 3.9.6 Furnace interiors
3.6.8.3 Sorting mammals according to stress 3.9.7 Disbands in lined process equipment
leVels 3.10 Thermal capacitance investigations. Typical examples
3.6.9 Fracture dynamics may include, but are not limited to, the following:
3.6.10 Process heating or cooling 3. I 0.1 Tank levels
3.6.10.1 Rate 3.10.2 Rigid injection molding
3.6.10.2 Uniformity 3.10.3 Thermal laminating processes
3.6.11 Heat tracing or channelized cooling 3.10.4 Building envelopes
3.6.12 Radiant heating 3.10.5 Roof moisture
3.6.13 Electronic components 3.10.5.1 Rooflevel investigations
3.6.13.1 Assembled circuit boards 3.10.5.2 Airborne investigations
3.6.13.2 Bare printed circuit boards 3.10.6 Underground voids
3.6.13.3 Semiconductor microcircuits 3.10.7 Bridge deck laminations
3.6.14 Welding 3.10.8 Steam traps
3.6.14.1 \Velding technique parameters 3.10.9 Paper manufacturing moisture profiles
3.6.14.2 Material parameters 3.10.10 Subsurface discontinuity detection in materials
3.6.15 Mapping of energy fields 3.10.11 Coating disbond
3.6.15.1 Electromagnetic fields 3.10.12 Structural materials
3.6.15.2 Electromagnetic heating processes 3.10.12.1 Subsurface discontinuity detection
3.6.15.3 Radiant heat flux distribution 3.10.12.2 Thickness variations
3.6.15.4 Acoustic fields 3.10.12.3 Disbanding
83
Thermal/Infrared Testing Topical Outlines
ASNT Levellll Study Guide: Infrared and Thermal Testing. Holst, G.C. Common Sense Approach to Thermal Imaging Systems.
Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. \\Tinter Park, FL: SPIE Press and JCD Publishing Co. 2001.*
Latest edition.*
Holst, G.C. Testing and Evaluation of Infrared Imaging Systems,
Maldague, X.P.V., tech. ed., and P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive third edition. Winter Park, FL: SPIE Press and JCD Publishing Co.
Testing Handbook, third cditon: Volume 3, Infrared and Thermal 1998.*
Testing. Columbus, OH: American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Inc. 2001.* Incropera, F.P. and D.P. DeWitt. Fundame11tals of Heat and Mass
Transfer, fifth edition. New York: John \Vilcy & Sons, lnc. 2001.*
84
Jackson, M., ed. Earth Observing Platfonns & Sensors, Volume 1.1. Thomas, R.A. The Thermography Jv[onitoring Handbook, first edi-
New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2009. tion. Coxmoor Publishing Company. 1999.
Kaplan, H. Practical Applications of Infrared Thermal Sensing and Tipler, P.A. and RA. Liewcllyn. iVfodern Physics, fifth edition. \V.H.
Imaging Equipment, third edition. Tutorial Texts in Optical Freeman. 2007.
Engineering, Volume TT 75. Bellingham, W A: SPIE Press. 2007.
Von Baeyer, H.C. Warmth Disperses and Time Passes- The
Maldague, X.P.V. Theory and Practice of Infrared Technology for History of Heat. Modern Library. 1999.
Nondestructive Evaluation. New York: John 'A'iley & Sons. 2001.
Wolfe, V\'.L and G.J. Zissis, eds. 'l'he Infrared Handbook. The
Manual for Thermographic Analysis of Building Enclosures. 149- Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (prepared for The
GP-2MP. Committee on Thermography. Canadian General Department of the Navy). 1985.
Standards Board. 1986.
Schlessinger, M. and LJ. Spiro. Infrared Technology Fundamentals, " Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
Optical Engineering Series/46, second edition. CRC Press. 1994. Columbus, OH.
85
Thermal/Infrared Testing Topical Outlines
Ultrasonic Level I Topical Outline 3.4 Couplants
3.4.1 Purpose and principles
Basic Ultrasonic Course 3.4.2 Materials and their efficiency
87
2.3 Inspection calibration 2.3.3 Response of di!icontinuities to ultrasound
2.3.1 Comparison ,vith reference blocks 2.3.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.3.2 Pulse-echo variables 2.4 Pipe and tubular products
2.3.3 Reference for planned tests (straight beam, angle 2.4.1 Manufacturing process
beam, etc.) 2.4.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation Of
2.3.4 Transmission factors discontinuities
2.3.5 Transducer 2.4.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
2.3.6 Couplants 2.4.4 Applicable codes/standards
2.3.7 Materials 2.5 Forgings
2.5.l Process review
3.1 Straight Beam Examination to Specific Procedures 2.5.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
3.2 Selection of parameters discontinuities
3.3 Test standards 2.5.3 Response of discontinuities to ultrasound
3.4 Evaluation of results 2.5.4 Applicable codes/standards
3.5 Test reports 2.6 Castings
2.6.1 Process review
2.6.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
4.1 Angle Beam Examination to Specific Procedures
discontinuities
4.2 Selection of parameters
2.6.3 Response of ultrasound to discontinuities
4.3 Test standards
2.6.4 Applicable codes/standards
4.4 Evaluation of results
2.7 Composite structures
4A Test reports
2.7.1 Process review
2.7.2 Types, origin, and typical orientation of
Ultrasonic Testing Level II Topical Outline discontinuities
2.7.3 Response of ultrasound to discontinuities
2.7.4 Applicable codes/standards
Ultrasonic Evaluation Course
2.8 Other product forms as applicable - rubber, glass, etc.
88
Ultrasonic Testing Topical Outlines
89
7.1.2 Component evaluations 3.0 Equipment
7.1.2.1 Ease ·with complex geometries 3.1 Computer-based systems
7.1.2.1.1 Turbines (blades, dovetails, 3.l.l Processors
rotors) 3.1.2 Control panel including input and output sockets
7.1.2.1.2 Shafts, keyways, etc. 3.1.3 Block diagram showing basic internal circuit
7.1.2.1.3 Nozzles modules
7.1.2.1.4 Flanges
3.1.4 Portable battery-operated versus full computer-
7.1.2.2 Geometric limitations
based systems
7.1.3 Weld inspections
3.2 Beam profile tools
7.1.3.1 Fabrication/inservice
3.2.1 Probe center separation (PCS) calculators for
7.1.3.2 Differences in material: carbon steel,
FLAT material/components
stainless steel, high-temperature nickel-
3.2.2 PCS calculators for CURVE surfaces
chromium alloy, etc.
3.2.3 Beam spread effects and control
7.1.3.3 Review of welding discontinuities
3.2.4 Multiple zone coverage and limitations
7.1.3.4 Responses from various discontinuities
3.3 Probes
7.2 Data presentations
3.3.1 Composite materials
7.2.1 Standard (A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan)
3.3.2 Damping characterislics
7.2.2 Other (D-scan, S-scan, etc.)
3.3.3 Selection of frequency and diameter
7.3 Data evaluation
3.4 Wedges
7.3.1 Codes/standards/specifications
3.4.1 Incident and refracted angle selections
7.3.2 Flaw characterization
3.4.2 High-temperature applications
7.3.3 Flaw dimensioning
3.5 Scanners
7.3.4 Geometry
3.5.1 Mechanized
7.3.5 So:frn'are tools
3.5.2 Manual
7.3.6 Evaluation gates
7.4 Reporting
7.4.1 Imaging outputs 4.0 Testing Techniques
7.4.2 Onboard reporting tools 4.1 Line scans (single tandem probe setups)
7.4.3 Plotting, ACAD, etc. 4.2 Line scans (multiple probe setups)
4.3 Raster scans
90
7.2.2.2 Detection and evaluation of inserv:ice 2.1.1.4 Display and recording methods, A-scan,
cracking B-scan, and C-scan and digital
7.L2.3 Detection of volumetric loss such as weld 2.1.1.5 Sensitivity and resolution
root erosion and partial penetration weld 2.1.1.6 Gates, alarms, and attenuators
dimensional verifications 2.1.1.6.1 Basic instrument calibration
7.1.2.4 Geometric limitations 2.1.1.6.2 Calibration blocks
7.1.2.5 Cladding thickness and integrity 2.1.2 Digital thickness instrumentation
evaluations 2.1.3 Transducer operation and theory
7.1.3 Complex geometries 2.1.3.1 Piezoelectric effect
7.1.3.1 Transitions, nozzles, branch connections, 2.1.3.2 Types of transducer elements
I
tees, saddles, etc. 2.1.3.3 -Frequency (transducer elements-
7.2 Data presentations thickness relationships)
7.2.1 Standard (A-scan, D-scan) 2.1.3.4 Near field and far field
7.2.2 Other (B-scan, C·scan) 2.1.3.5 Beam spread
91
Ultrasonic Testing Topical Outlines
92
4.4.4 Discontinuity variations 3.1 Equipment
4.4.4.1 Size and geometry 3.2 Computer-based systems
I
4.4.4.2 Relation to entry surface 3.2.1 Processors
4.4.4.3 Type of discontinuity 3.2.2 Control panel including input and output sockets
4.4.5 Procedure variations 3.2.3 Block diagram showing basic internal circuit
4.4.5.1 Recording criteria modules
4.4.5.2 Acceptance criteria 3.2.4 Multi-element/multi-channel configurations
4.4.6 Personnel variations 3.2.5 Portable battery operated versus full computer-
4.4.6.1 Skill level in interpretation of results based systems
4.4.6.2 Knowledge level in interpretation of 3.3 Focal law generation
results 3.3.1 Onboard focal law generator
4.5 Evaluation (general) 3.3.2 External focal law generator
4.5.1 Comparison procedures 3.4 Probes
4.5.1.1 Standards and references 3.4.1 Composite materials
4.5.1.2 Amplitude, area, distance relationship 3.4.2 Passive planes
4.5.1.3 Application of results of other NDT 3.4.3 Active planes
methods 3.4.4 Arrays: lD, 2D, polar, annular, special shape, etc.
4.5.2 Object appraisal 3.4.4.1 Linear arrays
4.5.2.1 History of part 3.4.4.1.1 Aperture (active, effective,
4.5.2.2 Intended use of part minimum, passive)
4.5.2.3 Existing and applicable code 3.4.4.1.2 Element pitch, gap, width, and
interpretation size
4.5.2.4 Type of discontinuity and location 3.3.5 Beam and wave forming
3.3.5.1 Sweep range
5.0 Procedures 3.3.5.2 Steering focus power
5.1 Specific applications 3.3.5.3 Compensation gain
5.1.1 General 3.3.5.4 Beam (length and width)
5.1.2 Flaw detection 3.3.5.5 Focal depth, depth of field, and focal
5.1.3Thickness measurement range
5.1.4Bond evaluation 3.3.5.6 Resolution
5.1.5Fluid flow measurement 3.3.5.6.1 Near-surface resolution
5.1.6Material properties measurements 3.3.5.6.2 Far-surface resolution
5.1.7Computer control and defect analysis 33.5.6.3 Lateral and axial resolution
5.1.8Liquid level sensing 3.3.5.6.4 Angular-surface resolution
5.1.9Process control 3.3.6 Lobes
Field inspection
5.1.10 3.3.6.1 Main lobes
5.2 Codes, standards, specifications 3.3.6.2 Side lobes
3.3.6.3 Grating lobes
3.3.6.4 Grating lobe amplitude
Phased Array 3.3.7 Beam apodization
3.4 ·wedges
1.1 Introduction 3.4.1 Types of wedge designs
1.2 Terminology of phased array (PA) 3.5 Scanners
1.3 HistoryofPA- medical ultrasound, etc. 3.5.1 Mechanized
1.4 Responsibilities of levels of certification 3.5.2 Manual
93
Ultrasonic Testing Topical Outlines
94
I 6.0 Data Collection Ultrasonic Testing, Level I, II, and Ill
6.1 Single probe setups Training References
6.2 Multiple probe setups ASNT Level II Study Guide: Ultrasonic Testing Method. Columbus,
6.3 Non-encoded scans OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest
6.3.1 Time-based data storage edition.*
6.4 Encoded scans
6.4.1 Line scans ASNT Level III Study Guide: Ultrasonic Method. Columbus, OH:
6.4.2 Raster scans The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edi-
6.5 Probe offsets and indexing tion.*
95
I
96
Vibration Analysis Testing Level I Topical 2.1 Data Collection Procedures
Outline 2.2 Upload/dovvnload route
2.3 Following a route
2.4 Data acquisition
Basic Vibration Analysis Physics Course
2.4.1 Recognize good versus bad data
2.4.2 Perform machine ohsen'ations
1.1 Introduction
2.4.3 Recognize abnormal conditions (exceptions data)
1.2 BriefhistoryofNDT/PdM and vibration analysis
1.3 The purpose of vibration analysis (condition monitoring) 3.1 Safety and Health
1.4 Basic principles of vibration analysis 3.2 Mechanical
1.4 Basic terminology of vibration analysis to include: 3.3 Electrical
1.4.1 Measurement units
3.4 Environmental/chemical
1.4.2 Measurement orientation
1.4.3 Hardware
1.4.4 Sofuvare and signal processing Vibration Analysis Testing Level II Topical
1.4.5 Machine component'! Outline
1.4.6 Data presentation
Intermediate Vibration Analysis Physics Course
2.1 Transducers
2.2 Types
1.1 Review
2.3 Applications
1.2 Basic principles
2.4 Mounting
1.3 Ba..;;ic terminology
2.5 Limitations
1.4 Transducers
1.5 Instrumentation
3.1 Instrumentation
3.2 Types
2.0 Additional Terminology
3.3 Applications
2.1 Data acquisition
3.3 Limitations
2.2 Signal processing
2.3 Data presentation
Basic Vibration Analysis Operating Course
3.1 Diagnostk Tools
1.1 Machinery Basics 3.2 Phase
1.2 Machine types to include: 3.3 Fast fourier transform (FFT)
1.2.1 Motors 3.4 Time waveform
1.2.2 Pumps 3.5 Orbit analysis
1.2.3 Gearboxes 3.6 Bode/nyquist
1.2.4 Air handlers 3.7 Trend analysis
1.2.5 Compressors
1.2.6 Turbines
Intermediate Vibration Analysis Techniques
1.2.7 Rolls
1.3 Machine components to include:
Course
1.3.1 Bearings
1.3.2 Couplings I .0 Data Acquisition
1.3.3 Rotors 1.1 Units
1.3.4 Gears 1.2 Analysis parameters
1.3.5 Impellers 1.3 Alarm levels
1.3.6 Belts/chains 1.4 Time constant (minimum/maximum)
1.4 Machine orientations 1.5 Speed consideration
1.6 Lines of resolution
1.7 Overlap
97
1.8 Number of averages (specifications) Vibration Analysis Testing Level Ill Topical
1.9 Averaging types and data collection methods Outline
Ll0VVindows
1.11 Sensitivity The principles and theory section, or any other section, is not
1.12 Special transducers intended to be covered as a completely separate section. This cate-
1.13 Routes (data collection) and online systems gory just means that somewhere in the material for training it is
1.14 Transducer selections necessary to cover the basic theory and principles on those topics.
1.15 Transducer location
1.16 Types of data collection
1.1 Principles/Theory
1.17 Resonance testing
The vibration data provides detailed information about the
1.18 Check (instrument) calibration
condition of a machine and its components. Data can be
L 19 Codes, standards, and specifications
processed and presented in different v-mys to help the analyst
in diagnosing specific problems. The section on principles
2.0 Signal Processing and theory provides the concepts of vibration analysis.
2.1 Windows/weighting 1.2 Physical concepts
2.1.1 Hanning 1.2.1 Sources of vibration
2.1.2 Uniform 1.2.2 Stiffness
2.2 Overlap 1.2.3 Mass
23 Filters 1.2.4 Damping
2.3.1 High pass 1.1.5 Phase
2.3.2 Low pass 1.1.6 Modes of vibration
2.3.3 Bandpass 1.1.7 Resonance
2.4 Sampling rate and size 1.2 Data presentation
2.5 Digital versus analog 1.2.1 Units of measurement of spectrum
1.2.2 Waveform
3.0 Data Presentation 1.2.3 Phase analysis
3.1 Scope and limitations of different testing methods 1.3 Sources of vibration
3.2 Waterfall/cascades 1.3.1 Reciprocating machinery analysis
3.3 Linear versus logarithmic 1.3.2 Specialty machine concepts
3.4 Trends 1.3.2. I Nonlinear behavior
3.5 Changing units 1.4 Correction methods
3.6 True zoom and expansion 1.4.1 Absorbers
3.7 Order and/or frequency 1.4.2 Damping treatments
1.4.3 Changing mass
4.1 Problem Identification 1.4.4 Changing stiffness
4.2 Unbalance 1.4.5 Changing operating speed
4.3 Misalignment
4.4 Resonance 2.1 Equipment
4.5 Bearing defects This section under equipment includes instrwnentation,
4.6 Looseness sensors, and cabling used in vibration analysis.
4.7 Bent shafts 2.2 Sensors
4.8 Gear defects 2.2.1 Attachments (brackets, connectors, sensor mounting)
4.9 Electrical defects 2.2.2 Cabling
4.10 Hydraulic/flow dynamics 2.3 Signal conditioning
4.11 Rubs 2.3.1 Averaging methods
4.12 Belts and couplings 2.3.2 Windows and weighting
4.13 Eccentricity 2.3.3 Triggering
2.3.4 Spectral and time-domain resolution
5.1 Reporting Methodology 2.4 Instruments
5.2 Technical reports 2.4.1 Portable, route-based data collector
5.3 Management-oriented reports 2.4.2 Online surveillance data collector
5.4 Oral reports 2.4.3 Unfiltered meter (i.e., vibration pen)
2.4.4 Multi-channel transient data recorder
1 6.0 Safety and Health 2.5 Equipmenl response to environments performance based
6.1 Mechanical 2.5.1 Temperature gradients
6.2 Electrical 2.5.2 Moisture
6.3 Environmental
98
Vibration Analysis Testing Topical Outlines
3.1 Techniques/Calibration
4.4 Data evaluation
Description of ways in which vibration analysis equipment
4.4.1 Evaluation of data to standards/codes
can be used to perform vibration measurements and to
4.4.2 Specifications or acceptance criteria
analyze the results. This includes routine field calibration and
4.4.3 Failure mode and effects analysis
correction of measured data due to effects of test equipment.
4.4.4 Root cause analysis
3.2 Calibration
4.4.5 Cost justification or return on investment analysis
3.2.1 Point sensor calibration/verification
3.2.2 Instrument calibration/verification
5.0 Procedures
3.2.3 Test instrument calibration/verification
3.3 Measurement and techniques To be able to develop procedures fOr performing the various
3.3.1 Order tracking types of testing techniques needed to determine equipment
condition.
3.3.2 Time synchronous averaging
3.3.3 Cross channel measurements
3.3.4 Transient analysis 6.1 Safety and Health
3.3.5 Modal analysis fundamentals Worldng in close proximity to operating equipment
3.3.6 Operating deflection shape analysis containing a great deal of energy, special care must be taken
3.3.6.1 Fi:equency domain to avoid injury in addition to using specific personal
3.3.6.2 Time domain protective equipment.
3.3.7 Natural frequency tests 6.2 Mechanical
3.3.8 Torsional vibration techniques 6.3 Electrical
3.3.9 Specialized vibration analysis techniques (high- 6.4 Environmental/chemical
frequency detection, demodulated spectrum, spike
energy spectrum, negative averaging, shock pulse, Vibration Analysis Testing Method,
etc.)
3.4 Vibration correction techniques
Level L IL and Ill Training References
3.4.1 Change mass, stiffness, and/or damping API 610, Ce11trijugal Pumps for Petroleum, Petrochemical and
3.4.2 Alignment Natural Gas Industries, 11th edition. American Petroleum
Institute. 2010.
3.4.3 Clearances on journal bearings
3.4.4 Correct beats API 670, iviachinery Protectio11 Systems, 5th edition. American
3.4.5 Static/dynamic balancing Petroleum Institute. 2014.
3.4.6 Dynamic absorber
3.4.7 Eliminate looseness Bloch, 1-I.P., PracticalMachi11ery lvia11agement for Process Pla11ts,
3.4.8 Isolation treatments Volume 1: Improving Machinery Reliability, third edition.
3.4.9 Speed change Burlington, MA: Else er, Inc. 1998.
99
Goldman, S. Vibration Spectrum Analysis, ccond edition. New Taylor, J.L The Bearing Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL: Vibration
York: Industrial Press. 1999. Consultants. 2003.
Hydraulic Institute, Rotodynamic Pumps for Vibration Taylor, J.I. The Gear Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL: Vibration
Measurement and Allowable Values (ANSI/HI 9.6.4-2009). Consullants. 2003.
Englewood, CO: HIS. 2009.
Taylor, }.1. 'J'he Vibration Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL:
Jackson, C. Practical Vibration Primer. Gulf Publishing Co. 2012. Vibration Consultants. 2003.
Mitchell, J.S. An Introduction to Machinery Analysis and \Vowk, V. Machinery Vibration: Balancing. McGraw-HilL 1994.
Monitoring. Tulsa, OK: Pen\.Yell Publishing Co. 1993.
Wowk, V. Machinery Vibration: Afeasuremenl and Atwlysis.
Piersol, A. and T. Paez. Harris' Shock and Vibration Handbook, McGraw-Hill. 1991.
sixth edition. McGraw-Hill Inc. 2009.
100
Visual Testing Levell Topical Outline 6.1 Visual Testing to Specific Procedures
6.2 Selection of parameters
Note: The guidelines listed below should be implemented using
6.2.1 Inspection objectives
_ _equipment and procedures relevant to the employer's industry. No
6.2.2 Inspection checkpoints
times are given for a specific subject; this should be specified in the 6.2.3 Sampling plans
employer's written practice. Based upon the employer's product, 6.2.4 Inspection patterns
not all of the referenced subcategories need apply. 6.2.5 Documented procedures
6.3 Test standards/calibration
1.1 Introduction 6.4 Classification of indications per acceptance criteria
1.2 Definition of visual testing 6.5 Reports and documentation
1.2 History of visual testing
1.3 Overview of visual testing applications
Visual Testing Level II Topical Outline
Defmitions The guidelines listed below should be implemented using equip-
Standard terms and their meanings in the employer's ment and procedures relevant to the employer's industry. The
industry employer should tailor the program to the company's particular
application area. Discontinuity cause, appearance, and how to best
Fundamentals visually detect and identify these discontinuities shOuld be empha-
3.1 Vision sized. No times are given for a specific subject; this should be spec-
3.2 Lighting ified in lhe employer's Vo.'Titten practice. Depending upon the
3.3 Material attributes employer's product, not all the referenced subcategories need
3.4 Environmental factors apply.
3.5 Visual perception
3.6 Direct and indirect methods 1.1 Introduction of Visual Testing and Remote Visual
Inspection
Equipment (as applicable) 1.2 History
4.1 Mirrors 1.3 Applications
4.2 Ma'gnifiers 1.4 Ad\rantages and limitations
4.3 Borescopcs
4.4 Fiberscopes 2.1 Fundamentals
4.5 Videoprobes 2.2 Vision
4.6 Remote visual inspection systems 2.2.1 Anatomy of the eye and mechanics of vision
4.7 Light sources and special lighting 2.3 Vision limitations
4.8 Gages (welding, go/no-go, etc.) templates, scales, 2.3.1 Perceptions
micrometers, calipers, special tools, etc. 2.3.2 Orientation
4.9 Automated systems 2.3.3 Disorders
4.10 Computer-enhanced systems 2.4 Employer's visual acuity examination methods
101
4.1 Material Attributes
8.0 Applications and Techniques
4.2 Cleanliness
8.1 Recommended lighting levels
4.3 Color 8.2 Light techniques for inspection
4.4 Condition 8.3 Metallic materials
4.4 Shape 8.3.1 Welds
4.5 Size 8.3.2 Castings
4.6 Temperature 8.3.3 Forgings
4.7 Texture 8.3.4 Extrusions
4.8 Type 8.3.5 Wrought/formed
8.3.6 Mechanical connection
5.1 Environmental and Physiological Factors 8.3.7 Electrical c_onnections
5.2 Atmosphere 8.3.8 Thermal connections
5.3 Cleanliness 8.4 Mineral-based material
5.4 Comfort 8.4.1 Ceramics
5.4 Distance 8.4.2 Tiles
5.5 Elevation 8.5 Other materials and products
5.6 Fatigue 8.5.1 Composites
5.7 Health
5.8 Humidity
9.0 Evaluation and Disposition Criteria
5.9 Mental attitude 9.1 Environmental
5.10 Relative position 9.2 Infrastructure
5.11 Temperature
9.3 Power generation
5.12 Perception
9.4 Petrochemical processing
9.5 Manufacturing
6.1 Principles and Theory 9.6 Aviation
6.2 Optics 9.7 Military
6.2.1 Lens optics
6.1.2 Fiber optics
10.1 Visual Testing and Remote Visual Inspection
6.3 Video technology Requirements
6.3.1 Video camera charge-coupled devices (CCD) 10.2 Codes
10.3 Standards
7.1 Equipment 10.4 Procedures
7.2 Lighting
7.l.l Standard lighting 11.1 Recording and Documentation
7.1.2 Speciallighting 11.2 Technique reports
7.3 Direct 11.3 Data reports
7.3.1 Magnification
11.4 Image recording methods
7.3.2 Mirrors
11.4.1 Drawings and sketches on hard-copy
7.3.3 Gages, micrometers, calipers, templates, scales, mediums
etc. 11.4.2 Photographic mediums
7.3 ""Indirect {remote)
11.3.3 Electronic image mediums
7.3.1 *Borescopes (lens optics)
11.3.3.1 Magnetic mediums (VHS, S-
7.3.2 *hberscopes (fiber optics)
VHS, Mini Digital Cassette)
7.3.3 *Combined scopes (lens and fiber systems) 11.3.3.2 Optical mediums (DVD)
7.3.4 *Videoscopes (\ens/fiber optics 'With integral CCD 11.3.3.3 Digital mediums (compact flash,
imager) USB flash drive, smart media,
7.3.4.1 *Videoscope measurement techniques secure digital, memory stick,
7.3.4.1.1 *Comparison etc.)
7.3.4.1.2 *Shadow
7.3.4.1.3 *Stereo 12.0 Terminology and Definitions
7.3.4.2 *Push-tube camera
7.3.4.3 *Pipe-crawler camera system
7.3.4.4 *Pan, tilt, and zoom camera Topics may be deleted if the visual testing is only required to perform
7.3.5 *Auxiliary video equipment direct visual inspection.
7.3.5.1 --Monitors
7.3.5.2 *Processors
7.3.5.3 *Cables
102
Visual Testing Topical Outlines
103
4.8 Personnel (human factors) variables affecting test results Visual Testing, Level I, IL and Ill Training
4.9 Detection References
4.9.1 Interpretation Allgaier, M.W. and S. Ness, tech. eds., P. Mcintire and P.O. Moore,
4.9.2 Evaluation eds. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition: Volume 8,
Visual and Optical Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society
5.1 Procedures and Documentation for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 1993.
5.2 Hard copy- general applications
5.2.1 Mineral-based materials Allgaier, M.VV. and R.E. Cameron, tech. eds., P.O. Moore, ed.
5.2.2 Organic-based materials Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 9, Visual
5.2.3 Composite materials Testing. Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
5.2.4 Metallic materials Testing, Inc. 2010.*
5.3 Photography- specific applications
ASNT Levelll Study Guide: Visual Testing Method. Columbus,
5.3.1 Metal joining processes
OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., Latest
5.3.2 Pressure vessels
edition.*
5.3.3 Pumps
5.3.4 Valves ASNT T.evel III Study Guide: Visual and Optical Testing Aiethod.
5.3.5 Bolting Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
5.3.6 Castings Inc. Latest edition.*
5.3.7 Forgings
5.3.8 .Extrusions Cary, H.B. and S. Helzer. Modern Welding Technology. Englewood
5.3.9 Microcircuits Cliffs, N): Prentice- Hall, Inc. 2004.
5.4 Audio/video - requirements
Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control: ASM Handbook,
5.4.1 Codes (AWS, ASME, etc.)
Volume 17. Metals Park, OH: ASM International. 1989.*
5.4.2 Standards (MIL-STD-, NAVSEA, etc.)
5.4.3 Specifications The Tools and Rules of Precision Measuring. Athol, MA: L.S.
5.4.4 Procedures (Level III exam specific) Starret Co. 1982.
5.5 Electronic and magnetic media
5.6 Personnel qualification and certification Welding Handbook, Volume 1. Miami, FL: American ·welding
Society. Latest edition.
6.1 Safety and Health Welding Inspection. Miami, FL: American ·welding Society. Latest
6.2 Electrical shock edition.
6.3 Mechanical hazards
6.4 Lighting hazards physiological deleterious effects of light
6.5 Chemicals contamination '" A·vailable from 'ft1e American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.,
6.6 Radioactive materials Columbus, OH
6.7 Explosive environments
104
Basic Examination Level Ill Topical Outline 1.3.2 Definitions-
1.3.3 CertiAcation outcome
The Basic Examination will cover three main topical areas:
1.3.4 Eligibility for examination
1.3.5 Qualification examinations
1.0 Personnel qualification and certification programs
1.3.6 Examinations results
covering Recommended Practice No. SNT- TC-lA,
1.3.7 Certification
ANSI!ASNT-CP-189, and the ASNT Level III Program
1.3.8 Validity
1.3.9 Recertification
2.0 General familiarity with other NDT methods, covering the
eleven NDT test methods listed in this section, and;
2.1 General Familiarity with Other NDT Methods
2.2 Acoustic Emission Testing
3.0 General knowledge of materials, fabrication, and product 2.2.1 Fundamentals
technology. 2.1. 1.1 Principles/theory of acoustic emission
The above topics are further subdivided into topical outlines testing
below, followed by the reference materials used in the 2.2.1.2 Sources of acoustic emissions
development of these outlines and sample questions typical of 2.2.1.3 Equipment and material
those in the examinations. 2.2.2 Proper selection of acoustic emission technique
2.1.2.1 Instrumentation and signal processing
1.1 Personnel Qualification and Certification Programs 2.1.2.2 Cables (types)
1.2 Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-JA 2.1.2.3 Signal conditioning
1.2.1 Scope 2.1.2.4 Signal detection
1.2.2 Definitions 2.1.2.5 Noise discrimination
1.2.3 Nondestructive testing methods 2.1.2.6 Electronic technique
1.2.4 Levels of qualification 2.1.2.7 Attenuation materials
1.2.5 Written practice 2.1.2.8 Data filtering techniques
1.2.6 Education, training, and experience for initial 2.1.3 Interpretation and evaluation of test results
qualification 2.2 Electromagnetic Testing
1.2.7 Training programs 2.2.1 Sensors
1.2.8 Examinations 2.2.2 Basic types of equipment; types of read out
I.l.9 Certification 2.2.3 Reference standards
1.1.10 Technical performance review 2.2.4 Applications and test result interpretation
1.1.11 Interrupted service 2.2.4.1 Flaw detection
1.1.12 Recertification 2.2.4.2 Conductivity and permeability sorling
1.1.13 Termination 2.2.4.3 Thickness gaging
1.1.14 Reinstatement 2.2.4.4 Process control
1.2 ASNT Standard ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 2.3 Leak Testing
1.2.1 Scope 2.3.1 Fundamentals
1.2.2 Definitions 2.3.1.1 Bubble detection
1.2.3 Levels of qualification 2.3.1.2 Pressure change
1.2.4 Qualification requirements 2.3.1.3 Halogen diode detector
1.2.5 Qualification and certification 2.3.1.4 Mass Spectrometer
1.2.6 Examinations 2.3.2 Leak testing, procedures, and techniques
1.2.7 Expiration, suspension, revocation, and 2.3.2.1 Systems factors
reinstatement of employer certification 2.3.2.2 Relative sensitivity
1.2.8 Employer recertification 2.3.2.3 Evacuated systems
1.2.9 Records 2.3.2.4 Pressurized S)'1itcms; ambient fluids,
1.2.10 Referenced publications tracer fluids
1.3 Level III certification program 2.3.2.5 Locating leal{s
1.3.1 Scope 2.3.2.6 Calibration
105
2.3.3Tesl result interpretation 2.6.2 Neutron radiographic testing
2.3.4Essentials of safety 2.6.2.1 Basic imaging considerations
2.3.5Test equipment 2.6.2.2 Test result interpretation; discontinuity
2.3.6Applications indications
2.3.6.1 Piping and pressure vessels 2.6.2.3 Systems factors (source/test
2.3.6.2 Evacuated systems object/detector interactions)
2.3.6.3 Low-pressure fluid containment vessels, 2.6.2.4 Applications
pipes, and tubing 2.6.2.4.1 Explosives and pyrotechnic devices
2.3.6.4 Hermetic seals 2.6.2.4.2 Assem lcd components
2.3.6.5 Electrical and electronic components 2.6.2.4.3 Bonded components
2.4 Liquid Penetrant Testing 2.6.2.4.4 Corrosion detection
2.4.1 Fundamentals 2.6.2.4.5 Nonmetallic 'materials
2.4.1.1 Interaction of penetrants and 2.7 Radiographic 'festing
discontinuity openings 2.7.1 Fundamentals
2.4.1.2 Fluorescence and contrast 2.7.1.1 Sources
2.4.2 Liquid penetrant testing 2.7.1.2 Detectors
2.4.2.1 Penetrant processes 2.7.1.2.1 Imaging
2.4.2.2 Test equipment and systems factors 2.7.1.2.2 Nonimaging
2.4.2.3 Test result interpretation; discontinuity 2.7.1.3 Nature of penetrating radiation and
indications interactions v.r:ith matter
2.4.2.4 Applications 2.7.1.4 Essentials of safety
2.4.2.4.1 Castings 2.7.2 Radiographic testing
2.4.2.4.2 Welds 2.7.2.1 Basic imaging considerations
2.4.2.4.3 Vhought metals 2.7.2.2 Test resull interpretation; discontinuity
2.4.2.4.4 Machined parts indications
2.4.2.4.5 Leaks 2.7.2.3 Systems factors (source/test object/detector
2.4.2.4.6 Field inspections interactions)
2.5 Magnetic Particle Testing 2.7.2.4 Applications
2.5.1 Fundamentals 2.7.2.4.1 Castings
2.5.1.1 Magnetic field principles 2.7.2.4.2 Welds
2.5.1.2 Magnetization by means of electric 2.7.2.4.3 Assemblies
current 2.7.2.4.4 Electronic components
2.5.1.3 Demagnetization 2.7.2.4.5 Field inspections
2.5.2 Magnetic particle inspection 2.8 Thermal/Infrared Testing
2.5.2.1 Basic types of equipment and inspection 2.8.1 Fundamentals
materials 2.8.1.1 Principles and theory of thermal/infrared
2.5.2.2 Test results interpretation; discontinuity testing
indications 2.8.1.2 Temperature measurement principles
2.5.2.3 Applications 2.8.1.3 Proper selection of thermal/infrared
2.5.2.3.1 Welds technique
2.5.2.3.2 Castings 2.8.2 Equipment/materials
2.5.2.3.3 Wrought metals 2.8.2.1 Temperature measurement equipment
2.5.2.3.4 Machined parts 2.8.2.2 Heat flux indicators
2.5.2.3.5 Field applications 2.8.2.3 Non-contact devices
2.6 Neutron Radiographic Testing 2.8.2.4 Contact temperature indicators
2.6.1 Fundamentals 2.8.2.5 Non-contact pyrometers
2.6.1.1 Sources 2.8.2.6 Line-scanners
2.6.1.1.1 Isotopic 2.8.2.7 Thermal imaging
2.6.1.1.2 Neutron 2.8.2.8 Heat flux indicators
2.6.1.2 Detectors 2.8.3 Applications
2.6.1.2.1 Imaging 2.8.3.1 Exothermic or endothermic investigations
2.6.1.2.2 Nonimaging 2.8.3.2 Friction investigations
2.6.1.3 Nature of penetrating radiation and 2.8.3.3 Fluid flow investigations
interactions with matter 2.8.3.4 Thermal resistance investigations
2.6.1.4 Essentials of safety 2.8.3.5 Thermal capacitance investigations
2.8.4 Interpretation and evaluation
106
Basic Topical Outlines
2.9 Ultrasonic Testing 3.1 Basic Materials, Fabrication, and Product Technology
2.9.1 Fundamentals 3.2 FWldamentals of material technology
2.9.1.1 Wave propagation 3.2.1 Properties of materials
2.9.1.1.1 Sound fields 3.2.1.1 Strength and elastic properties
2.9.1.1.2 Wave travel modes 3.2.1.2 Physical properties
2.9.1.1.3 Refraction, reflection, scattering, 3.2.1.3 Material properties testing
and attenuation 3.2.2 Origin of discontinuities and failure modes
2.9.1.2 Transducers and sound beam coupling 3.2.2.1 Inherent discontinuities
2.9.2 Ultrasonic testing 3.2.2.2 Process-induced discontinuities
2.9.2.1 Basic types of equipment 3.2.2.3 Senrice-induced discontinuities
2.9.2.2 Reference standards 3.2.2.4 Failures in metallic materials
2.9.2.3 Test result interpretation; discontinuity 3.2.2.5 Failures in nonmetallic materials
indications 3.2.3 Statistical nature of detecting and characterizing
2.9.2.4 System factors discontinuities
2.9.2.5 Applications 3.3 Fundamentals of fabrication and product technology
2.9.2.5.1 Flaw detection and evaluation 3.3.1 Raw materials processing
2.9.2.5.2 Thickness measurement 3.3.2 Metals processing
2.9.2.5.3 Bond evaluation 3.3.2.1 Primary metals
2.9.2.5.4 Process control 3.3.2.1.1 Metal ingot production
2.9.2.5.5 Castings 3.3.2.1.2 ·wrought primary metals
2.9.2.5.6 Weldrnents 3.3.2.2 Castings
2.10 Visual Testing 3.3.2.2.1 Green sand molded
2.10.1 Flmdamentals 3.3.2.2.2 Metal molded
2.10.1.1 Principles and theory of visual testing 3.3.2.2.3 Investment molded
2.10.1.2 Selection of correct visual technique 3.3.2.3 Welding
2.10.1.3 Equipment and materials 3.3.2.3.1 Common processes
2.10.2 Specific applications 3.3.2.3.2 Hard-surfacing
2.10.2.1 Melal joining processes 3.3.2.3.3 Solid-state
2.10.2.2 Pressure vessels 3.3.2.4 Brazing
2.10.2.3 Pumps 3.3.2.5 Soldering
2.10.2.4 Valves 3.3.2.6 Machining and material removal
2.10.2.5 Bolting 3.3.2.6.1 Turning, boring, and drilling
2.10.2.6 Castings 3.3.2.6.2 Milling
2.10.2.7 Forgings 3.3.2.6.3 Grinding
2.10.2.8 Extrusions 3.3.2.6.4 Electrochemical
2.10.2.9 Microcircuits 3.3.2.6.5 Chemical
2.10.3 Interpretation and evaluation 3.3.2.7 Forming
2.10.3.1 Codes and standards 3.3.2.7.1 Cold-working processes
2.10.3.2 Environmental factors 3.3.2.7.2 Hot-working processes
2.11 Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing 3.3.2.8 Powdered metal processes
2.11.1 Fundamentals 3.3.2.9 Heat treatment
2.11.1.1 Magnetic field principles 3.3.2.10 Surface finishing and corrosion
2.11.1.2 Magnetization by means of electric current protection
2.1 LL3 Flux leakage 3.3.2.10.1 Shot peening and grit blasting
2.11.2 Flux leakage inspection 3.3.2.10.2 Painting
2.11.2.1 Basic types of equipment and inspection 3.3.2.10.3 Plating
materials 3.3.2.10.4 Chemical conversion coatings
2.11.2.2 Types of discontinuities found by 3.3.2.11 Adhesive joining
magnetic flux leakage inspection 3.3.3 Nonmetals and composite materials processing
2.11.2.3 Sensors used in magnetic flux leakage 3.3.3.1 Basic materials processing and process
inspection control
2.11.3 Applications 3.3.3.2 Nonmetals and composites fabrication
2.11.3.1 ·wire rope inspection 3.3.3.3 Adhesive joining
2.11.3.2 Pipe body inspection 3.3.4 Dimensional metrology
2.11.3.3 Tank floor/steel plate inspection 3.3.4.1 Fundamental units and standards
3.3.4.2 Gaging
3.3.4.3 Interferometry
107
Basic Examination Training References Sadek, Hussein, Electromagnetic Testing Classroom Training Book
(PTP Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, lnc. 2005.*
Personnel Qualification and Cerli!icaHon Programs
ASNT Levelllr Program Document (online on the Smith, Gordon, A1agnetic Particle Testing Classroom Training Book
ASNT/Certiflcation Web page).** (PTP Series). Columbus, OH: The American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2015.*
ASNT Level Ill Study Guide: Basic, Columbus, OH: The American
Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest Edition.* Staton, Jean. Radiographic Testirzg Classroom Training Book (PTP
Series). Columbus, OH: The American, Society for Nondestructive
ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Testing, Inc. 2016.*
Nondestructive Testing Personnel, ANSI!ASNT CP-189, Columbus,
OH. American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest \Vorlm1an, G.L., tech. ed., and P.O. Moore, ed. 2012.
edition.* Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 10,
Nondestructive Testing Overview. Columbus, OH: The American
Harris, Darrell W ., A Guide to Personnel Qualification and Society of Nondestructive Testing.
Certification. Columbus, OH: American Society for
Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2011.
Recommended Practice No. SNT- TC-lA: Personnel Qualification Materials, Fabrication, and Product Technology
and Certification in Nondestructive Testir g. Columbus, OH. Materials and Processes for NDT Technology, second edition.
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.* Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. 2016.*
108
PdM Basic Examination Level Ill Topical 1.2.7 Expiration, suspension, revocation, and
Outline reinstatement of employer certification
1.2.8 Employer recertification
The Basic Examination will cover three main topical areas: 1.2.9 Records
1.2.10 Referenced publications
1.0 Personnel qualification and certification programs 1.3 Level III Certification Program
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-IA, 1.3.1 Scope
ANSI/ASNT -CP-189 and the ASNT Levellll Program 1.3.2 Definitions
1.3.3 Certification outcome
2.0 General familiarity with Pd.M and reliability methods listed 1.3.4 Eligibility for examination
in this section 1.3.5 Qualiflcation examinations
1.3.6 Examinations results
3.0 Machinery technology, common problems, and corrective 1.3.7 Certification
actions 1.3.8 Validity
The above topics arc further subdivided into topical outlines 1.3.9 Recertification
below, followed by the reference materials used in the 1.3.10 Applicant rights
development of these outlines. 1.3.11 Program changes
1.3.12 Accommodation for disabilities
The PdM Basic examination and one or more PdM Method
examinations (either thcrmalfinfrared testing or vibration 2.1 General Familiarity with Other Pdl\1 and Reliability
analysis) must be taken and passed to qualify for an ASNT Methods
PdM Level III Certificate. The endorsements on the ASNT 2.2 Maintenance and reliability methods (i.e., CM, PM,
Certificate 'Will list the various methods the applicant passed. PdM, RCM, etc.)
2.2.1 Co dition monitoring/predictive maintenance
2.2.2 Preventative maintenance
1.1 Personnel qualification and certification programs
2.2.3 Reliability centered maintenance
1.2 Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-lA
2.2.4 Root cause failure analysis
1.2.1 Scope
2.2.5 Proactive maintenance
1.2.2 Deflnitions
2.3 Motor circuit evaluation/motor current analysis
1.2.3 Nondestructive testing methods
2.4 Oil/lubrication analysis
1.2.4 Levels of quali_fication
2.5 Thermal/infrared testing
1.2.5 Written practice
2.5.1 Fundamentals
1.l.6 Education, training, and experience for initial
qualification 2.5.1.1 Principles and theory of thermal/infrared
testing
1.1.7 Training programs
1.1.8 Examinations 2.5.1.2 Temperature measurement principles
1.1.9 Certification 2.5.1.3 Proper selection of thermal/infrared
technique
1.1.10 Technical performance review
2.5.1.4 Equipment/materials
1.1.11 Interrupted service
1.1.12 Recertification 2.5.1.5 Temperature measurement equipment
2.5.1.6 Heat flux indicators
1.1.13 Termination
2.5.1.7 Non-contact devices
1.1.14 Reinstatement
2.5.2 Applications
1.2 ASNT Standard ANSI!ASNT CP-189
1.2.1 Scope 2.5.2.1 Contact temperature indicators
1.2.2 Definitions 2.5.2.2 Non-contact pyrometers
2.5.2.3 Line scanners
1.2.3 Levels of qualification
2.5.2.4 Thermal imaging
1.2.4 Qualification requirements
2.5.2.5 Heat flux indicators
1.2.5 Qualification and certification
1.2.6 Examinations 2.5.2.6 Exothermic or endothermic
investigations
109
2.5.2.7 Friction investigations Basics of Common PdM Methods Training
2.5.2.8 Fluid flow investigations References I
2.5.2.9 Thermal resistance investigations
2.5.2.10 Thermal capacitance investigations
2.5.3 Interpretation and evaluation
ASNT Level III Program Document (online on the
ASNT/Certification 'Neb page). I
'
2.6 Ultrasonic/acoustic cmbsion ANSJ/ASNT CP-189: ASNT Standard for Qualification and
2.7 Vibration analysis Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel. Columbus, OH:
2.7.1 Fundamentals The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edi-
2.7.1.1 Principles and theory of vibration analysis tion.*
2.7.1.2 Measurement principles
2.7.1.3 Signal processing ASNT Level III Study Guid : Basic. Columbus, OH: The American
2.7.1.4 Equipment/materials Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition."*
2.7.1.5 Data recorder
ASNT Level III Study Guide: Infrared and Thermal Testing.
2.7.1.6 Sensor
Columbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
2.7.2 Considerations dependent on
Inc. Latest edition.*
machine/component type
2.7.2.1 Fixed and multi-speed drive Bannister, K.E., Lubrication for Industry, Industrial Press, New
2.7.2.2 Variable speed drive (electrical) York, NY. 1996.
2.7.2.3 Variable speed (i.e. gas or steam turbine)
2.7.2.4 Reciprocating machinery Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner.lVfachinery Failure and
2.7.2.5 Gear type (i.e., spur, helical, worm, Troubleshooting, 4th Edition, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston,
epicyclic, etc.) TX. 1990.
2.7.2.6 Positive displacement
Crawford, A.R. The Simplified Handbook of Yibration Analysis,
2.7.2.7 High speed (i.e., greater than 4 000 rpm)
Volume I,Introduction to Vibration Analysis. Knoxville, TN: CSI.
2.7.2.8 Bearing type (i.e., fluid film) 1992.
2.7.3 Interpretation and evaluation
Fitch, F. and D. Troyer, Oil Analysis Basics, second edition. Tulsa,
3.1 Machinery technology, problems, and corrective actions
3.2 Fundamentals of machinery technology
3.2.1 Engineering mechanics
3.2.1.1 Machinery design
3.2.1.2 Lubrication considerations
OK: Noria Publishing. 2010.
•
3.2.2 Alignment NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment
3.2.3 Structural/base Maintenance. National Fire Protection Association, Latest edition. i
3.2.4 Resonance
3.2.5 Lubrication N.FPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety on the Workplace.
3.2.6 Bonding/grounding Nalional Fire Protection Association. Latest edition.
3.2.7 Wiring, connections, and splices
Nicholas, ]., Motor Electrical Predictive Maintenance and Testing,
3.2.8 Process related
9th Edition, Reliability Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2013.
110
E'dM Topical Outlines
Recommended Practice No. SNT- TC-lA: Personnel Qualification Crawford, A.R. The Simplified Handbook of Vibration Analysis,
and Certification in Nondestructive Testing. Columbus, OH: The Volume I, Introductiot! to Vibration Analysis. Knoxville, TN: CSL
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Latest edition.* 1992.
Ruddock, R, Basic Infrared Thermography Principles, Reliability Eisenmann, R.C., Sr, and R.C. Eisenmann, Jr. Machinery
Web, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2012 A1alfunction Diagnosis and Correction: Vibration Analysis and
Troubleshooting for Process Industries. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Smith, RK., Rules of Thumbfor Maintenance and Reliability
Prentice Hall Printers. 1997.
Engineers, Elsevier Inc., Burlington, MA. 2008
Fitch, F. and D. Troyer, Oil Analysis Basics, second edition. Tulsa,
Starry, K., and P.O. Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook,
OK: Noria Publishing. 2010.
third edition: Volume 10, Vibration Analysis. Columbus, OH:
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2012."* Goldman, S. Vibration Spectrum Analysis, second edition. New
York: Industrial Press. 1999.
Taylor, J.l. The Vibration Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL:
Vibration Consultants. 2003. Logan, E. ]r., and R. Roy. Handbook of Turbomachinery, second
edition. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2003.
* Available from The .American Society for Nondestructive Testing, lnc.1 Mobley, R.K., Maintenat!ce Fundamentals, second edition.
Columbus, OH.
*Available online at \VW\V.asnt.org. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 2004.
Bloch, H.P., Practicall\iachinery Management for Process Plants, Piersol, A. and T. Paez. Harris' Shock and Vibration Handbook,
Volume 1: Improving 1Wachinery Reliability, third edition. sixth edition. McGraw-Hill Inc. 2009.
Burlington, MA: _Elsevier, Inc. 1998.
Ruddock, R., Basic Infrared Thermography Principles, Reliability
Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner. Practical Machinery Management Vleb, Ft. Meyers, FL. 2010
for Process Plants, Volume 2: Machinery Failure Analysis and
Troubleshooting, fourth edition. Burlington, MA: Ebevier, Inc. Schneider, H. Ralancing Technology. Deer Park, NY: Schenck
2012. Trebel Corporation. 1991.
Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner. Practical Machinery ll:Ianagement Smith, R. and R.K. Mobley. Rules of Thumb for Maintenance and
for Process Plants, Volume 3: Machinery Component Maintenance Reliability Engineers, Elsevier Tnc., Burlington, MA. 2008
and Repair. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, Inc. 2005.
Taylor, J.I. The Vibration Analysis Handbook. Tampa, FL:
Bloch, H.P., and F.K. Geitner. Practical Machinery A1anagemet!t Vibration Consultants. 2003.
for Process Plat!ts, Volume 4: Major Process Equipment
Traister, J.E., Handbook of Electric Motors, Fairmont Press, Inc.
lvlaintenance and Repair, second edition. Gulf Professional
Lilburn, GA. 1992.
Publishing Co. 1997.
111
•
i
t
'
112
Appendix A: Radiographic Safety 2.0 Radiation Survey Instruments
Operations and Emergency Instructions 2. l Types of radiation instruments
Course 2.1.1 Gcigcr-miiller tube
2.1.2 Ionization chambers
Note: This outline provides radiation safety subject matter that 2.1.3 Scintillation chambers, counters
applies to multiple types of penetrating radiation. Instructors 2.2 Neutron radiation survey equipment
should consider the applicable type of radiation source and deliv- 2.3 Reading and interpreting meter indications
ery system to be covered and tailor their usc of these subjects 2.4 Calibration frequency
2.5 Calibration expiration - action to be taken
accordingly.
2.6 Battery check - importance
113
8.1 Biological Effects of Radiation Radiographic Safety Operations Training
8.2 "Natural" background radiation References
8.3 Unit of radiation dose - sievert (Sv) McCain, D. ASNT Study Guide: i11dustrial Radiography Radiation
8.4 DifferenCe between radiation and contamination Safety. Columbus, OH: 'The American Society for Nondestructive
8.4 Radiation damage - repair concept Testing, Inc. 2009.*
8.5 Symptoms of radiation injury
8.6 Acute radiation exposure and somatic injury Bossi, R.H., F.A. Iddings, and G.C. Wheeler, tech. eds. and P.O.
8.7 Personnel monitoring for tracking exposure Moore, ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition:
8.8 Organ radiosensitivity Volume 4, Radiographic Testing. Columbus, OH: The American
Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. 2002.*
9.0 Exposure Devices
McGuire, S.A., and C.A. Peabody. Working Safely in Radiography.
9.1 Daily inspection and maintenance
Colwnbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
9.2 * Radiation exposme limits for gamma-ray
lnc. 2004.
exposure devices
9.3 Labeling Staton, Jean. Radiographic Testing Classroom Training Book (PTP
9.4 Use Series). Colwnbus, OH: The American Society for Nondestructive
9.5 Use of collimators to reduce personnel exposure Testing, Inc. 2016.
9.6* Use of source changers for gamma-ray sources
Bush, J. Gamma Radiation Safety Study Guide, second edition.
10.1 Emergency Procedures Columbus, OH: 'l'he American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Inc. 2001.
10.2 * Vehicle accidents with radioactive
sealed sources 10.2* Fire involving scaled sources Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Energy, Part 34, l icenses for
10.3* "Source out"- failure to return to safe shielded
Industrial Radiography and Radiation Safety Requirements for
conditions
Industrial Radiographic Operations, Sub-Part 43, Training.
10.4 "" Emergency call list Available online at http:/1\vwvv.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfr-table-
search.html#page 1.
11.0 Storage and Shipment of Exposed Devices and Sources
11.1"* Vehicle storage Suggested State Regulations for Control of Radiation (SSRCR),
11.2"" Storage vault - permanent PartE, Radiation Safety Requirements for Industrial Radiographic
11.3"" Shipping instructions- sources Operations, Sec. £.17, Training, 1999. Available online at
11.4 * Receiving instructions- radioactive material http://www.crcpd.org/SSRCRs/e-1999.PDF.
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ISBN: 978-1-57117-375-1
Catalog No.: 2822