Beruflich Dokumente
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AND EXERCISES IN
SYRIAC GRAMMAR
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ROBINSON’S PARADIGMS
AND EXERCISES IN
SYRIAC GRAMMAR
SIXTH EDITION
REVISED BY
J. F. COA KLE Y
1
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
Previously published material © 1962 Oxford University Press
Revisions © 2002, 2013 J. F. Coakley
First edition 1915
Second edition 1939
Third edition 1949
Fourth edition 1962
Fifth edition 2002
First published as paperback 1981
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
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above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013940789
ISBN 978–0–19–968717–6
Printed in Great Britain by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
PREFACE
T. H. Robinson’s Paradigms and exercises in Syriac grammar
was first published in 1915, and it served generations of
students in four little-changed editions, the last of which
appeared in 1962. The fifth edition of 2002 was a thorough
revision aimed at repairing some of the less satisfactory
features in the way the grammar and exercises were pre-
sented. The changes in this sixth edition do not go so deep.
Here and there the grammar has been clarified, awkward
sentences for translation replaced, and other miscellaneous
errors corrected. These small-scale improvements are all
products of the decade of testing that the 2002 book has
had, and I thank my students at Harvard and Cambridge
Universities, as well as some kind correspondents, for
helping to expose the places where revision and correction
were needed. The format of the present edition, though not
so handy as the old pocket-sized one, has allowed for a less
crowded layout and I hope it will be found to be more
comfortable to read.
As before, our book tries to be a simple and friendly intro-
duction to the Syriac language. A student who, while
learning from Robinson, wants to refer to a more compre-
hensive treatment of the subject, can be recommended to
consult T. Nöldeke’s Compendious Syriac grammar (2nd
edn. 1898; English translation 1904), which is still the most
authoritative work; or L. Costaz, Grammaire syriaque
(Beirut, 2nd edn. 1964), which sets out paradigms in full
and is well indexed.
J. F. COAKLEY
March 2013
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
2. The script 4
3. Pronunciation 10
4. Pronouns. Particles. Simple sentences 16
5. Nouns and adjectives 21
6. Pronominal suffixes 26
ܺ
7. Prepositions. The words -Ͷͮܺܕ and Εͮܐ 30
8. Verbs. The perfect tense 34
9. Nouns and adjectives with variable vowels 40
10. Participles 45
11. More nouns with variable vowels 50
12. Miscellaneous and irregular nouns 55
13. The imperfect tense 60
14. The imperative and infinitive. The verb ͕̱ܗ ܳܘ 65
15. The ethpe(el 69
16. The pa(el and ethpa(al 73
17. The aph(el, ettaph(al, and other conjugations 79
18. Objective pronominal suffixes, 1: attached 84
to the perfect
19. Objective pronominal suffixes, 2: attached 90
to other forms of the verb
20. Weak verbs. Pe-nun verbs 95
21. Pe-alaph verbs 99
22. Pe-yod verbs 104
23. (E-alaph verbs 108
24. Hollow verbs 112
25. Geminate verbs 117
26. Lamad-yod verbs, 1: the pe(al 121
27. Lamad-yod verbs, 2: other conjugations 126
28. Pronominal suffixes attached to lamad-yod 130
verbs
29. Numbers 135
Appendices
A. Pronunciation of the bgdkpt letters 140
B. The estrangela script. Diacritical points 142
C. East Syriac writing and phonology 145
D. Dates 148
2
It is sometimes heard that Syriac is the language of Jesus. That is so
only in the sense that both are Aramaic.
§1 INTRODUCTION 3
3
In older literature, often ‘Jacobite’ (West) and ‘Nestorian’ (East); but
these names are best avoided.
4
The Western script has been traditional for vocalized texts since the
sixteenth century when the study of Syriac was promoted in Europe by
Maronite scholars (who belonged to the Western tradition). The learner
from Robinson will find that the Syriac New Testament in most general
use (British and Foreign Bible Society, 1920 and often reprinted) looks
familiar.
4
2. THE SCRIPT
Syriac is written with an alphabet of twenty-two letters,
which is the same, in its underlying form, as that used by
other Aramaic dialects and by Hebrew. Syriac uses a dis-
tinctive script to write this alphabet. Of the Syriac script
there are three main varieties (also usually called ‘scripts’),
corresponding to the different traditions mentioned in §1.
This lesson deals with reading and writing the West Syriac
script, also known as serta or serto.
The script is written from right to left, and it is cursive:
that is, words are written without lifting the pen between
every letter, and the letters can take two, or four, different
forms depending on their place in a word and the letters
around them. The table opposite shows the letters in each
form, with the corresponding Hebrew in the last column.
The ‘transliteration’ roughly indicates pronunciation; but
on this see the next lesson.
It will be observed that all the letters can join to a
preceding letter (that is, from the right), but that the letters
ܬ ܪ ܨ ܙ ܘ ܗ ܕ ܐdo not join to a following letter (to the left).
The combination lamad-alaph is written Ζ (or Η- when
connected to a preceding letter). Sometimes (although not
in this book) the combination alaph-lamad is written -Ξ.
A curved form of alaph ( ) is sometimes found at the be-
ginnings of words, but in this book the straight form ( ͕ ) is
used in all positions.
§2 THE SCRIPT 5
1
The names of the letters are spelled conventionally here. For the cor-
rect Syriac forms see the headings in the Syriac-English glossary.
6 §2 THE SCRIPT
The following are models and hints for writing each letter.
Alaph always ends in a down-stroke (not
as in Arabic), extending slightly below the
line.
2
Hereafter in this book abbreviated ‘lit.’.
3
But modern writers and editors sometimes use ‘ ’ ؟.
§2 THE SCRIPT 9
Exercises
Write in transliteration, using the English letters in the
table on p. 5.4
ܗܡΑ͗ܐ ·ͣ͵ͣܣ ͺͮΑ ͽͼͥͣͮ ͣܒΏ΅ͮ
ͣ͛ͳΒ ͔ͮ;ͣܪ ͔Ͳͣͯͩͻܐ ܬܗܪܢ ͣܨܠ
͔ͳͯͨܗܪ ͯͿͲΑ· ͯͣܢͶ͛ͻܐܘ ͔·ͣΏͿͯ·ܐ ͽͯܐ
4
Some of these words reappear with vowels in the exercise to §3.
10
3. PRONUNCIATION
This lesson deals with the pronunciation of consonants and
vowels, and how this pronunciation is indicated by the
writing system.1
Consonants. The letters transliterated as z l m n s r, and
h w y when used as consonants, may be pronounced as in
English. The others are as follows.
͕ is a glottal stop; but more often it is ‘quiescent’: see
p. 13 below.
ܚ corresponds to Arabic ﺡ, a stronger h than ܗ. Many
students, not strictly correctly, pronounce it like ch in
German ich (as in Hebrew).
ܛ corresponds to Arabic ﻁ, an emphatic t. Most English-
speakers do not distinguish it in pronunciation from ܬ.
ܥ corresponds to Arabic ﻉ, a stop far back in the throat,
like a gagging sound. Some students succeed in
making this sound; some make it a simple glottal stop
like ͕ .
ܨ corresponds to Arabic ﺹ, an emphatic s. The pronun-
ciation ts, borrowed from Hebrew, is conventional.
ܩ corresponds to Arabic ﻕand is a sound further back in
the throat than ܟ. It is worthwhile, to avoid misspell-
ing errors later, to try to make this sound distinctive.
ܫis pronounced sh (š).
1
In this lesson and occasionally in later ones, Syriac is written in
English letters. This is simply to help with pronunciation, and there is
no attempt at a consistent or scientific system of transliteration.
§3 PRONUNCIATION 11
2
Properly, quššaya (͔ͯܳ Βܳ ͣΎ
ܳܳ
ܽ ) and rukkaka (͔ͳ݂ Ͳ݁ ܪܘ
ܽ ). To distinguish these dots
from other diacritical points they are often written in red in manuscripts.
In print they should ideally be smaller.
12 §3 PRONUNCIATION
3
Both these points are, in fact, features of the East Syriac vowel system.
For other differences in this system, see Appendix C.
4
A student who wants to adopt a more consistent West Syriac pronun-
̇
ciation can pronounce the vowel % as o, and then pronounce the vowels ܘ
ܽ ܳ ܳ
and ܘindifferently as u. In this case, ͔͗ΕͲ becomes ktobo rather than
̇
ktaba, and ͣܒΏ΅ͮܰ Ya(qub rather than Ya(qob.
§3 PRONUNCIATION 13
5
sign value alone with vowel letters value
% a ͗ܳ ͔͗ܳ ba
$ a ͗ܰ ͔͗ܰ ba
& e ͗ܶ ͯ͗ܶ , ͔͗ܶ be
' i ͗ܺ ͯ͗ܺ (or ͯ͗ ܺ ), ͔͗ܺ bi
+ u ܽ
ͣ͗ bu
.
o ͣ͗ ̇ bo.
The vowel letter waw is always used when the vowel is o,
and almost always when it is u. (The common words ͷͲ
ܽ
ܽ ܶ
kul ‘every’ and ͷͩ metul ‘because’ are exceptional in not
being spelled with ܘ. ) Likewise, the sign ' does not very
6
By name the signs are: % zqapa; $ ptaha; & rbasa; ' + (sasa.
5
hbasa;
(These names will not be used again in this book.)
6
More correctly, these are kol and metol, but the o vowel (a dot above
the waw) cannot be shown when the waw is not written. The West
Syriac pronunciations with u are conventional.
7
This is a difference from Hebrew, where אcan take shewa.
14 §3 PRONUNCIATION
Exercises
Read the following words aloud. (They are proper names
or other terms that might be recognizable.)
ܰ
͕ͣܳ ͥܰ ̇ͻͣܚ ܝΕ݁ ܰ ͣܥΓ ܽ ͮܶ ̇ܘܣΑͩ·ܶ ݁
ܰ
ͽͮܪܶ ܶ ̇ ͮܰ
ͣ ݂ܒΏ΅ ͺͮΑܶ ·݂ ܐ ͣܨܠ ܳ ܰ ܪ΄ͣ ݂ܬܽ
ܶ ܺܶ
ͷ͓ͮͯܺͻ݁ ܳܕ ͽͼܳ ͥܰ ͣͮ̇ ͺͮΑܰ ܰ ͔ͦͯ ܳ Γ ܺ ͔·ܳ ݁ ͣΏͿͯ
̇ ·݁ ܐ
ܶ ܰ
݂͠ ͮ݁ ܰܕ ܺܘ ܶܗ ݁ͻ͠ ܽܘ ͔ͮܰ ;ͣ ܺܪ ܽ ͺͶΒ̇ܐܘ ܺܪ ͽͯܺ ܐ
ܳ ܺ ·ܰ ݁
ܪܗܝܳ ܽܐܘ ͔ͼܳ ͯͩͿͮ
ܳ Αܺ Ͳ݁ ͕ܬΑ݂ ܳ ܳ ݁ ͮܰ Αͩ
͔ͲΑ ܽ ͮܺ
͖͢ܘ ݂ ܳܕ
ͺͦ˜ܶ ͵ Εͯ ݂ ͗ܶ ݁ Ͱܺ ܪܗ ̇ܘ
̱
§3 PRONUNCIATION 15
4. PRONOUNS. PARTICLES.
SIMPLE SENTENCES
Pronouns are of four kinds: personal, demonstrative, inter-
rogative, and relative. The personal pronouns are as follows:
person singular plural
ܶ
1st ͔ͻܳ ܐI ͽܰͼͥ we
ܰ ܰ
2nd masculine Ε݁ ̱ ͻ ܐyou (m.) ̇ܘܢΕ݁ ̱ ͻܐ
you (m.)
ܰ ܶ݁ ܰ
2nd feminine ܝΕ݁ ̱ ͻ ܐyou (f.) ͽͮΕ̱ͻܐ you (f.)
3rd masculine ܽ he
ܗܘ ܶܗ ̇ͻͣܢ they (m.)
3rd feminine ܺܗܝshe ͽͯܶͻܶܗ they (f.).
For the 1st-person plural there is a longer and less common
ܰ ܰ ܰ
form ͽͼͦͻ̱( ܐnahnan). Note also the silent letters in Ε݁ ̱ ͻ ܐand
ܰ݁ ܰ ܶ ܰ
ܝΕ̱ͻ( ܐboth pronounced at), ̇ܘܢΕ݁ ̱ ͻ( ܐaton), and ͽͮΕ݁ ̱ ͻ( ܐaten).
A personal pronoun may be used to make a simple A-is-B
sentence, e.g.
ܰ
Ε݁ ̱ ͻ ݁ ܳ˜ͳ͔ ܐͶܰ You are king.
In such sentences, the 1st- and 3rd-person pronouns have
shorter, so-called enclitic, forms:
singular plural
1st
ܳ
͔ͻ̱ܐ ͽܰͼ̱ͥ ܶ
3rd masc. ̱ܗܘ ܐ ܶ ̇ͻͣܢ
3rd fem. ̱ܗܝ ͽͯܶͻܐ
The 3rd-person singular forms are shown with no vowel. If
they follow a word ending in a vowel, they form a diph-
thong with -w or -y. Thus we have
ܳ ݁ ܰ
͕ ̱ܗܝΕ݂ ͳͶ (malktay) She is queen.
In the masculine, the diphthong aw becomes aw, giving
ܰ˜ͳ͔ ̱ܗܘͶܰ (not ܳ˜ͳ͔ ̱ܗܘͶܰ ) malkaw ‘he is king’. Following a
consonant, these two enclitics have full vowels, becoming
§4 PRONOUNS 17
̱ܗ ܽܘand ̱ܺܗܝ. See the examples below with ͽܰ (‘who?’). The
combination ܗܘ ̱ܗܘ ܽ becomes ͣͮ
ܽ ܗܘ
ܽ ‘he is’ or ‘it is he’.
Vocabulary
̈ ܳ
͔ܳ ͳ˜ܳ Ͷܰ king; pl. ͔ͳܶ ˜Ͷܰ ͕Ε݁ ̱ ͼͮܳܺ͠ ݂ city (f.) ܳ
͕ΕͳͶ ݂ ܳ ܰ ܰ
queen (f.)
ܶ
͔ ܳ
͗ ݂ ݂ book; pl. ͔͗̈ ܷ ΕͲ
ΕͲ
͕ ݂ܬΕ݁ ̱ ͻ ܐwoman, wife; ͔ͻܳ͠ ݁ Ύܳ ͣ· ̈ ܽ commandments
̈ ܶ
pl. ͔Γܷ ͻ (f.) ͕Εͯ͗ܰ house (m.)
݁
ܳ ͚ܰ man
͖Α͘ ͔;ܳ ͣ ̇ ͻܳ law
ܳ ܳ ݁ ܰ΄ servant; pl. ͖ܶ̈͘͠ ΄ܰ
ܳ ͖Α͗ܰ son ͖͘͠
͕ܬΑ݂ ͗ܰ daughter (f.) ͖ ܳܪΑΒ ܳ truth
ܺ
͖ ͯܳ͠ ݂ ˜͵ܶ ܬdisciple ܳ ܳ
͔ͼΈ˜݂ Ͷܰ teacher
͔ܳͼΓܳ ˜͵ language ܳ ܺ ܳ ܰ (m.),
ܰ ͕ΕͯͼΈ˜݂ Ͷ (f.)
͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ܐGod ͔ͦͯ ܳ Γ
ܳܽ ܺ
ܺ messiah, Christ
͔ͯܳ ͮ;ͣ ܳܪ ܽ Syriac ͔ͮܶ ͢ܘ ݂ ̈ܕ ͮ Jews
͔Βܶ ͣ ܽ Moses
20 §4 PRONOUNS
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܽ ͽͯ͵ܶ ܳܗ ܳ ܰ ܳ
.͔ܶͻܳ͠ Ύ̈ ͣ· .c ͖ ݂ܬ͕ ܳܗ ܶܕΕ݁ ̱ ͻ ܐ.b ͕ ܰܗܘΕͯ͗ܰ .a .1
ܰ ܳ ܳ
.͕ ̱ܗܘΕͯ͗ܰ ͔ͻܳ ܳܗ .c ͕Εͯ͗ܰ ͣܰͻ ܳܗ.b ͔ͻܳ ͕ ܳܗΕͯ͗ܰ .a .2
ܳ
.͕ΕͳͶܰ ͖͘͠ ܐ ̱ ܳͻ͔ ܕ ܳ ܰ΄ .3
.͖ ܰܕܐ ܳ͵˜ ͕ܰ͢ ̱ܗܘΑ͘ ܳ ͚ܰ ͔ͻܳ ܳܗ .4
ܳ ܺ
.͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͖͕ ܰܕΕ̱ͼͮ͠ ܳܗ ܳܕ͖ ̱ܗܝ .5
ܳ ܶ
.͖͕ ܳܗ ܶܕΕ̱ͼͮܺ͠ ܳ˜ͳ͔ ܰܕͶܰ ͔ͻܳ ̱ ܐ ܳͻ͔ ܐ .6
ܶ ̇ ܳ ܶܳ ̈ ܽ ̇ ܳ
.ͣ ܳ;͔ ܐ ̇ͻͣܢ ͻ͠ͻ͔ ܕΎͣ· ܗͻͣܢ .7
ܳ ܳ
.͕͢˜͵͖ ܰܕܐΑ͗ ͔ͦͯ ܳ ܳ Γ ܺ ̱ܗ ܽܘΕ̱ͻܰܐ .8
ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ
. ܳ˜ͳ͔ ܐ ̇ͻͣܢͶܕ ܰ ͕ܬΑ ͖͗ ܘΑ͗ .9
ܳ ܶ ܳ ܳ
.͔ͯܳ ͮͼ͔ ;ͣ ܳܪΓܳ ˜͵ͼ͔ ܕΈ˜Ͷܰ ͣͮ
ܽ ܽ ܗܘ
ܽ .10
.;ͣ ܳܪͮ ͔ܰͯ ̱ܗܘ ܽ . ܳͼ͔ ܰܗܘΓܳ ˜͵ܶ ͣܰͼܳ .11
Translate into Syriac:
1. these kings; those books; which women?
2. I am the man; you are the king; we are the women.
3. What is truth?
4. She is the wife of the king.
5. Are you the king of the Jews?
6. These commandments are in the law of Moses.
7. I am a teacher (f.) to (use -͵) the king’s daughter.
8. Which one is the Syriac book? It is this one.
9. Who are you (m.)? Are you a teacher of the law?
10. These are, in truth, the commandments of God.
11. What is the language of that city?
21
1
But in J. Payne Smith’s Compendious Syriac dictionary (Oxford 1903),
many (not all) nouns are quoted in the absolute state.
22 §5 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
ܳ ܰ ܳ
2
Some, including ͔ͳ˜Ͷ and ͕Εͯ͗ܰ , have already been met in their
ordinary emphatic forms.
§5 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 23
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܳ ͚ܰ ͙;ܳ .b ͔ܳ͘ ;ܳ ͖Α͘
.͖Α͘ ܳ ͚ܰ .a .1
ܳ ܺ ܳ Α͗ܺ .b ͕Εͳ ܳ݁ ܺ ܳ ܺ
. .͕Ε݁ ̱ ͼͮ͠ ͮͳ͔ ̱ܗܝ ͮΑ͗ ͕Ε݁ ̱ ͼͮ͠ .a .2
̈
ܽ ͔ܶͼΈܳ ˜Ͷܰ .3
.͔ͯܶ ͮτܳ ͣ;
ܳ ܺ͠Ύܰ ̇ͯͣܢͶܺ ͛ͻ
.͔Γͮ ܶ ܐܶ ܰܘ.4
ܶܺ ܺ ܺ
.͔ͯ̈ ͘ͻ ͽͮΕͯ .5
.͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͖ ܳ͠ͻ͔ܶ ܰܕΎ̈ ͣ·
ܽ ͽͮΑͮܺ Αܺ Βܘ ܰ ͽͯܺ͘ ͨܳ .6
3
In the vocabularies from now on, adjectives appear in the masculine
absolute state, and nouns in the emphatic.
§5 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 25
ܺ Ζ͔ ܳܘΒܶ ͣܕ
ܳ ͗ܕ
.͔Γͯ ܽ ͽܰͼ̱ͥ ͖ܶͯ̈͠ ˜ܺ ͵ܰܬ .7
.͔;ܳ ͣ ܳ ͔͗ܳ ݁ ͠ ܳͻ͔ ܰܪΎ
̇ ͼ͗ ܽ ܳͼ͔܆ ܐܰͮͼ͔ܰ ̱ܗܘΈ˜ܳ ݂ Ͷܰ
ܳ ͣ· .8
ܳ ܳ ܺ
.͙ͨ ͘͠΄ ͷͲܽ ͮʹ ̱ܗ ܽܘΑ͗ .9
ܺ ܳܶ
.͔ͻܳ ̱ ͖ ܐΑͮܳ Αܺ Βܰ ͔ͦͯ
ܳ ͶΒ ͔ͻܐ .10
6. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES
When the possessive case of a pronoun is used in English
(e.g. ‘my book’), it is represented in Syriac by a shortened
form of the pronoun attached as a suffix to the noun it qual-
ifies. There are two sets of these suffixes, called ‘singular’
and ‘plural’ for short – these names referring to the noun
taking the suffix, not the pronominal suffix itself.
The ‘singular’ suffixes are as follows. They are attached to
all singular nouns, and also to feminine plural nouns.
singular plural
1st ܝ ܢ$
2nd masc. ݂ܟ% ݂Ͳ ̇ͣܢ
2nd fem. ͰͲ݂ & ͽͯͲܶ ݂
3rd masc. &ܗ ܗܘܢ̇
3rd fem. ܗ%̇ ͽͮܶܗ
The ‘plural’ suffixes, attached to masculine plural nouns,
are as follows:
singular plural
1st ܝ$ ͽͮ$
2nd masc. ݁
ʹͮ$ ͮ ݁ͳ ̇ͣܢ$
2nd fem. Ͱͳͮ݁ $ ͽͯͳܶ ݁ ͮ$
̇ ͮ$
3rd masc. ̱̇ $
ܘܗܝ ͢ܘܢ
3rd fem. ͮ͢& ͽͮܶ͢ ͮ$
Notice the diacritical point which must be written over the
ܗof the 3rd feminine singular in both sets of suffixes.
The suffixes are attached to nouns after dropping the ͔%-
from the end of the emphatic state. The following shows
suffixes attached to the singular and plural of a masculine
ܳ ̈ ܳ
noun (with invariable vowels), ͔͗ܳ ΕͲ, plural ͔ܷ͗ ΕͲ.
§6 PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 27
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܰ ̈ ܽ ; ͯ͠ܝ˜ܺ ͵ܰ͢ܘܢ ; ܬ ̇ ͣ· ܽ ; ܟΕͮ ܳ ܺ
Α͗ ; ݁ͯͳ ̇ͣܢΓͮ ܰ τܺ ; ͽ͗ܰ ΕͲܳ
̱ ͻܳ͠ ݁ Ύͣ·
ͣܗܝ .1
̇ͲͣܢΕ ̈ ܽ ܶ ݁ ܺ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܰ
݂ Βܴ ͣͼͲ ; ͽͯͲ݂ ܗ ; ΄ ̱͠ܬΕ̱ͼͮ͠ ; ͰͲΕ΄τ ܐ.2
ܳ ܳ ܺ݁ ܰ
͕Εͯܺ͘͘ ݁ ͥܘ ܰ ͕Εͯ ͳͥ ܝΕͯܺͼΈ˜ܳ Ͷܰ .3
ܳ
.ܬܗܘܢ ݂ ܷ ͔̈͗ ܰͮ ̈ͣ ܳͻ ͔ܶͯ ܰܕΕͲ ͽ͓ܻͮ ͯ͛ܺ ݁ ;ܰ .4
̇ υͮܳ ܰ͗͠
. ͔ܶͮ ܳܗ ̇ͻͣܢυͮܳ ͮ͢ܘܢ ܕ ܰܕ ̇ υܰ ͗ܳ ݁ ܕܘܽ ܳͼ͔ ܐܶ ̇ͻͣܢܳ .5
̇ ܰͯ̈͠ ˜ܺ ͵ܰͻ͘ ܶ ͔̈ͯ ܰܘ ݂ܕܬ
.ͮ͢ܘܢ ܺ ͯ͢ܘܢ ܰܕ ̇ ܱ͗̈ ΕͲ ܳ ܶ ܺ ܺ݁ܰ
ͯͽ ܐ ̇ͻͣܢΓͮ ͠Ύ .6
̇ ܳ ̈ ܽ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܰ ̇ ܳ ̈ܳ ܺ ܶܶ ܳ ̈ ܺ ݁ ܰ
.ܗΕΒܴ ͣͼͲ͕ ܘΕ̱ͼͮ͠ܢ ܐͻͯͽ ΄͠ܬܗ ܕΑͯΈΒ .7
§6 PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 29
ܶ ܶ ܳ
. ܳͼ͔ ܰͮ ܳͣͻ ͔ܳͯ ܐ ̇ͻͣܢΓܳ ˜Ͷ͗ ͣܗܝ ̱ ܱ͗̈ ΕͲ .8
ܳ
ܺ ͢ܘܢ ̱ܺܗܝ ܰܕ
.͔ܷͯ̈ ͘ͻ ̇ ͣΈ͗ ܽ ͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͖͕ ܰܕΕ˜݂ Ͷܶ .9
ܰ ܰ ܰ
.Ε̱ͻܐ ܳ͵˜ ͕ܳ͢܆ ܐ ܳ͵͢ܝ ܐ .10
ܺ
7. PREPOSITIONS. THE WORDS -Ͷͮ ܺܕAND Εͮܐ
In §4 we dealt with the way the prepositions -͗ - ܕ-͵ are
prefixed to their objects. Other prepositions are separate
words, as in English.
When a preposition has a pronoun as its object, the appro-
priate pronominal suffix is attached to the preposition in
the same way as to a noun. Some prepositions take the ‘sin-
gular’ suffixes, others the ‘plural’. The following are some
of the most important prepositions. (Some prepositions
with ‘variable vowels’ will appear in §11.)
-͗ ‘in, with, among’. Singular suffixes are attached, to
ܺ ̇ ̇ ܶ ̇ ܶ .
give Ͱ͗, ʹ͗ܳ , Ͱͳ͗ܶ , ͗ܶ͢ , ͗ܳ͢ , ͽ͗ܰ , ͗ͳͣܢ, ͽͯͳ͗, ͗͢ܘܢ, ͽͮ͗͢
ܺ
Note the vowel on Ͱ͗ which makes it pronounceable.
ܺ
-͵ ‘to, for’. Singular suffixes: Ͱ͵ etc. (as for -͗). -͵ is also
used before the definite direct object of a verb (see §8).
ͽܶ ܶ ܳܶ
‘from’. Singular suffixes: Ͱͼ, ʹͼ, Ͱͳͼ, ͢ͼ, etc. Also
ܶܶ ܶܶ
ܶ
expressed with ͽ are the comparative and partitive:
ܺ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ
͖Αͯܳ Έ݁ Βܰ ͔͗ܗ
݂ ͽ ܕ ͙ͨܰ better than fine gold
ͼ ݂ͳ ̇ͣܢܶ ͔ͼͮܳ ܐ which of you?
ͺܰ΄ ‘along with’. Singular suffixes: Ͱܰ΄ ((am) ‘with me’,
ʹܳ ܰ΄, Ͱͳܶ ܰ΄, ܶ͢ ΄ܰ , etc.
ܽ
ͷͩܶ ‘because of, for the sake of, concerning’. Singular
ܳܽ ܶ
suffixes are attached to the form -ΕͶͩ ; thus:
ܽ ͷܽͩܘ
ͽܰͼΎ·ͣ ܳܪ ܶ ܢΕܰ ˜Ͷܳ ܽͩܶ for us and for our salvation.
ܽ ܶ
With - ܕadded,ͷͩ is the conjunction ‘because’:
ܺ ܰ ܽ ܶ
͔ͻܳ ̱ ͔ͯͦ ܐ
ܳ ͶΒ ܕͷͩ because I am an apostle.
§7 PREPOSITIONS. -ͷͮ ܺܕAND Εͮܺܐ 31
Vocabulary
ܽ
͔ͥܳ ܪܘ spirit, wind (f.) ͔ͼܳ Ύ·ͣ ܳܪ
ܽ salvation
ܳ Βܳ ݁ܶ͠ܡܶ
ܳ ͔ܽ˜Ͷ peace something, what
͕ͼͣܬͮ ܳ ܰܗ faith (f.) ݁ܶ͠ܡܶ ͷͲܰܽ everything
͔ܴͯ̈ ܰ water (pl.) ͽܳ ܬ there
§7 PREPOSITIONS. -ͷͮ ܺܕAND Εͮܺܐ 33
ܳ ܳ ܰ
Ηͳͮ݁ ܰܗ temple, palace ͕ͨ ݁ͯ͘ ܽͣܬ grace, favour (f.)
͖Αܳ ܳ ܶ
lord; cstr. ͖ Αܳ
ܽ ͔ͼܳ ͮܳ ܰܕ judge
͔ͮΑܳ ܳ the Lord ͔ͼܳ ܳ ͷͩܶ why?
Exercises
Translate into English:
ͣܗܝ ̱ ܰ ͠Ύ ܳ ; ͰͲͲͣ ܶܬ ܳ ܰ ܳܗ ܶܕ͖ ; ܐͷܽͩܶ ; ͽͯͶ΄ ܰ .1
ܰ Εͯͥܬ
͔ͯܳ Β ܶ Εͮܶ͠ܡ ܺܕܐܶ ͷͲܽ .2
.͕ΕΓͯ
ܳ݁ ܺ ܳ ܽ ̇ ܳ
͗ ͔ͥ ͗͢ ܪܘΕ͖͖ͮ ܺܕΑ͘ ܳ ͛˜ ܰ ͵ ͢͵ܶ Εͮܺܬ͕ ܐΑ ܳ ܰ
̣ ͗ .3
ܽ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܽ ܰ ܳܰ ܳ ܳ
.ͷͲ ͖Α ܘܗܝ ̱ Ε͔ͮͮ ܐ͵˜͢ܢ ܗܘ ܐΑ .4
̇ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܳ
ܰ ͖ܶͯ̈͠ ˜͵ ܬΖܗ܆ ܘΑ ͽܶ ͖͘͠ ܰܕܪܒ
ܺ ܶ ܳ ܳ ΄ܰ Εͯ͵ܰ
.ͼ͢ܘܢΈ˜Ͷ ͽ ͽͯͯͳͥܕ .5
.ͽͮܗΕ ܶ ͼͯܳ ͗ܰ ͔ͼܳ ͮܳ ܘܗܝ ܰܕ ܰ
̱ Ε͖ͮ ܽͼͣ ܺܕܘ ܰ ܘ ͔ܶͥ ܰ; ܺ͛ ͓̈ͯܳ ܳܬ͕܆τ ܽ Εͮܺܐ .6
. ܺ˜ͯ ̇ͣܢͶ͛ͻ ܶ ܰ͵ͽ ܶ͗ ͓ܰܘΕͮ ܺܕܐΗܶ ܷ̈ ͽͯ͵ܶ ͔ͯͦ ܳܗ ܺ ͢ ܐܶͻܶͯͽ ܰܕͶͮ
ܳ Γ ܶ ܺ
ܕ .7
ܰ ܺ ܶܶ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳܽ ܰ
.ܝΕ͖ͮ͠ܡ ܕ ܝΕͮ͗ͩͯͣ͘ܬ͕ ܕ͖͵˜͕͢ ܐ .8
ܳܽ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܳ ͷܽͩܶ Ε̱ͻܰͮʹ ܐΑ͗
.͕ͼͣܬͮ ͵ʹ ܗΕ͖ͮ ܺܕͷͩܘ ʹͮ̈ܰ͠ ͘΄ ܺ .9
ܳ ܺܕܕΕ͕ͮͰ ܐܶ ̇ͻͣܢ ܺܘͶͮ ͔ܶ͗ ܺܕܕΕͲ ̈ ܺ
.ʹͶͮ ܴ Εͮܐ .10
ܺ
Translate into Syriac. Use Εͮ ܐ+ suffix where possible.
1. unto him; from you (f. sing.); before her; for my sake.
2. everything that is in the water and under it.
3. a city in which there is a beautiful palace.
4. You (pl.) have the spirit of God among you.
5. It is Christ from whom we have this gospel.
6. The land is not ours, and we have no peace.
7. All kings have wives.
8. We have a wise God. Is there a God like him?
9. Lord, you are the judge of all of us.
10. All my doctrine I have from my teacher.
34
1
These names are spelled conventionally. More correctly they would be:
p(al, etp(el, pa((el, etpa((al, ap(el, ettap(al.
§8 VERBS. THE PERFECT TENSE 35
singular plural
3rd masc. ͷͥܕ ܶ ͣͶͥܕܶ or ܽ˜ͣܢͶͥܶ ܕ
3rd fem.
ܰ
Ε݂ Ͷͥܶܕ ܶ (ͰͶ̈ ͥܕ
ͷͥܕ ܶ ) or ͽͯͶܷ̈ ͥܕ
ܶ
2nd masc. ΕͶͥܕ݁ ܶ ̇ ݁
ܶܘܢΕͶͥܕ ܶ
2nd fem. ݁
ܝΕͶܶ ͥܕ ܶ ݁
ͽͮΕ˜Ͷͥܕ ܶ
1st Ε݂ Ͷͥܶܕ ܶ or ͽܰͼ˜Ͷͥܕ
ͽͶͥܕ ܶ
ܰ
Verbs in a like ͷͩΎ are mostly transitive. Those in e like
ͷͥܕܶ are mostly intransitive. There are exceptions, like ͷΈͻ ܰ
ܶ ‘to worship’. Verbs with a guttural letter
‘to fall’ and ͛͠;
(ܗ, ܚ, or )ܥor ܪfor the third radical always have the vowel
ܰ ‘to wonder’.
a rather than e, even if intransitive like ͢ܬ
The particle -͵ often introduces a direct object that is
definite (in English, the instead of a). Thus:
ܰ
͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͽ ܐܶ ͔ͻܳ ͠Ύ ܽ ͽ͘Ϳͻ
ܳ ͣ· ܰ we received a commandment
from God
ܰ ͠ ܳͻ͔ ܰܕΎ ܽ
ܳ ͣΈ͵ ܰ
ͽ͘Ϳͻ ܢΑͩͻ we have kept the command-
ment that we received.
If the object is a pronoun, -͵ takes the appropriate suffix.
The personal pronouns cannot be used as objects of verbs,
̇ܶ ܶܶ
except ܐͻͣܢand ͽͯͻܐ. Thus ‘he kept them’ may be expressed
ܶ̇ ܰ ̇ ܰ
by either ܐͻͣܢΑͩͻ or ͵͢ܘܢΑͩͻ.
Vocabulary3
ܰ ܳ Ͳ ܶ
ܰܒΕͲ write ͔Γͼ ܺ crowd
ͷͩΎ kill ͖ܳ · ͓ܳܪ fruit
ܶ
(ͽ)ͷͥܕ ܶ fear, be afraid (of) ΖΕܰ parable
ΆΒ ܰ hear ͣܥΓ ܽ ͮܶ Jesus
ܰ ܶ
͘͠΄ do, make ͕ܬΑܴ ݁ ͚ܰ ݁ ܐ letter (f.)
ܰ ܰ
Αͩͻ keep
ܶ ܺ ͠Ͳ̇ when, while
͢ܬ ܰ wonder ͺͶΒܐܘܪ Jerusalem
͙Ϳͻ ܰ take, receive ΐΈͻ ܰ go out
ܰ ܳܳ
Α͘΄ cross, transgress
ܳ ܽ ΗΎܰ voice
ܶ
͛͠; worship ͕ͯͣܬͶ ͨܳ childhood ( f.)
ͷΈͻ ܰ fall ܐ ܳܕܡ Adam
͕ͣܳ ͥܰ Eve ͺͮΑܰ ܰ Mary
Exercises
Translate into English:
.͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͖͠ͻܶ͢ ܰܕΎ ܽ ͷܰ΄ ͣܗܝ
ܳ ͣ· ܰ
̱ Ͷ΄ ܘΑ͘΄ ܰ ͕ͣܳ ͥܘܰ ܳܐ ܳܕܡ .1
ܽ ͨܰ ͽܶ ܬΑͩ
.ͯͣܬܝͶ ܽ ͽͯ͵ܶ ͢ܘܢ ܳܗͶ
ܶ ܶͻ ͔ܶͻܳ͠ Ύ̈ ͣ· ̇ Ͳܽ .2
ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ̇ ܳ ܶ ܰ
.͔ ̱ܗܘΒܶ ͣܽ Ͳͣܬܗ ܕ ͔ͯͦ ܐΓͣ;͔ ܕͻ ͽ ͽ΅Β .3
ܳ݁ ܳ ܳ ̇ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܳܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ̇ Βܰ
.͕Ε͘; ͕ ݂ܬΕ̱ͻ͕͔ ܘΓͯ͗ ͔ͼͮ ܕͷ΄ ܕΖΕ˜͵ ܘܢΕ΅ .4
ܳ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܶ ̇
.ͽͶܰ ͳ˜ܽ ͵ Ε͖ͮ ܽͼͣܬ͕ ܺܕͮ ܗͷͩ ͵ͳͣܢΕ͗Ε ܶ Ͳܶ .5
2
1 Cor. 14: 36.
3
In the vocabularies, weak verbs may appear whose full conjugation has
to await later lessons (here Αͩͻ, ͙Ϳͻ, ͷΈͻ, ΐΈͻ; see §20). The exercises
use only forms of these verbs that are regular.
§8 VERBS. THE PERFECT TENSE 39
Vocabulary
Α͘;ܰ think, suppose ܩΑ΄ ܰ flee
ܶ
ܒΑΎ draw near ܳ ܳ
͔݂͘ ݂͗ ͠Ͷ ݁ ΅͗ ܶ enemy
͖ܳΑͥܰ͘ companion (m.); ͔Ͳܪ ܳ ݂ ܳܗ here
ܳ ܰ ܳ ͣΎ ܽ
ܳ ͕ܬΑ݂ ͥ͘ (f.) ͔Βܕ holiness
͕Ε˜݂ Ͷͥ ܶܕfear (f.) ͔ܳ Β ܳ ͚ͣ ܽ body
͕ܳ͢˜͵ܳ ܰ ܐΕͶͥ ܰ ܶܕpiety, religion ͕Εͥ
݂ ͣΓ ܽ measure, age (f.)
ܳ ܽ
͕ΕͲ͗ͣܪ blessing (f.) ͔˜ܳ Ͷ΄ܳ world, age
͔ܳͼ͗ܳ ͣͨܽ blessed one (m.); ͔͗ܗ ܳ ݂ ܰܕ gold
ܳ ܺܳ ܽ
͕Εͯͼ͗ͣͨ (f.) ܬܘܒ ܽ Ζܳ no longer
ܶ difficult; ܳ ܶ
ΐͿ΄ ܳ ͕Ε͗ ݂ ͻ plant (f.)
emph. ͔ΏͿ ܳ ܰ΄ ͕ Εͳ
݂ ͥܶ wisdom (f.)
ܳ ܰ ܽ
͕Ε͛ ݂ ͼͥ groan ܳ ̈ ܳ (f.); ܬܘܒ again, next
pl. ͕Ε͛ͼ ͥܶ ͽͮܶܕ however, but
Exercises
Translate into English:
̇
ͳͳͣܢͶ ܰ ; ͯͳͣܢ ̇ ͳܰ ˜Ͷ̈ ܰ ; ܝΕͳ˜ܰ Ͷܰ ; ܝΕͳܳ ˜Ͷ̈ ܰ .1
ܰ ܺ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܶ ܶܳ ܶ ܽ
ܶ Εͮ
.ͽͮͮ͢ ܢ ܐυͯΈΒ ͕Ε͗ ܴ ͻ ͽͯͻ˜ͮ͢ͽ ܗͶͲ .2
ܶ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܳ ݁ܰ ܳ
.͢ͶͲ ͔ΓͼͲ ͷ΄ ΕͶΈͻ ͕Ε݂ ͕͗ ܪΕ˜Ͷͥܶܕ .3
̇ ܱ͗̈ Εͳ ܳ ܰ ̇ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܶܳ ̈ ܰ
.ͯͳͣܢ ͗ ͲͣܢΕͳͥ ͽ͵ Εͮͼ͔܆ ܐΈ݂ ˜Ͷ .4
̇ ܺ
.͢ܘܢͶͮܗܘܢ ܕΕ΄τ ̇ ܳ Ζܰ ͣΎΑ΄ ̇ ܰ͘ ͗ܳ ̈͠˜Ͷ΅͗
ܰ ͯ͢ܘܢ ܶ ͽܶ .5
.͢͵ܶ ͷܰͩΎ͔ ܰܕΓͯ ܳ ͗ܺ Α͘; ܰ ܕͨͣ ܳ͗ ܳͼ͔܆ ܽ ܗΕܶ ͛ܳ ̈ͼͥܶ ΆΒ ܰ ܬܘܒ ܽ Ζܳ ͠Ͳܰ .6
ܳ Ͷܺ Β ܒΕͲ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܺ
.͔ͦͯ ͕ ܕ͖͵˜͕͢ ܐͮʹ ܕΕͳͥ ܘܗܝ ̱ Ε͔ͮͯͦ ܐ Γ .7
ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ̇ ܳ ܽ ̇ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܽ ̇ ܶ ܳ ݁ܽ
.͕͢˜͵ ܐΕͶͥ˜͢ ܕͶͳ͗ ͮ͢ܘܢΕ͕ͮ ܐΕͯͼ͗ͣͨͮ͢ ܕυ͗ܕܘ .8
ܰ
ܢΕͳͶ˜ܰ ͵ ܰ˜ͳͽ ܰܘͶ˜ܰ ͵ͽ ܰܘͶͮ ܰ ͕ ܺܕΕܳ ͼͮܺ͠͵ܰ ܬΑͩ ܰ ܶͻ ͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͖ͯͣ͘ ܳܬ͕ ܰܕ
ܽ ͨܰ
̱ ܳ .9
.͕Ε˜Ͷͥ ܶܕΕͯ͵ܰ
ܶ ͽͮܘܚ ܶܕΑ͗ ܽ ͮ͢ܘܢ܆ ̇ Εͮܰ ܺ ܰܰ ܽ ܰ ̇ ܶ
ͽͯܰ͘ ͗ܳ ̈͠˜Ͷ΅͗ ͽ ܐ΄ ͣܡΓ͛͗ ܺܗ ܰͻͣܢ .10
.ͮ͢ܘܢ̇ Εͮܐ
44 §9 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH VARIABLE VOWELS
10. PARTICIPLES
The verb in the pe(al has an active and a passive participle.
For ͷͩΎ they are:
ܶ
active ͷͩΎܳ killing, a killer
passive ͷͯܺ ͩΎ being killed, one that is killed.
Participles share some characteristics with nouns (or better,
adjectives) and some with verbs. In their inflection they are
treated like adjectives; but they often function as verbs, and
in particular, they are used to express the present and other
continuous tenses.
Inflection. The forms shown above are the masculine singu-
lar absolute. The whole inflection of the active participle is
as follows:
singular plural
abs. emph. cstr. abs. emph. cstr.
ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܳ ܶ̈ ܳ ܰ ̈ ܳ
m. ͷܳ ͩΎܳ Ηͩ Ύ ͷ ͩΎ ͽͯͶ
ܳ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܳ ܳ ܳ ̈ͩΎܳ ͰͶܳ ̈ͩΎܳ
ͩΎ Η
f. ΗͩΎ ͕Ε˜̣ ͶͩΎ ΕͶͩΎ ͽͶͩΎ ͕Ε˜ͶͩΎ ΕͶͩΎ
In these forms, the first syllable -Ύܳ is unchanging. The
vowel e on the second root letter appears just in the mas-
culine singular absolute and construct, and in the feminine
singular emphatic.
When the third root letter of a verb is a guttural or ܪ, the
ܰ ܳ
occasional vowel in this inflection is not e but a, as in Αͩͻ
ܶ ܳ
(not Αͩͻ) ‘keeping’.
For the passive participle, the inflection is as follows:
singular plural
abs. emph. cstr. abs. emph. cstr.
ܺ ܳܺ ܺ ܺ ܺ ܶ ܺ ܺ
m. ͷͯͩΎ
ܳܺ ΗͯͩΎ ͷͯͩΎ ͽͯͶͯͩΎ Ηͯ̈ ͩΎ ͰͶܰ ͯ̈ ͩΎ
ܳ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܳ ܺ ܺ
f. ΗͯͩΎ ͕Ε˜݁ ͶͯͩΎ ΕͶͯͩΎ ͽͶܳ ͯ̈ ͩΎ ͕Ε˜Ͷܳ ͯ̈ ͩΎ ΕͶܳ ͯ̈ ͩΎ
46 §10 PARTICIPLES
ܳ
ܳ ܺܪor ͔͗ܳ ΕͲ
This inflection is just like that for ͔Γͮ , that is, with
no changes of vowel.
ܺ ܺ ܺ
The masculine absolute plurals ͽͯͶͩΎܳ and ͽͯͶͯͩΎ in the
foregoing paradigms are written without seyame, as is the
rule for adjectives (§5). These forms take seyame only when
(as seldom) they are nouns.
Active participles as nouns and adjectives. The active parti-
ciple is formally a kind of nomen agentis (‘agent-noun’; in
English: killer).
ܳ ̇ ܳ It is not, however, the usual one, which in
ܳ ̇ ܳ
the pe(al is ΖͣͩΎ. (So we have, for example, ͖ ‘ ͻͩͣܪkeeper’.)
The participle is more often found in such phrases as:
ܶ ܳ ܽ
ܳͷ ͩΎ ͷͲ every killer
͕ΕΓܳ ͯ̈ ͗ܺ ܳ΄ ̈ܰ͘͠ܝ evildoers.
Ordinary nouns that are active participles in form usually
ܳ ܰܳ ܰ ‘fly’)
have special meanings, e.g. ͕Ε݂ͥ Α· ‘bird’ (f. ptc. of ܚΑ·
ܳ ܳ ܶ
and ͔ͥ‘ ܪfriend’ (m. ptc. of ͺͥ‘ ܪlove’).
Active participles as verbs. In the absolute state, the active
participle serves to express continuous action in the
present. In the 1st and 2nd persons, the subject of the verb
is denoted by the enclitic personal pronoun. Some contrac-
tions take place between the participle and the pronoun,
which may also be written as one word. Thus:
ܰ ܶ ܰ
Ε̱ͻ ܰ ܐͷܳ ͩΎܳ or Ε݁ ͶͩΎܳ you (m.) are killing
ܝΕ̱ͻ ܐΗͩ Ύܳ or ܝΕ݁ ͶͩΎܳ
ܰ you (f.) are killing
ܶ ܳ ܶ
͔ͻܳ ̱ ܐͷܳ ͩΎܳ or ͔ͼ˜ͶͩΎܳ I (m.) am killing
͔ͻܳ ̱ ܺ ܐΗͩΎܳ or ͔ͼ˜ͶͩΎܳ
ܳ ܳ I (f.) am killing
̇ ͻͯͽ ܐͶͩΎܳ ̇ ݁ Ͷͩ ܺ ܳ
ܘܢΕ ̱ܶ ̈ or ܘܢΕͯ
ܶ ݁ ܳ ̈ Ύܳ you (m. pl.) are killing
ͽͮΕ̱ ͻͽ ܐͶܺܳ ͩΎܳ or ͽͮΕ˜ͶͩΎ you (f. pl.) are killing
ͽܰͼ̱ͥ ͽͯͶͩ Ύܳ ܰ ܺ
or ͽͼͯͶͩΎܳ we (m.) are killing
ܰͽͼͥ ͽͶܳ ̈ͩΎܳ ܰ ܳ̈
or ͽͼ˜ͶͩΎܳ
̱ we (f.) are killing.
§10 PARTICIPLES 47
Vocabulary
ܶ ܶ
ܪܗܛ ܶ run ͷͲܰ ܶܐ eat1
Αܰ ܐ say 1
͕ܨΑܳ Ύ ͷͲܰ ܐ
ܰ accuse, slander1
ܺͮܰ͠ܥ know1 ΐΈ; ܰ be enough
ܶ ܳ ܳܪ
ܳ ͺͥܪ ܰ ܳ
love ͔ͥ friend (m.);
ܳ ܶܳ
͕Εͥ ݂ Α· bird(s) (f.) ͕Ε
݂ ͥ( ܪf.)
͖ܳ Α͓ܺ memra,2 treatise ͔ΓΈ ܳ ܰͻ soul, self (f.);
ܳ ̈ܰ
ܝΑܳ (my) lord, sir pl. ͕ΕΓܳ Έͻ
ܺ (vocative), Mar3 ͖ܺ΄ ͓ܳܕ festival
ΑͯΈ݁ Βܰ well, finely ܳ ͗ܶ
͖ΑͿ flesh, meat
͖Α͘ ܳ ;ܰ hope ͔Βܳ ܳܗ now
ͺͮΑ· ܶ ܰܐ Ephrem ̇ܐܘ o (vocative)
ͣܒΏ΅ ̇ ͮܰ Jacob, James ͥܰ͠ ܳ (f.)
one, a (m.); ͖ ͥ͠
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܶ ܺ ͵ܰ ͢͵ܶ Εͯ͵ܰ
.͢Ͷ͔ͮ ͓ܰ͗ܪ ܶ΄͢ ܺܕͥ ܶ τܳ ͔ͯܳ ͘ͼ .1
ܰ ͚ܰ ʹͮܰ ܳ΄ ܶ͘͠ ͵ ܶ˜ͮ͢ͽ ܐΖ˜ ̈Ͱ ܳܗ ܶ͵ͯͽ ܳܘͶܰ ܶ Άܰ Βܕ
͖ ̱ܗܘΑ͘ ܳ ܰ ܽ
ܶ ܰ ͽ ͷܰ Ͳܰ .2
.ܗΕͯ͗ ͷΈͻܕ
ܳ ܰ ܳ
.͕ܳ͢ ˜͵͖ ܰܕΕ̱ͻ ܐΗ͔ͥ ܳͮܰ͠ܥ ܐ ̱ ܳͻ͔ ܳܕܕΒܳ ܳܗ .3
ܳ ·ܳ ͷͲܽ ͽͯͶͲ ܺ ܳ ܳ ̈ܶ ܳ ܽ ܺ
.͔ͥΑ ܐΖ ͔ͮͮ͢ܘܕ .4
ܶ ͽܰͼͮΑ
ͥܰ͠ ͽܕ
ܳ
ܺ ͔ͯͦ܆ ͥͼܰͽ ܶܕͮͽ ܐ ܺ ܰ ܳ
ܳ ͶΓ͵ ͕ܬΑ͚ܰ ΄͘ ͖ܳͯ͠ ܐ ܶ ܺ ͮͽ ܰܕΑ ܺ ͖ ܳܕΕͮܺܐ .5
ܰ ܶ
.ܘܗܝ̱ ܰͯ̈͠ ˜ܺ ͵ͽ ܬ
ܳ ͚ͣܽ ͰͶܰ ̈ͩΎܳ ͽܶ ͔ΓΈ ܳ ܰͼ˜͵ ͽͯͶͩ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܰ ̇ܶ ܺ ܺ
.͔Β Ύͯͽ ܕͶͮͯͽ ܐͻͣܢ ܐͶͯͥܕ .6
1
Until §§21–2 these weak (pe-alaph and yod) verbs will be used only in
their active participle forms, which are the same as for strong verbs.
2
Or ‘metrical homily’, a long poetical composition in lines all having the
same number of syllables. The spelling memra is East Syriac: see p. 146.
3 ܳ
The title of a bishop or male saint. The feminine is ܬܝΑ݁ .
§10 PARTICIPLES 49
ܳ ͣܒ ܰͲ͠ ܳܐΏ΅ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ
ͺͥܶ ͔ ܳ͵ʹ ̇ܐܘ ܳܪܳ ˜Ͷܳ Β ͖܆Α ̇ ͮܰ ܝΑܳ ܬ͕ ͵˜ ܳͣܬΕ
̱ ͻ ܐΕͨܰܪ ܳܗ .7
.͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܐ
ܰ ͽͮΑ͘ ܺ ܳ ̇ ܶ
ܳ ;ܰ ͵͢ܘܢ
.͖Α͘ ̇ Εͯ͵ܕ ܺ ;ܳ ͠Ͳܰ ͽͯͶͥ ͼͳͣܢ ܕܕ Ε͖ͮ ܰ͵ͽ ܺܕΆͯΒ ܺ .8
ܰ ܽ ܶ ܳܳ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܶ ̇ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܰ ̈ܳ ܺ ܺ ܰ
.ܢΕ˜Ͷܳ ͩܕ ͖ܪΑΓ͵ ͽͯ΄ͮ͠ Ζ ͽͮ ܗͻͣܢ ܕ.ܨܢΑΎ ͰͶͲ;͓͛ͯͮͽ ܐ .9
̇ ܰ ̇
.ܗܘܢΕ̱ͼͮܺ͠͵ ˜̈͠ ܳ͗ ܰͯ͘͢ܘܢͶ΅͗ ܶ ͽͯ͗Α ܺ ;ܳ ͠Ͳܰ ͢ܘܢͶ
ܺ Ύͮͽ ܳܕΑ͘ ̇ Ͳܽ ͣΎΑ΄ ܰ .10
Vocabulary
ܳ Ͳܳ
͔ͻ͢ priest ͖ ܳ ܶܐ
Α lamb
͔ܳͼͳΓܰ ܳ݁ ̇ ܶ
ܳܽ ܰ tent ͕Εͥ ܳ ͣ͘Βܰ ܰܬ praise, hymn
͕ܳ ͳͣܬͶ kingdom (f.) ͕Ε˜݁ ܳ Ͷܺ ܪ ܐ widow (f.)
̇
͕Εͮܳ ͣܕ΅ܰ
ܺ baptism (f.) ͕Εͯܳ ͩͥ sin (f.)
͕Ε˜݁ ͵ͣͲ͓ ܽ ܶ food (f.) ͕ܨ͵ ̇˜ͣܬ prayer (f.)
͖ͨͣ ܳܪ
ܽ mountain
͖ܳͣܪͤ
̇ ܰ psalm
§11 MORE NOUNS WITH VARIABLE VOWELS 53
ܳܶ ܳ ͨܶܗܪ ܺܶ
Ζܐ but ͔Ώͯ heretic
ܳ ܰ΄
͖ΑΈ dust ͷΏΒ ܰ take, take away
ܳ ͮܰ
͔ͣ ̇
day (m.); abs. ͮͣܡ ͕ܳܗ behold
ܳ ܳ̈ܰ ܰ ܳ
pl. usu. ͕Εͣͮ ͺͶܳ ΅˜͵ forever
ܳ ܺ ܰ ܶ
͕Εͯ΅Β ܳܬ history, story (f.) Η͚ܪ foot (f.)
ܳ
͕͚ܶͣܰ ܰ
ܺܐܦ also, even the inside; cstr. ͚ͣ
ͷͯͶΎܰ a little, a few ΐͶ; go up
(indeclinable)
Exercises
Translate into English:
.͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͖͔ ܰܕܳ ͣ· ܽ ͽܕ ܶ Ηܳ ܶ ͷͲܽ ͮ͢ ̇ Εͮ ܶ ܺ ݁ ܽ ܶ
ܝ ܐΕ͵ͣͲ͓ .1
ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܺ
ͽͮͽ ΄ ̱͠ܬ͕܆ ܳܗͻܰͣ ܶܕܶ Α͘˜ ܰ ͵͢ܘܢ ܳܗ ̇ͻͣܢ ܰܕͶ ̇ ͘Ύ ܰ ݂ ͣ˜ܽ ͵ ܒΕͲ
̈ ͖Α͓ .2
ܶ ܺ ܶ
.͔Ώͯͨܺͮ ̈͢ ܽܘ ܳܕ ͔ܶͮ ܘܗܪ
ܶ
͔ܳ͘ ͗͠Ͷ
ܳ ΅͗ ܶ ܳͮܰ͠ܥ ܰܕΖܳ ͠Ͳܰ ͕Εܳ ͼͮ͠ ܰ ̇ ܳ ܶ ܳ ̈ ͮܰ ͷͯͶܺ Ύܰ ܪΕܰ ͗ܳ .3
̱ ܺ ͵ ͢˜͵ ܒΑΎ ͕Εͣ ܴ
.͗͛ ܳͣ ̇ܗ ܰ
ܳ ܳ ̇ ܶ ܺ ܳ ܳ̈ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܶ ܳܽ ܰ
ΗΈͻܳ Ζͮ͢ ܘ Εͮ˜ͳͣܬ͕ ܐͶ ͽͮ͢˜ͶͲ ͽ ͷ΅˜͵ ͔ͮΑܳ ܳ ͳͣܬܟͶ .4
ܰ
.ͺͶ΅˜͵ ܳ
͖ܶ ̇ͣܪͤ ̈ ͗ ܰ ܳ
ܰ ͕ ܘΕͦܳ ͘ΒΕ͗ ͕͢˜͵Ζ ;͛͠ܘ ̈ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܗܘܢΕͮͣܕ΅ܰ ܪΕܰ ͗ܳ .5
̇ ܺ ̇
ܳܳ ܳ
.͕ܰܘ ܨ ܰ͵˜ ܴ̈ͣܬ͕ ܰ; ̈͛ ͓ܺͯܬ
̇ ͮܰ ܝΑܕ ܳ ͖Αͮܳ ܰ͠˜͵ ܘܗܝ ̇ ܳܽ ܶ
.ͣܒΏ΅ ̱ ͦͣ ܰܕͶ͗ܰ ͖͵ͩͣܪ ΐͶ; .6
ܳ ܳܶ ܳ ̇ ܰ ܳ ܶ Εͮ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܺܰ ܳ̈ ܰ
ܐܦΖܘܗܝ܆ ܐ ̱ ܰͯ̈͠ ˜ܺ ͵ܳ ͯ͢ܘ ܶܢ ܕܬΈ˜Ͷܳ ͥ ͽͮͮ͢ ͔ ܐΓͮ͠Ύ ܨ͵˜ ܴͣܬ͕ ܕ.7
ܶ ܳ
ܳ
.͔˜Ͷ΄ ͢ͶͲ ΉͶͥͣܗܝ ܘ ܽ ܰ ܰ
̱ ͗ܳ͘ ̈͠˜Ͷ΅͗ ΉͶͥ
ܳ ͖ ͔ܳ͗ ܶܕΕͳ ܳ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܰ ̇ ܰ̇ ܰ ܳܰ ܺ
.͖Α ͗ ͽͯͮ͘ΕͲͯͽ ܕͶͮͦͣܕͮ͢ܘܢ ܐͶ͗ ͽ ܬΕͮ ܐ.8
̈ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܳܳ ܽ
Άܰ Βܳ ͠Ͳ ͔ͼΈ˜ܴ Ͷܰ ͵ ܳ˜ͣܬ ܳͲ ̈͢ͻ͔ܶ ܘΗͳͮ͗͢
ܰ ܶ ܘܗܝ ̱ Εͮ ͨͣ͗ͼ͔ ܐ.9
.ͯ͢ܘܢ ̇ Ͷܱ̈ ˜ܶ ͵
ܽ
ͷͩܶ ͔Γͮ ܳ ܺ͠Ύܕ ܰ ͣܗܝ ܰ ܶ ܶ ͽܶ ͖ΑΈ
̱ Ͷ͚τ Εͯͥܬ ܳ ܰ΄ ͷͯͶܺ Ύܰ ͣͶΏΒ ܰ .10
ܳ ܽ ܶ ܺ ܰ
.͕ΕͲ ͗͢ ͗ͣܪΕ͖ͮܘ ܕΑ͘;ܰܕ
54 §11 MORE NOUNS WITH VARIABLE VOWELS
ΔͻΑܳ ͗ܰ ) is ܳ
used in the same way as Δͻ̱ܐ. There is a
ܳ ܰ ܳ ̈ ̈ ܰ
feminine ͔Γܳ ͻ̱ܬ ܐΑ̱ ͗. Plural ͔Γܳ ͻ̱( ͗ͼܱͰ ܐor ͔Γܳ ܴ ͼͯͼ͗) ‘people’;
ܳ ̈
fem. ͔Γܳ ͻ̱ ܐΕܴͼ͗.
1
Never ‘son of man’.
56 §12 MISCELLANEOUS AND IRREGULAR NOUNS
ܰ
͔͗ܳ ݂ ܐ ‘father’ (aba). Abs. and cstr. are not used. ‘My father’
ܳ
is Ͱ͗( ܐwith long a); other suffixed forms have a waw:
ܰ
ܽ ܐ, ͰͲͣ͗ ܽ ܰܐ, ͗ͣ ̱ܗܝܽ ܰ( ܐabu), ͗ͣ ̇ܗ
ܽ ܰ( ܐabu), ͗ͣܢ
ܽ ܰܐ, ͗ͣ ݂Ͳ ̇ͣܢ ܽ ܰ ܐ,
͗ͣܟ
ܽ ܰܐ, ܗܘܢ
ͽͯܳ Ͳܶ ݂ ͣ͗ ܽ ܰܐ, ͽͮ͗ͣ ܶܗ
̇ ͣ͗ ܽ ܰܐ. There are two plurals, ͕̈͢ ܷ ͗ܳ ݂ ܰ ܐand
ܰ
͕ܐ ݂ ܳ͗ ܴ̈͢ܬ, both masculine, but the latter takes suffixes like
a feminine plural.
ܰ ܰ
͔ͥܳ ܐ ‘brother’. Inflected like ͔͗ܳ ܐin the singular; thus with
ܳ ܽ ܰ ܰ
suffixes Ͱͥܐ, ͥͣܟ ܐ, etc. Plural ͔ܷͥ̈ ܐ. Notice the singular
and plural with the 3rd m. singular suffix are spelled
the same except for seyame:
ܽ ܰ ܐ/ ܐܰ ܰͥ ̈ͣ ̱ܗܝhis brother/ his brothers.
ͥͣ ̱ܗܝ
ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ
͕Εͥܳ ‘sister’. With suffixes ܝΕͥܳ , ܟΕͥܳ , etc. Plural ͕ܐ ̈ͥ ܳͣܬ.
ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ
͔ܳ ܐ ‘mother’. Cstr.
ܳ ܶ ; ܐܡ with suffixes Ͱܐ, ʹܳ ܐ, etc. Plural
͕ ܳ͢ܬ̈ ܐ.
ܳ
͖Α͗ ‘son’. Cstr. Α͗ܰ ; with suffixes ܝΑ͗ܶ , ܟΑ͗
ܶ ܶ
ܳ , ͰͲΑ͗, ܗΑ͗, ܗΑ͗ ̇ܳ ,
Ͳ ̇ͣܢΑ݂ ͗ܶ , ͽͯͲΑ ̈ ̈
ܶ ݂ ͗ܶ , etc. Plural emph. ͔ͯܳ ܱ ͼ͗, abs. ͽͯܺ ͼ͗, cstr. Ͱܱ ̈ͼ͗.
Words like this one having the emphatic plural
ending ͔ͯܳ $- (an older Aramaic ending) take suffixes as
if the ending were the usual ͔&- : in this case, Ͱܱͼ͗ (‘my
̈
sons’), ͣܗܝ
̈ ̇ ̈ ̈
̱ ܱ ͼ͗, ܷͯ͢ͼ͗, etc. The construct Ͱܱ ͼ͗ means
‘people’ in combinations like
ܳ ܰ ͗ͼ̈ ܱͰ ܐthe local people.
͖ܬܪ
ܳ ܰ ܳ
͕ܬΑ݂ ͗ܰ ‘daughter’.
ܶ ܰ ̇ ܰ Cstr. ݂ܬΑ̱ ͗ (bat);
ܰ
ܳ̈ with suffixes ܬܝΑ͗, ܬܟΑ݂ ͗ܰ ,
ܬܗΑ݂ ͗, ܬ ݂Ͳ ܳͣܢΑ݂ ͗, etc. ̈
̈ ̈ ܶ ̈ Plural ͕Εܴͼ͗; cstr. Εܴͼ͗; with suffixes
ܝΕܴͼ͗, ܟΕܴͼ͗, ͰͲΕܴͼ͗, etc.
ܳ ݁ܰ ܰ
͕ ݂ܬΕ̱ͻ‘ ܐwoman,ܳ wife’ܶ (atta or ata). Cstr. ݂ܬΕܱ ݁ ̱ ͻܐ. With suffixes
ܰ ܰ ܰ
ܬܝΕܱ ݁ ̱ ͻܐ, ܬܟΕ݁ ̱ ͻܐ, ܬܗΕ݁ ̱ ͻܐ, etc. Plural ͔Γ̈ ܷ ܶͻ; with suffixes ͰΓܱ̈ ͻܶ ,
ʹͯΓܱ̈ ܶͻ, etc.
§12 MISCELLANEOUS AND IRREGULAR NOUNS 57
ܳ
͔Β ‘name’. Abs. and cstr. ͺΒܶ ; with suffixes ͰΒܶ , ʹΒ ܳ ,
̇ͳͣܢΒܶ , etc. Plural ͕ܶ͢ Β
̈ ܳ ̈ ܳ
̣ ܴ or ͕ ܴ͢ܬΒ; the former with suf-
fixes ͽͮͮܶ͢ ܱ̈͢ Β
ܳ , etc.
ܺ ܐ
ͽͮΑ̱ͥ ‘other’ (hrin). The inflection of this word looks very
irregular, partly because much of it derives from
another form -ͻΑͥ ܳ ( ܐwhich since it ends in -an, p. 55,
̱
has feminine forms with a yod):
singular plural
abs. emph. cstr. abs. emph. cstr.
ܺ
m. ͽͮΑ̱ͥܐ ͔ܳ ͻܳ Αͥ
ܺ ͮͽ ܐΑͥ ܺ ܐ ͽͯ ܺͻΑͥ
ܳ ܐ ͔ܶͻυͥ
ܳ ͻܰͰ ܐυͥܳ ܐ
ܺ ̱ ̱ ̱ ܳ ̱ ̱
f. ͔ͯͻܳ Αͥܳ ܬ͕ ܐΑͥ ܐΕͯͻܰ Αͥ ܳ ܐ ͽͯͻܳ υͥ ܳ ͕ ܐΕͯͻܳ υͥܳ ܐΕͯͻܳ υͥ
ܳ ܐ
̱ ̱ ̱ ̱ ̱ ̱
Also, this word should not be confused with a
different adjective ܝΑͥ ܳ ( ܐhray) ‘latter, last’. ‘The latter’
ܳ݁ ܳ ̱ ܳܺ
(f.) is ͕ΕͮΑ̱ͥ‘ ; ܐthe other’ (f.) is ͕ܬΑ̱ͥܐ.
ܳ݁ ܰ
͕Εͯ ͗ ܳ݁ ܰ ̈݁ ܳ ݂ ͗ܶ ; with suffixes ܝΕͯ
‘house’ (m.). Abs. Ͱ͗ܰ ; cstr. Εͯ ݁ ͗ܰ ,
ܟΕͯ͗, etc. Plural ͕Εܷ ͗.
ܳ ܺ ܶ ܽ ; with
ܰ ͣΎ
͕ΕͮΑΎ ‘village’ or ‘field’ (f.). Abs. ͖ ΑΎ; cstr. Εͮܪ
ܺ ܽ ; with suffixes usually
ܳ ͣΎ
suffixes ܝΕͮΑΎ etc. Plural ͔ͮτ
ܺ ܽ ܽ ܽ
ܝτͣΎ, ʹͮτܳ ͣΎ, ͮ͢τܶ ͣΎ, etc.
ܺ ܺ ܺ
͖ͮܳ͠ ܐ ‘hand’ (f.). Cstr. ͮܰ͠ . Plural ͔ͮܳ ܰͮ̈͠ ܐor ͖ ܶͮ̈͠ ܐ. The combi-
ܰ or ( ܺ͗ ͓̈ͮܰ͠ܝlit. ‘by the hand(s) of’) means
nation ͯ͗͠
generally ‘by means of, through’. This can take suf-
̇ ̈ ͗ܺ ‘through them’.
fixes, e.g. ͓ͮܰͮ͢͠ܘܢ
͔ͻܳܙ ܶ ̈
‘kind, type’. Abs. ܙܢ. Emph. plural ͔ͯܳ ܱ ͻܙ. The absolute
̈ ̈
plural occurs in the phrase ͽͯܺ ͻ‘ ܙͻ ܺͯͽ ܙvarious kinds’.
Similarly inflected are ͔ܕ ܳ ‘blood’ (with suffixes Ͱ ܶܕ,
ܳ ܳ ‘breast’ (plural ͔ܴͮ̈ ܬܕ
ʹܕ, etc.); and ͖ܬܕ ܰ ).
ܳ
͕Ε݁ ̱ ͼΒܰ ܳ ܰ
‘year’ (f.). Abs. ͔ͼΒ; cstr. ΕͼΒ. Plural emph. ͔ͯܳ ܱ ̈ͼΒ; abs.
ͽͯܺ ̈ͼΒ; cstr. Ͱܱ̈ͼΒ; with suffixes Ͱܱ̈ͼΒ, ʹܱͯ̈ͼΒ, etc.
58 §12 MISCELLANEOUS AND IRREGULAR NOUNS
Vocabulary
͠Ώ· ܰ command, bid ΐ͘Βܰ leave, dismiss,
ܰΑΈΒ be pleasing allow, forgive,
͔ܕ ܳ blood divorce
͔ܳͼͲܰ ܳܗ thus ΉΏͻܶ cling, adhere,
ܳ
Ͱͻܳ ܰ ܺ΄͠ܬ ecclesiastical cleave, follow
͔ͼܳ ͳͮ
ܳܳ ܐ
ܰ how, as ܳܰ
ܳ ͽͯΒܶ heavenly
͔͗ΕͲ Scripture ͕Εͦ͗
݂ ܕ sacrifice (f.)
ܳܰ ̇ ܳ ܽ
͔ΒͣܕΎܪܘ ͔ܳͥ ܕܽ
ܳ ͽܽͼͥͣͮ John Holy Spirit
͕ܨ͗ͣܬ thing, matter (f.) (usually m.)
͔ͻܳ ΄ͣ ܳܕܪ ܽ help
Exercises
Translate into English:
ΐܶ͘ Βܳ ͔ͻܳ ܳܗͷͩܶ .͔ͯ͘
ܽ ܳ Ϳͻ ܺ ͖Α͘ ܳ ܰ ͽܶ ͕ ܳܬΕ݁ ͻܰ ͔ܳ͗܆ ܐΕͲ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ
ܶ ݁ ͚ܰ ܶ ܳ ̱ܶ ܶ Αܐͮʹ ܕܐ
ܽ Ζܰ ͖Α͘ ܳ ͚ܰ
.1
.ܬܗΕ̱ͻΖ ΉΏͻ͢ ܘΖ͗ͣ ̱ܗܝ ܘ
ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܶ ܰ ܺ ݁ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳܳ ܽ ܰ
.͕Εͯͻܳ ͕ ܺ΄ ̱͠ܬΕ݁ ̱ ͼΒܰ ̇͢ ˜Ͷܳ ͳ˜ܽ ͵ ͕Εͦܳ ͘Β ͗ͯͼͽ ܬΕͲ ͔ͮΑ͗ͯ͠ ΄ͣܕܪͻ͔ ܕ .2
ܳ
ܶ ͗ܰ ͕ ܽͼͣܬͮ ܳ ͗ͯ͠ ܰܗ ܳ
ܰ Ζ͕ ܐΕܳ ͦ͗ ܶ ܳ ͗ܰ Ζܳ ͔ͼܳ Ύ·ͣ ܳܪܽ ͽ͵ܰ Εͮܺܐ
͢͠ ܴ̈ ͔ ܶܕܕ͠ .3
.͔ͦͯ ܳ Γܺ ܰܕ
͔ͮτܳ ͣΏ͵ܽ ܳܬ͕ ܰܘΑͥ ܺ ܪ΄͔ ܐ ܳ ܰ ܳܰ ܶ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܰ ܳ
̱ Ζ ͽͽ ܬ ΐͶ; ͷͯͶΎ ͕Εͣ ܴ ͮܳ ܪΕ͗ .4
.͕Εͯܳ ͻυܳ ̱ͥܐ
ܳ ͣΎܕܽ ͔ͥܳ ܘܪܘ ܽ ͖Α͗ ܳ ܐܰ ݂ ͔ܳ͗ ܰܘͺΓ͗ ܶ ͮ͢ ̇ Εͮܶ ܺ ܳ ܺܳ ܺ ͕Εͮ ܳ ܺ̇ ܰ
.͔Βܕ ͕ ܐΕͯͼͯͩͿͮΑͲ ͣܕ΅ .5
̇ ͣͲ ܰ
ܳ ͔ ̱ͥͼܰͽ ܐΓܳ ͻܳ ͥͼܰͽ ͗ͼ̈ ܱͰ ܐΖͮͽ ܐΕͮ ܳ ܶ ܺ
ܰ ܶ ̈ ܰ ܳ ܶ ͚ܰ
.ܬͲͣܢ ̱ ܐ ܴ͵͕͢ ܐΖ ͖܆υ͘ .6
ܶ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܽ ܶ ܳܳ ܳ
ͽͯܺ Γ̈ ͻܳ ̱ ܐ.ͽܰ ܰ΄ ܗ܆ ܰܘ͕ ̈ͥ ܳͣܬܗ ܰܘ͕ ܰͥ ̈ͣ ̱ܗܝΕͮΑΎ ͽͼͯ΄ͮͣ͠ܥ ܕΓͮ ܳ ͔ͻ ܗΖܰ .7
ܳ
.͔ͦͯΓ ͣͮ ܺ ܽ ܗܘ
ܽ ͮͽ ܕΑ ܺ ͮͳ ܳͼ͔ ܐܰ݁ ܐ
§12 MISCELLANEOUS AND IRREGULAR NOUNS 59
ܰ ͕Εܳ ͯܳ ̈΅Βܰܝ ̇ͮͣ ܰͥ ܳͼͽ ܳܘ͕ܦ ܬΑܕܳ ܗΕͯܶ ܺ ܰ ܳܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܺ
͔Γܶ ͮܺ ̈͠Ύܕ ΅Β͔͗ ܗͻ͔ ܬΕͳ ݂ ͗ ܶ Εͮܐ .8
ܰ ܰ ̇
.ͽ΄ ܨ͵˜ͣܬܗܘܢ.͔ͻυͥ̇ ܳ ܐ
̱
̈ ̈ ܶ ܺ ܶ ̈ ܽ ܺ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܶ ̇ ̈ ܳ ܰ
.ͽͯܺ ͻ͔ ܰܕܙͻ ܺͯͽ ܙΓͯ̈ ͗ ͔ͼΈܴ ͵ͣͮ Ε͔ͮ ܐΏͯ̈ ͨ ܱ͗ͯ͢ܘܢ ܕܗܪΕͳ͗ .9
ܶ
.ܗΕͦ˜ܳ ͵ͥͣ ̱ܗܝ ܰܘ ܽ Ζܰ ΐܶ͘ Βܳ Δͻܳ ̱͖ ܳͯ ܳͼ͔ ܕΒ
ܰ Ͳͣܢ ̇ ͣܽ ݂͗ Ζܰ ͖ΑΈܳ Βܳ .10
Vocabulary3
ͺ΅ͨ ܶ taste, a ͽ͗ܙ ܰ buy, e
Αܰܙ sing, a ܫΑ·ܰ ܰ separate, o
Α΄ܰ dwell, a ͔ͳͮ ܳ݁ ܐ where
ܳ ͵ܰ ܳ ܺ
͔ͦܺ bread Εͮܺ ͖ܳ ΑͮΕ݁ ͮܰ especially
ͪͯͶΒܰ lawful ͕Ε݂ ݁͘ Βܰ week, sabbath
ܳ ܰ (f.)
͔ܳ ܰ΄ people, nation; ܰ͠΄ while; Ζ ͠΄ before
ܰ ͔ܳ ܰ͠΄݂
ܳ ܰܙ ̱̈ ΄
pl. ͔ܶ
ܳܳ
until (+-͵ or -)ܕ
͔ͼ͗ ܰ
time; abs. ͽ͗ܙ
ܳ ܰ ܳ ͔݁ ͼͯͲܰ nature
͔˜
ܳ ̇ ͵ܳܕ lest, perhaps ͕ͣܬܶ death
͕ͯͣ ݂ܬ mortal being (m.) ܐܢ if
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܶ
ܽ ܶͻ ͕ ܐ ̇ͻͣܢΕܳ ͼܳ ͮ̈͠
ܺ ͗ܕ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ
.͖͵ͩͣ ܳܪ
ܽ ͣܢΎΑ΅ ܰ ͽͯͶͮ ͔ ܐͣͮ ͗͢ܘ .1
.͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͠ ܳͻ͔ ܰܕܐΎ
ܳ ͣ· ܽ ͷܰ΄ Α͘΅ ܰ ܶͻ Ζܳ ͠΄ܰ ̇ͯͣܬ͕ܰ ̱ܗܘ ܳܐܦܳ ͮͽ ܳܕ ܳܐܕܡΑܐ ܺ ܳܕΕͮܺܐ .2
ܰ ܳ ̇ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶܳ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܳ
.͔̣͗ܳ ͠ܡ ܐΎ ܨͮͳͣܢυΎ ͔ͻ̱ ܐͷͲܘܢ ܕ͖ͻ͔ ܐΑ͘; ܬΖ .3
ܳ ܽ ܰ ̇ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ݁ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܳ ܺ
.͕ ͳͣܬͶ ܘܒΑΎ͔ ܕܬ͠΄ ͕ͣܬ ͣܢ΅ͩͻܶ ΖܪͲ͔ ܕ ݂ ͔ ܗΓܴ ͻ̱ ܐΕͮܐ .4
ܳ ͣΎܽ ͷͳܰ ͮ͗͢ ̇
ܰ ܐ;͛ͣܕ.͔ͳ˜Ͷܰ ͠ܡΎ ܶ ܶ ̈ ܳ ͔ͮΑܳ ܳ ʹ͵ܳ Αܐܶ ܰܙ
.ʹΒܕ .5
ܳ ܰܘΕͻܰ΄͘͠܆ ܐ
ܟΑ͗ ̱ ܳ ͷͲܽ ͘͠΄ ܶ ݁ ܶͯͪ ܳ͵ʹ ܕܬͶܺ Βܰ Ζܳ ͕Εܳ ݂ ݁͘ Βܕ ܰ ͔ͣ ܳ ͯ͗ ܰ .6
ܰ
ܳ ΄ ݂ܬܟ ܘΑ͗ܘ ܳ ܰ
.͘͠ܟ
.͔Γͮ ܳ ܺ͠ Ύܰ ͗ͩͣ ܳܪܟ ܽ ͳͼʹ ܰܘΓ ܳ ͗
ܰ Α΅ ܰ ܶͻ ͣͼܽ ܰ ͔ͮΑܳ ܳ .7
ܰ
.ܢΕͼͯܳ ͗ܰ ܘܫΑΈ ̇ ܶͻ ͦͣܕͶ ̇ ͗ܰ ͕ͣܬ ܳ ܰ
܆ ܘΑ΄ ܺ ܶͮͳ͔ ܕܬ
ܰ ܶͮͽ ܐΑ΄ ܳ ܰܐ .8
ܺ ܳ ܳܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܰ
Ͱܱ̈ͼ͗ ͵ ܳ˜ͣܬΕͮܺ ͖Αͮܳ Ε݁ ͮܰ ܆Δܳ ͼ˜ܳ ͶͲܽ ͕ ͵ ܳ˜ͣܬΕ̈͘ ͨ ܳ͘͠΅ ͻ ͽ͵ܳ Εͮ΄͠ ܙ͗ͼ͔ ܐ .9
ܳ ܳ
.͔ͮΑ ܕΗ͔ͯͥ ܕͣͮ ܘܒΑΏͻ Ζ ͠΄ ܽͼͣܬ͕܆ͮ
ܳ ܺ ܰ ̇ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰܗΕͯ͗ܶ
3
From now on, the vowel of the imperfect is given for each verb used in
the pe(al.
64 §13 THE IMPERFECT TENSE
ܰ ܺ ܰ ܽ
͕ ̱ܗܘΕͮΑ͗ ܺ ܶ͠ܡ ܰܕ˜ܶ ͵ Ϳ͛͠ܘܢ
΄ͯ͘͠ ̱ܗܘ ܘ ܽ ܶͻͩͯͼ͔ܶ ܕ
ܳ Ϳͮ ܺ ͵ܰ ͯ͠Ώ·
̈ Αͳ ܺ Ζܳ .10
ܰ ܰ ܺ ܳ
.͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ܘܗܝ ܐ̱ Εͮ ܐΖ ͢ͼͯͳ
ܶ ܳ ͗ܘ
ܰ
The verb ͕ ̱ܗ ܳܘ. The verb ͕ܗܘܳ ‘be’ will be met in §26, but it is
helpful to learn now the pe(al perfect in its enclitic form.
The conjugation is as follows, with pronunciations. As in-
dicated by the linea occultans, the initial consonant ܗis
silent throughout.
singular plural
3rd m. ͕ܳ ̱ܗܘwa ܰ ̱ܗܘܘwaw
3rd f. ̱ܗ ܳܘ ݂ܬwat ̱ܗ ̈ ܱܘܝway
2nd m. Εͮ ݁ ̱ܗ ܰܘwayt ̇ܘܢΕͮ݁ ̱ܗ ܰܘwayton
ܶ݁ ܰ
݁ ̱ܗ ܰܘwayt ͽͮΕͮ
2nd f. ܝΕͮ ̱ܗܘwayten
1st Εͮ ܺ
݂ ̱ܗܘwit ͽͮ ̱ܗ ܰܘwayn.
The verb in this enclitic form coming after (not before) a
participle,
ܺ adjective, or noun has the meaning ‘was/were’.
After Εͮ ܐit likewise puts the meaning of the expression into
the past. Thus:
ܺ ܳܕwe were sleeping
ͽͮͳͯͽ ̱ܗ ܰܘ
ܺ ܽ ͮܶ Jesus was silent
͕ ̱ܗ ܳܘΐͮΕ݁ Βܰ ͣܥΓ
ܳ
͕͖ ܳͲ͢ͻ͔ ̱ܗ ܳܘΑܳ͘ ͚ܰ the man was a priest
̇ ܗ ܰܘܘ ͵͢ܘܢΕͮܺ ܳ ͔̈ͯ ܐܰ they had water
ܰ ̱ܺ ܳ ܳ ̈ ܰ
ͮͮ͢ͽ ̱ܗ ̈ ܱܘܝ ܶ Εͮ ͕ ܐΕ˜Ͷ ܐܪthey were widows.
§14 THE IMPERATIVE AND INFINITIVE 67
Vocabulary
ܶ
ܩΕΒ be silent, o ܳܙ ܶܕܩ, ͔Ύܳܙ ܳܕ (ptcs. of )ܙܕܩright
ʹܕ ܶ sleep, a Εͦͻܶ ܺ go down, come down
2
ܰܳ ܰ
ܶ ͔ͲΗ angel ͔ͼ˜Ͷܳ ͮܐ
ܳ tree
Ζ ܳܘ, ܶ ͔ͯ˜ܳ ͵ܺܳܘ (ptcs. of Ζ )ܘfitting ͕ ͚ͤ ܳ ܪܘ ܽ anger, wrath
ͷ͖ͮΑͿͮ ܳ ܐ Israel Ηܴͯ ͥܰ force, power,
ͰΓܳ ͻܳ ̱ ܐ human (adj.)
ܳ ܽ ܺ ݁ܰ mighty work
͔͗ܳ ΑΎ ܳ ͕ͣܬΏ
͔ܳͼͯ͗
war, battle
ܶ ͮܙܕ righteousness (f.)
ܳ ܶܨ will (n.) ͽ͓ͮΎܳ Cain
1
Luke 2: 4.
2
Another pe-nun verb (§20), used here only in its regular perfect.
68 §14 THE IMPERATIVE AND INFINITIVE
Exercises
Translate into English:
.Δͻ̱Ζ
ܳ ͷܰͩΏ˜ܶ ͵ ͽ͵ܰ ͪͯͶܺ Βܰ Ζܳ .1
ܳ ܰͻ ʹͮܰʹ ܐܳ ΄ܰ Α͘˜
.ʹΓΈ ܰ ͵ ܟΑ͘ ܳ ͦ˜ܰ ͵ ͺͥܪ ܰ .2
ܳ ܽ ܺܰ ܶ ܺ ܶ ̈ ܽ ͽܶ ܩΑ΅
ܳ ܪܘ ܰ ˜ܶ ͵ ͵ͳͣܢ ̇ Αܰ ܽͼͣ ܳܐܰ
.͕ͣܬΏ ͚ͮͤ ͕܆ ΄͘͠ܘ ·͓ܪ͖ ܕܙܕ .3
̈ ܽ ܶͻ͔ͯͦ ܐܰͮʹ ܕ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܰ
͵ ͢͵ ͯͽ ̱ܗܘܘΈΏͻܳ ͔Γܶ ̈ͼͲܶ
ܺ
.ͣܗܝ ̱ Ͷܱ ˜ܶ ͵ ΅ͣܢΓ ܳ ͶΓ .4
.͔΄ܪܳ ͖ ̈˜ͳ ܳͣ ܳܬ͕ ܰܕͶܰ ͽͯͳ˜ܶ ͶͲܽ ͔ͮΑܳ ˜ܳ ͵ ͽͮυܶ ܰܙ .5
͔ͮΑܳ ˜ܳ ͵ ͺͥܪ ܰ .͔ͮ ܰͥ͠ ̱ܗ ܽܘΑܳ ܳ ͔ͮ ܐܰ ܳ͵˜ ܰ͢ܢΑܳ ܳ ܆ͷͮܶܐΑͿͮ ܳ ܺ ܐΆΒ ܰ .6
ܳ ݁ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܳܰ
.ʹ͘˜͵ ͢ͶͲ ͽ ܐ͵˜͢ܟ
ܶ ܳ ܳ ܶ ܺ
.͢ͼܶ ͽܳ ΅ͨ ܬΖ ͺܰ΅ͩܶ Ζ˜ ܳͼ͔܆ ܐͶܳ ͮͽ ܐܶ ͖ͣ ܷ̈͵ͯͽ ܺ·͓ ܳܪΏΒ
ܶ ̈ ̇ .7
ܳ ܰ ˜ܶ ͵ Ͱ͵ܺ ܳܙ ܶܕܩ
.͔ͯܶ Γܴ̈ ͻܳ ̱ ͯͳͣܢ ܐ ̇ ܰͻܳ͠ Ύ̈ ͣΈ͵ܽ Ζͣܗܝ ܰܕ͖ ܳ͵˜ ͕ܳ͢ ܘ ܰ ̈ܽ
̱ ͻܳ͠ ΎͣΈ͵ ΆΓ .8
.΄͘͠ܘ ܰ ܰܕΗܶ ͯ̈ ͥܕ ܰ ͔ ܰܘΓܶ ͮ̈ ܺ͠Ύܕ ܰ ͕Εܳ ͯ΅ ܳ Β̈ Ε˜ ܰ
͵ ͽܰͼͯ΅ ܺ Βܳ ͠Ͳܰ ͢Ε ܰ ˜ܶ ͵ ͽ͵ܰ Ζܶ ܳܘ .9
ܶ ܶ ܳܶ ̇ ܰ ܺ ܳ
͔ͯܳ Β ܰ ͽܶ ܬΕͦ ͻ Ζͮ͢ܘܢ ܐΕͮͰ ܐͶͮͽ ܺܕܶ ͕ ̱ܗ ܳܘΖ ܶ͘͠ ΄ܳ ͔ͻ΄͘ ͖ܶ̈͠ ܶܕ ܳܐ ܳ .10
.Ͱ͗͗ͯͼ͢ ܳܕܐ ܶ ܰ
ܳ ΅͘͠ ܶܨ˜͵ܶ
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܽ ͷ͘Ύ ܽ ͔܆Γܳ ͼܳ ͯ̈ ܰͼ͘͵ܰ ͣܢΏ͗
ܰ ݂ ͣ˜ܽ ͵ ͽ͚ͮͣ݁ ܳܕ ܳ·͔ ܶܕ ܽ ΕΓ ܰ ܶ ̈ܶ ܳ ̇ Ͳܽ
͔ͥܳ ܪܘ ͻ ͕ͩͥܳ͢ ͢ܘܢͶ .1
ܰ
.ͺͶ΅˜ܳ ͵ ΐ͗ΕΓ ܶ
ܶ ͻ Ζ ͔Βܕ ܽ
ܳ ͣΎܕ
ܽ ͷͳ͗ ܽ ͕Εܳ ͼܳ ͮ̈ ܺ͗͠ܘ ܽ ܺ ܺ ͲΕ
ܰ ܶ
.ܕܘܟ ܰ ͔ͮτܳ ͣΏ͗ ͔ͦܶ ͯ̈ ˜ͶΒ Ͳͯͽ ̱ܗ ܰܘܘΑ .2
ܳ ܶ ܽ ܳ ܳ̈ ܰ ܰ̈ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܶ
.ܟΕͯ͗ܰ ͢ͶͲܘ ܟΕͼ͗ܬܟ ܘ͗ͼͯʹ ܘΕ̱ͻ͕ ܘΕ̱ͻ͠ ܐ΄ܐܬ .3
ܰ ̇ Ύܳ ͠ܡΎ ܶ ܰ
ܶ ͘ͽ ܐͮʹ ܐΓͥܬ
ܳ ͖υ ܶ ܶ ̇ͮͣܡ ܆ ܐͷͲܽ ͽͶܶͩΎܟ ܐܶܬΕܳ ˜Ͷܳ ܽͩܶ
.ͽ͵ͣͩ .4
72 §15 THE ETHPE(EL
ܳ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܳܐ
Ζ ܰ͠΄ܘܗܝ܆ ܘ ̱ ܱ̈͠ ͘΄ܳ ͢ܘܢͶ ̇ Ͳܽ ͠ܡΎ ܳ ͔ͮΑܳ ܳ ͽܶ ΕͶ͘ ͚͕ ܆ ܐܬΕͳͥܶ ͖Α .5
.Εͮ͢ ̱ܗ ܺܘܶ ܰ΄ ͔΄ܐܪ
ܳ ܴ͔̈ͯ ܰܘΒ ܰ ͘͠΅ ܶ ܶͻ
.͔ͼܳ ͣ ܳ ͯ˜ܰ ͵ ͔ܳ ܰ͠΄ ͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͖ͯͣ͘ ܶܬܗ ܰܕ
ܽ ͨܰ ͽܶ ͔ͻΑܳ ܰ͘ ;ܕ ܳ ʹͮܰܢ ܐΑܰͩͻܐܶܬ .6
̇ ͼͯܳ ͗ܰ ͕ܬ΄͘͠ ܗ ܳܘ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶܐ
.ܗܘܢΕ ̱ ܶ ܪ ͔ܳ͗ ܐΗͯͥܕ Δͼ˜ܳ ͶͲܽ ͽܶ Α͗Ε; .7
ܶ ܶͻ Ζܳ ܰ͠΄ ܘܗܝ
.͠΄Ε ̈ ܰ ܶ ܰ
̱ ܱ͢ ͗ܳ ͽ ܐ ͔ͯ˜ܳ Ͷͨ ͷΎΕΒܐ
ܶ ܶ .8
ܶ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܶ ̈ܶ ܺ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܳ ܽ ܺ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ
.͔ͨͣͯ̇ ͨυͩ; ͽ ܐ ͕͓ͯ͛; ͔ͮͣ͘ ͮ͢ܘܕͶͨ ͔ܳ͗ ܐܨΑΎ ܪΕ͗ .9
ܺ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܳ ̇ ܳ ܽ ܰ ̇ ܰ ܽ ܶ ̇ ܶܳ
ͽͮΑ͖ͯͽ ܳܕͶͮͽ ܐ ͖Αͮ˜͢ ܰܕͶͳ͗ͳͣܢ ܘΓΈͼ͗ ͵ͳͣܢ ܕܬ ܰܙܕܗܪܘܢ ܶ̇ ܶ ܙ ܰܕ ̈ܩ .10
.ͻ͔ͯ͘ ܐͻͣܢ ܻ ܕ
Translate into Syriac:
1. You have been reckoned the people (lit. sons) of the
kingdom.
2. Children, obey your parents in the Lord.
3. It is fitting for me to be baptized by you.
4. Take care lest you be led into unfaith (lit. not faith).
5. Before anything was made, he was the Word, as the
holy John has said in his (use -ͷͮ ) ܺܕgospel.
6. For the sake of my name you shall be led before kings
and be accounted evildoers.
7. To women the bishop says in his letter, Your sins shall
be forgiven.
8. Abraham’s faith was reckoned to him for righteous-
ness.
9. From there Jesus was led by the soldiers to a (certain)
place to be crucified.
10. You were no longer allowed (use ΐ͘Β) to worship idols
formed by human hands.
73
Vocabulary
͠ܪΒ pa. send ͷ͘Ύܰ pa. receive
ܒΑΎ pa. offer ͠˜ܶ ͵ܬ evangelize
ΐΓ· pa. expound ͚͠ܦ pa. blaspheme
͠ܡΎ pa. do beforehand ΑΏͮ pa. honour
ͧ͘Β pa. glorify ͷͯͥ pa. strengthen
1
In dictionaries this verb is apt to be treated as a taph(el conjugation of
͠͵. See p. 81.
§16 THE PA(EL AND ETHPA(AL 77
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܶ ܰ ̇ ܰ
.˜ ͙ܶ͘ ܐ ̇ͻͣܢͶܰ ͻ͵͢ܘܢ ܐͮʹ ܰܕ ܒΕͲ ܶ͠ܡΎܰ .1
.ͥܳ .ܶ͢ͼΈ˜ܳ ͵ͣͯ͵ ܽ ΑΏܰ ͯͻܰ ͔ ܰܕ͖ͮʹ ܳܗ ܳͻ͔ ܐܰܘ ܰܕΏͯ ܳ ͨܺ ܶܗ ܶܪͷܶ͘ Ώͻܰ ͻ͔܆ ܰܕΑܳ ܰ ܳͼ͔ ܳܐܳ .2
ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳܳ ܽ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܺ ݂ ͥΕܰ ܶ
.͔ܳ ͯܰ ˜͵ܘ ͔ܶͥ ܰܘυܽ ͵ ܩΕ݁ Γ ͼͣ ܗͻ͔ ܕ ͽͮΑͯ͘ͽ ̱ܗܘܘ ܘܐΓ .3
ܰܰ ܽ ܰ ܽ ܽ ͠ܘܢ͵ ܽ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܺ
. ܐܬܪͷͳ͗ ܕܘܟ ܘͷͳ͗ Εͻ ܰܕܪܘ ܰܕΕΒ˜ ̈ͯ ͔ܶͦ ܐͶΒ .4
.͔ͼܳ ͥ
ܳ Αܰ ͔ͮΑܳ ܳ Αܰ ܳܐ.͔ͻܳ ܐͺͥܶ Α ܰ ܐܰ ܳͮͼ͔ ܰܕͷ΄ܰ ͺͥܶ ܐܶ ܰܪ
̱ .5
ܳ ͯ͗ܰ ͣͶܶ͘ Ύܰ ͕Εͮ ܳ ܺ̇ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܺ
.͔ ܰܗܘͣ ͣܕ΅˜͵ͼͣ ܘͮͯͽ ܕܗͶͮܰ; ͓ܺ͛ͯͮͽ ܐ .6
.ʹΓ ܳ ͵ܰ ͦͣ͘ܢ ܽ Γͻ ܰ ͔ͮ ܰܘΑܳ ܳ ʹ͵ܳ Ϳ͛͠ܘܢ ܽ ܶͻ ͔ ܰܕ΄ ܰ͘͠ܬܶ ̈ ܰ΄ ͢ܘܢͶ
̱
̇ Ͳܽ .7
ܳ
.͕Εͦ͗ͽ ܶܕܶ ͔ͮΑܳ ˜ܳ ͵ ̱ܗ ܽܘͷܰ͘ Ώ ܰ ͔ͼͮܳ ܘܕ ܺ ͕ͣ ܳܬΏͮ ܳ ͽܰ
ܽ ܕ΄ ܶ͘͠ ܙܰ ܺܕ .8
ܺ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܳܽ ܳ ܰ ܳܽ ܳ ܰͼͥ ܳܐܦ
Εܶͼͮ ܕܗܰ ͙ͮ܆ΕͲ
ܳ ܕ ʹͮܐ . ͽ ͵ Εͮ ܐ ͕ ܬ ͣͼ ͮ ܕܗ ͔ ͥ ܪܘ ͖ ͥ͠ ͽ܆ .9
ܺ ܰ
.ͽܰͼͯͶͶ
ܽ
ܳܗ ܳͻ͔ ܐܦͷͩܶ ͼܺͯͼܰͽ܆ͮ͢ ܰ .ΕͶܶ Ͷܰ ܳܗ ܳͻ͔ ܳܐܦͷܽͩܶ
̇ ܰ΄ ͣܥΓ
͢ܘܢ ܽ ͮܶ ͖ͦ͠ ܳ ܘ ܶ ܪ͔ͥ܆ ܽ ͢͵ ܺ˜ͳͯͽ ̱ܗ ܰܘܘ
ܳ ͓͗ܘ ܰ ͖̈ͯܶ͠ ܰܕ˜ܺ ͵ܰ ̱ܗ ܰܘܘ ܬΕͮܺܐ .10
ܳ ̇ Ͳܽ ͽܶ ͢ΓΈ ܶ ܰͻ ͷ΄ܰ ͵͢ܘܢ ̇ ܰ ܗ ܳܘ͕܆ ܰܘ
.͔͗̈ ܷ ΕͲ ͢ܘܢͶ ͕ ̱ܗ ܳܘΐΓܶ Έ ̱
2
Properly these are geminate verbs (§25).
78 §16 THE PA(EL AND ETHPA(AL
1
For the palpel conjugation, see p. 119 below.
82 §17 THE APH(EL AND ETTAPH(AL
Vocabulary
ܙΑͲ aph. preach; ͘͠΄ shaph. subjugate
ethpe. be preached ʹͶ aph. reign
͠΄ܶ aph. baptize Δ͘˜ ܶ ͵ be dressed, a;
ܰ ܐ
ͧͳΒ find, be able aph. clothe
;͢ܕ aph. bear witness ܒΑΎ aph. fight, attack
ΉͶͥ shaph. change ͺͶΒ aph. deliver, hand
͖ ͓ܳܕΒܺ ܶ demon over, commit
ͣ˜ܽ ͵ܶ ܐ if (contrary to fact) ܺ ܶͥ ܳͣܪ white
̇ ͶΒ
ͣܢͯ Solomon ͖ܳ͠ ݁ ͚ͤͮ
ܰ ܐ emissary
͔Ͳ ܳ how much, how many ͽͲܶ then, next
͕ܳܕ ܶܘ wretched, un- ͔Βܳ ͣ͘͵
ܳ
ܽ garment, clothing
happy; emph. ͔ͮܘܳ ܳܕ ͕ͯͣܬ ܽ ͥܰ animal(s) (f. sing.)
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܽ ܰ ܐΉͶͥ
.͗ͣ ̱ܗܝ ܳ ͷ͖ͮܶΑͿͮ ܳ ܺ͢ ܐͶܶ Ͳܽ ͷ΄ܰ ͣܢͯ ̇ ͶΒ ܶ ܶ
ʹͶ͕ܰܘ .1
.ʹͯͶ΄ ܰ ͽͯ͵ܶ Ϳ͢ܕͮͽ ܳܗ ܺ ܰ ͔Ͳ ܳ Ε̱ͻܰ ܳͮܰ͠ܥ ܐΖܳ .2
̇ ͮ ܳ ͽܰͼͮܺܙΑͳܰ ͔ͼܳ Ͳܰ ܆ ܳܗΕͶ͘
ܶ ܘܗ ܰͲ ܳͼ͔ ܰܗ ܶ ܰ ܶܶ ̇ ܰ
.ܘܢΕͼ Ύ͠ܡ ܕ ͵ͳͣܢΕ˜ܶ ͶΒܐ .3
̇
͵͢ܘܢ
ܺ
ͽͯͶΏΒܳ ͽͲܘ ܶ ܪ ܰͥ͠܆Εܰ ͗ܳ ͥܰ͠ ͔ͯܶ ˜Ͷܳ ̈ͩ˜͵ܰ ͔ͻ͢ ܳ Ͳܳ ͠΅ ܶ ܘ ܰ .4
ܶ ܳ ̈ ܽ ̇ ܶ ܺ ܰ ̇ ̈ ܰ
.͖τͣͥܶ ͔Βܷ ͣ͘͵ ͯͽ ܐͻͣܢΓ͘Ͷܐ ܳ͗ ܱͮ͢͢ܘܢ ܘ
ܶ ܽ ܰ ܽ ݁ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ ̈ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܳܳ ܽ ܶ ܰ
͢͵ ܙܘܢΑͳ ͻͲͣܢ ܘΑͲΕͻ͠ܪ ܐ͚͖ͮͤ͠ ܕΒ͠ͻ͔ ܘΎͣΈ͵ ͔ͳ˜ܳ Ͷܰ ܒΕͲܐ .5
ܽ
.͔ͮτܳ ͣΏ͗ ͔ͻܳ ͠Ύܳ ͣΈ͵ ܽ
.͘͠΅ ܰ ˜ܶ ͵ ͖ͳͧ ̱ܗ ܳܘ͕ ͵ ܳ˜͢ ܶܕΓ ܰ ܶ Ζܳ ͽ ܐܰ ܳ͵˜ ͕ܳ͢ ̱ܗ ܳܘ͕ ܳܗ ܳͻ͔܆ܶ Ζܳ ͣ˜ܽ ͵ܶܐ .6
ܰ ͷͳ͗
.ͽ͗ܙ ܽ ͖ ܶ ͓̈ܕΒܺ ͽܶ ͔ͮܒ ܐܰ ͔ܳͥ ܳܕ ܳܘΑΎ ܰ ܰܐܶܬܬ .7
ܰ ̇ ͼ˜ܳ ͵ ͣΈ ܳ Γ ܰ ͵ܰ Ε̱ͻܰͳͧ ܐΓ ܶ Εͻܰ ܐΑ͘Ϳ
.ͣ ܳ;͔ ܰܕ͖ ܳ͗ ܴ̈͢ܬܢ ܽ Ͷͦ ܰ ܕ ̱ ܰ ܰ .8
.͔ͼܳ ͮܳ ܰ͠˜͵ ͺͶΒ ܰ ܰ ܶܘ͕ܬܬ.͔ͼܳ ͗ܳ ͣͨܕ ܽ ܨܗΑܶ Ύܰ ͯͽ ̱ܗ ܰܘܘͶͲ ܺ ܳ
ܐ .9
ܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܰ
.͖Αܳ ˜ܳ ͵ ܳܕܡ ܐͮʹ ܰܕΖ ͕ΕͥΑܰ ·ܳ ̇͢ ˜ͶͲܘ ܽ ͕ͯͣܬ ܽ ͥܰ ̇͢ ˜Ͷͳ˜ܽ ͵ ͕ܳ͢ ˜͵΅͘͠ ܐ ܶ Βܰ .10
§17 THE APH(EL AND ETTAPH(AL 83
Vocabulary
ΐͿ· ܰ cut, cut off, o Αܰ΅; do, perform,
ΔΒ pa. serve visit, o
Α͘Ύܰ bury, o ͚ͤܪܶ be angry, a
ܗΑͲ ethpe. be sick
ܶ aph. anger
ͮ͢ΑͲ ܺ sick, ill ܝΕܺ ܰ ܐwhen?
͔Γͮ ܺ
ܳ Α͗ ͺͿ ܳ punishment Ε͓ͮͻ͓ܳ Ͳܺ justly
͖ܶυͯ;ܺ ܰ ܐΕͯ͗ܶ Εͮͮ͢ ܽܘ ܺܕ
(in) prison ̱ Judith
ͮܰ͠ܕ ܺܘ Ͱܪܗܘܳ ̇
ܳ ̱ ͵ܶ robber
David Roman (adj.)
͔ͻܳ ͚ͣ
̇ ܶܗ
ܶ governor ͔ͯܳ ͩͿ
ͰͶܳ ͨΑܰ΄ naked Ϳͣܣ ܽ ·ܶ ܶ ܐEphesus
Ͱ͛ܺ ݁ ;ܰ (adv.) much, Α͚ͯܶ for (conj.; usually
greatly 2nd word in a clause)
ܳ ܰܐ
͔ͯܳ ܳͼͿͲ stranger - ܕintroduces direct
͕ܬΑ݂ ܰ΅ cave (f.) and indirect speech
88 §18 OBJECTIVE PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES, 1
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܳ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܰ
.ܢΕ˜݁ ͶͩΎ ܗΕ˜Ͷܳ ͩܕ ܢΑ΅; Δͯ͗ܕ ܺ ͔ͼܳ ܳ .1
ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰܙ͗ͽ ܐ
.ܬܗΕ̱ͻΖ ̇ܗΑ͘ Ύ ͽܬ͕ ܘܬΑ݂ ΅ ܳܗܡΑ͗ ܰ ܰܘ .2
ܳ ݁ ܰ ܳ ܳܶ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܰ
. ̇ܗΕ͗ ΕͲ Ζ ͔ͻ ܐ.͕ܬΑ͚Ζ ܒΕͲ ͣͼ .3
ܽ ܳܽ ܰ
͔ͳ˜ܳ Ͷܰ ͕ ̇͢ ̱ܗ ܳܘ˜ܳ ͶΒ͖ ܰܕͷͩܶ ͵͢ܘܢ܆ ̇ ̱ܗ ܳܘܬΕͯ͵ܰ ͕ͳͣܬͶ .4
ܶ ̈
.͔ܴͯ ܗܘΑ͵ ̇
̱
ܰ ܰܳ ܽ ܶ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ
.Ε̱ͻ ͓͗·Ϳͣܣ ͮ͠ܥ ܐΕͮ ݂ ܝ ̱ܗܘΕͮͼͰ Ͳ͠ ܐΓΒ ͔Ͳ .5
͖ܶυͯ;ܺ ܰ ܐΕͯ͗ܶ ͕ͮ͢ ܐܰܘ ܰ
ܳ ΑͲ ˜ ͔ܳͯ ܐܘ ܐͲͿͼ ͔ܳͯ ܐܘͶܳ ͨΑ
ܺ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܶ
΄ Εͮͮʹ ̱ܗ ܰܘΕͮܝ ܐΕܰ ܳ ܐ .6
.ʹͼΓ ܳ ܶ Βܰ Ζܘ
ܳ ܰ ͮͽ ܰܕΑ ܺ ͚ͣܗܝ ܰͲ͠ ܳܐΑͩ ܰ ͔ͻܳ ͚ͣ
̇ ͠ܡ ܶܗΎ
ͯ͢ܝ̱ ͼ΅Β ̈ ̱ ܽ ܳ ܰ Ύܘ ܰ
ܳ ܘ ̱ܗܝΑ͗
ܳ
ܽ ܰܕ .7
.͕ܷ͢ ˜͵ ܐͷ΄ ͛ ݁ܶ͠ܦ ܰ ͠Ͳܰ ͔ͻ͖ ܳܗΑ͘ ܳ ͛˜ ܰ ͵
ܶ ܺ ܰ ܐΕͯ͗ܶ ͔ͦͯ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ
.Ͱ͛ܺ ;ܰ ͖ ܘ΄ܰܰ͠ ݂ܪܬܗυܶ ͯ; ܳ ͶΓ ͵ ܗΕͦ ݂ ͳΒܐ .8
̇ܘܢΕͻܰ ܐ. ͔ܶ ̈ ܰ΄ ͢ܘܢͶ ̇ ͳ˜ܽ ͵ ܨ͵ ̇˜ͣܬ͕ܰ ܗܘΕͯ͗ܶ ܝΕͯ͗ܕ ܺ ܳ
̱ ̱ ̱ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ͙ͮ܆ ̇ ܰ ͽͮܶܕ
ΕͲ Ζ .9
.͔ͯܶ ͩͿ̈ ˜͵ܬ͕ ܕΑ݂ ΅ ͯ͢ܝ ̱ ͻ΄͘͠ܬܘ
Ͱͻ ܰ͠ܪΒܰ .͠ܬ΄ܶ ܰͮͽ ܐΑͥ ܺ ܐΔͻܳ Ζ ΄ͼ͔ ܐܶܢ ܳ ܰͮܳ͠ Ζܳ .ܗΕͯ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ݁ ܶ ܰ
͘˜͵͠ܬܗ ܘ΄ܐ
̱ ̱
ܳ ˜ܰ ͵ Ζܳ ܶ ܽ͠ܘ ܐ΅
.10
ܽ.ܙܘΑͳ ܳ ˜ܰ ͵ ͕ ̱ܗ ܳܘΖܳ ͔ͦͯ ܳ Γܺ Α͚ͯܶ
7. If you (m. pl.) have killed him, you will not be able to
flee from punishment.
8. We have justly angered thee; but thou hast loved us.
9. The emissary was attacked by robbers. They took all
that he had and left him.
10. The king was angry toward David because the people
were glorifying him.
90
Vocabulary
ͽ͗ܙ pa. sell ͧ͗ܺܕ pe. (o), pa. sacrifice
ͧܳ Ͷ· ܰ work, till, serve, o ͔ܶ ͯ̈ ͨ (pl.) price
ܳ ΗΏ ͥܰܰ field (f.) ͷܶ͘ ܺ ݂ ͗ܳ Babylon
ܺ
͕Εͯܳ ΄ܬܪ opinion, mind (f.) ΐͮΕ݁ ܰ΄ old
͕Ε˜݂ Ͷ΄ܶ reason, cause, ͺ͵ܰ particle indicating
explanation (f.) a quotation
Exercises
Translate into English:
̇ ܳ ܳ ܺ ̇ ܶ ܳ
.ͯͣܗܝ ̱ ͦ˜ܺ Ͷ·ͯ͢ܝ ܶܘܐ ̱ Ύܳ ͣ͘Β .͔ͼ˜ͶͮΖ ܬ·ͿͣܩΖ ܝ܆Αܳ .1
ܳ ܳܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ̇ܳ ܺ ܰ ̇ ܺ ܰܶ ܶ
.ͯͽ ܳ͵˜ ̇͢ ܐ ̈͗ ܳ͢ܬ ̇ܗͶ͘Ώ Ζ ܗΕͮΑΏ͵ ͮ͢͠ܪΒܐܢ ܐ .2
ܳ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܰ
.͔ͮΑܳ ܳ ʹΓ ܳ Γͻ ܰ ͕ ܳܗ ܶܕ͖ ܰܕΕ˜ ͵ͣͲ͓ ͽͶͯͥܬ .3
ܺ ܳ ܽ ܰ ̇ ܶܶܰ ܳ ܽ ܳܰ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܶ
Εͮ͗ͯ͢ ΄͠ ܪܘ͚ͤ ͕ ܐΑΎ ܬΖ ͗ͦͣ͠܆͵ ͕Εͦ͗ ܰ͵ʹ ܕΕͮܐܢ ܐ .4
.ͥ ܽͣܟΖܰ͗ͯͼܰͯʹ ܘ
ܶ ܺ ܳ ܳ Εܺ ݁ ܰ΄ ͔ͻܳ ͔ܳ͗ ܳܗΕͲ ܳ
.ͤܰ ݁ ܳ͗ ܽͼͣܬܗ͵ܰ ͔ͮܶ υͮܳ ܰ͠˜͵ ͪͯͶΒܰ Ζ͖ ܘΑͮܳ ˜ ̇͢ ܗ ܽܘ ܰܕܕͶܳ ͔ͮ ܺܕΏͮ .5
Α͘˜ ܰ ͵ܶ͠ܡ ܰܕܶ ʹ͵ܳ ܙΑͳ ܶ ܰͻ ͔ͯܳ Βܰ ͽܶ ͔Ͳܳ Ηܰ ܰ ܶܘ͕ܢ.ͰͼΈ˜ܳ ͵ͣͮ ܽ ͣܰͻܳܐͥͰ܆ ܳܗ .6
ܳ ܰ Ζܳ ܶ͢ͼܶ
.ͯ͢ܝ ̱ Ͷܶ͘ Ύܬ
ܶ ̇ ܳ ܳ ܳܽ ܳܳ ܳ ܺ ܬ͕܆ ܰܗΕ ܳ ܰ ܽ ͮܶ ̇͢ ˜͵ܳ Αܰ ܳܐ
ͺͶΒ͓͗ܘ ܺܪ Ζ ͗͢ͻ͔ ͨͣܪ͖ ܘܐܦΖͼͯͼͰ ܕͮ ̱ ͻͣܥ܆ ܐΓ ܰ ܽ ܶ .7
.͔͗ܳ Ζ ;͛͠ܘܢ ܬ
ܳ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܺ ܽ
͔ͻܳ ͗΅ͣ ܳܕܪ
ܽ ͠ ܳͻ͔ ܳܗ ܳͻ͔܆Ύ ܽ ͕Ε˜
ܳ ͣ·ܕ ܳ ܺ
݂ Ͷ΄ܰ ͺ͵ ͼ͔ ̱ܗ ܶܝܳ ͽͮܺ Αͯͽ ܐΓܶ̈ ͻ̱͖ ܕͷͩܳ ܶ
ܳ .8
̇ ܺ ̇
.ͯ͢ΏΓΈͻͯ͢ ܰܘͶ΄ ͷͯͶΎܰ ͷͶͻ ܰ ͕ܳ͢ ˜͵͖ܰܕ
ܰ ͖܆Α͘
͠Ώ· ܳ ͛˜ܰ ͵ ͯͣܗܝ ܺ ܰ ͳͧ ܰܕΓ
̱ ܶ ΎΕ݁ ܰ Γͻ ܰ ܶ ΖܰͲ͠ ܳͮܰ͠ܥ ̱ܗ ܳܘ͕ ܰܕ ܳͮ ܳͼ͔ ܳܕ .9
.͖υͯ;ܺ ܐΕͯ͗ܶ ͔ͻܳ Ϳͩ ͔ܳͯ ܳܗ ܳ Ͷܶ ͵ ܘܗܝΑ͗
̱ ܽ ܕܘ ܽ ܕ
ܳ
͕Ε˜Ͷܶ ͔ ̱ܗܝΏͿ ܳ ܰ΄ ͮͽ ̱ܗ ܰܘܘ܆Α ܺ ̈ͯܰ͠ܘܗܝ ܳܐ˜ܺ ͵ܰͽ ܬܶ ͣ΅Β ܰ ܰ; ܺ͛ ͓͕̈ͯܶ ܰܕ
̱̇ ܳ .10
.͢΅Γ˜ܶ ͵ ͧͳΓ ܰ ܶ ͣͼܽ ܰ .͖ܳܗ ܶܕ
94 §19 OBJECTIVE PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES, 2
Vocabulary
ܰ ܶ ܶ
ΐΈͻ go out, o; aph. expel ܠΕ݁ ͻ (impf.) give
Εͦͻܶ go down, o; ͧΓ ܰ anoint, o
aph. bring down ͷܰ Έͻ ܰ fall, e
ʹͿͻ ܰ
ܰ
pour, o
ܶ Αͩͻ keep, a
ܶ
͙Ϳͻ take, a ΐͶ; go up; impf. ΐͿܰ ͻ ;
͛͠ͻܰ draw, e aph. take, bring up
͔ܳͼͳ˜ܳ ݁ ͵ͣ ܽ promise ΉΏͻܶ adhere, cling (to), a
ܶ ܳ ܶ
͖Αܳ ͚ܳ ݁ ܰܐ roof ͔ͦΓ oil
̇ ܐ ܶ
ܗܪܘܢ ܺ Aaron ͔ͯ̈ ܶ ͥܰ (pl.) life, salvation
͔ܳͯ͘͵ܨ cross ͺͶܰ ΅˜ܳ ͵ܰͥ ͔̈ͯ ܰܕ eternal life
ܳ ·ܰ
͖Α͛ body ͔Ύܳ ܘΑ̇ ·ܳ saviour
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶܶ
.ܗΕͯ͗͘ ͠ܡ ܕ ͙Ϳܰ ˜ܶ ͵ ͦͣܬ ̇ ܶͻ Ζܳ ͖Αܳ ͚͓ ܳ ݁ ͗ܕܶ ͔ ܰܗܘͣ ܳ ͮܰ ͗͢ܘ
ܰ .1
̇ ͯ͢
͵ͳͣܢ ̇ ͵ܺ ͣ͵ ܳ˜ͳ ܳͼ͔ ܰܕ͖ ܳ͵˜ ͕ܳ͢ ܶܕ͖ ݁ܬ ܽ ܘܢΕ ̇ ͻ͠΄ͯͽ ܐ ܺ ͮܳ ͖ ܪ΄͔ ܳܗ ܶܕ ܳ ܰ ܐͷܽͩܶ
̱ ̇ ܰͼ̈͘ ˜͵ܰ ܘ
.2
.ͯͳͣܢ
ܶ ܶ ܶ ܳܰ ܶ ͷΎΕΒ ܰ ܶ ܳܳ ܳܽ ܳ ͽܰ ͷͲܽ
.͢͵ ͘͠΄ܬ ͔܆ ܬͯ͗ ͷ·ܘ ݂ ͖͠ ͵ͩͣܪ͖ ܗͻ͔ ܕΏܶ ·ܕ .3
ܶ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰܶ ܶ
. ͵ ܳ˜ͣܬܝΔͻܳ ̱ ܐͷͲܽ ͚ܶ͠ ܪ΄͔ ܐ ͽ ܐ ΐ;ܐܢ ܐ .4
ܰܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ
.ͽͤܰ ݁͗ͼܺͯͽ ̱ܗܘܘ ܬͯͽ ܳܕܙ͗ͼܺͯͽ ܰܘͶͮΖ ΐ·ܶ ݁ ͕ ܰܘΗͳͮ͢˜ܰ ͵ ͣܥΓ ܽ ͮܶ ΐͶ; ܘ .5
ܰ ̇ ܽ ܳ ܶ ̇ Ύܶ ͣ͘Β ܶ
̇ ܬΖ͕ ܘΕͳ ܳ ܳ ܶ
.ʹͯͯ̈ ͥܰ ͢ܘܢͶ Ͳ ܟΑͨͯ͢ ܘܬ ͦ˜͵ ΉΎܰ ܝΑ͗ܶ .6
ܺ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܽ ܶͻ͠ܘ ܐܺͮͤ̈ ͚͖ܰܶ͠ ܕΏ·ܬ ܶ ܶܐ
.͔·ܳ ͣΏͿͯ
̇ ·݁ Ζ ͕ܬΑ͚ܰ Ζ ͵ ܽ˜ͣܢΕ݁ ͻܶ ͖ ܰܘܕΑͮܳ ܰ͠˜͵ ͣܢΏͿ .7
̇ ܕ ܳ ͢Γ ܶ ͗ܰ ͕͓ͯ̈ ܶ ͛ܺ ;ܰ ͣΏ·ܶ ݁ ͕˜ ̈ͯ ͔ܶͦ ܰܘͶܺ Γ͵ܰ ΄͘͠ܘ ܰ ΕΒ ܰ ܶ ܶ̈ ܺ
.ܗܘܢΑ ͓ܕ͖ ܐΒ .8
̇ ̇ ܺ ܘ;ͣܟ ̇ ͔ͦΓ ܳ ܶ ͙;ܰ
.ͯ͢ܝ̱ ͥܳ ͣΓ͢ ܰܕ͖ܗܪܘܢ ܰܘΓͮ ܶ Α͗ .9
ͥܰ͠ ͺܶ ͵ܰ ܰܳ͠ܪΒܰ ͖͔ ܶܕΎܳ ܘΑ̇ܳ ·ܳ ͽܶ ͔ͼܳ ͳ˜ܳ ͵ͣ ܽ ͔ͳ˜ܳ Ͷ˜ܰ ͵ ͢͵ܶ ͕ ̱ܗ ܳܘΕͮܺܐ .10
ܰ ͕Ε˜Ͷܶ ͳͣܬܟͶ
.͔ͯ̈ ͥܕ ܽ ˜ܰ ͵ܠ ܳ͵ʹ ܰܘΕܶ ݁ ܶͻ ܘܗܘ ܽ ̈ͯܰ͠ܝ˜ܺ ͵ܰͽ ܬܶ
98 §20 WEAK VERBS. PE-NUN VERBS
ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ
1
In one verb, ͕‘ ܐܬcome’, the aph(el has -ͮ ܐinstead of - ;ܐܘthus, ܝΕͮ݁ ܐ
‘bring’. This verb is treated with lamad-yod verbs (§27).
§21 PE-ALAPH VERBS 101
ܶ ܰ ܶܰ ܽ ͻ, etc. ܰ
Pa(el imperfect ͵͓ͻ, ͵( ܐ1st sing.), ܘܢ͵͓
ܶ ܰ
participle active m. ͵͓, f. ͕˜ܳ ͵͓ܰ
ܰ
passive ͵͓ܰ
ܳ ܰ
ܽ ͵͓
infinitive ܘ
ܰ ܰܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ
ܽ ͵͕Ε
Ethpa(al pf. ͵͕ ܐܬetc.; impf. ͵͕Εͻ etc.; inf. ܘ
ܳ ܰ ܶ
ܶ̇ ܰ ܰ ܶ ݁ ܰͻ etc.; inf. ͣ͗ ܽ͠ܘܳ ݁ ܰ
Aph(el pf. ͗͠ܐܘ, ܐ ݁ܘ͗ܰ͠ܬ, etc.; impf. ͗ͣ͠
Ettaph(al pf. ͗͠ܘ ܰ ݁ ܰ ܐܶܬܬetc.; impf. ͗͠ܘ ܰ ܰܬΕܶͻ etc.; inf. ܘ͗ ܽ͠ܘ ܳ ݁ ܰܬΕܶ
ܶܰ
The verb Ή͵‘ ܐteach’ is conjugated like a pa(el verb in this
class, except that after a preformative the alaph is not
ܶܰ ܶ ܰ
usually written; e.g. Ή͵( ܬrather than Ή͵͕ ‘ )ܬshe will teach’
ܶ ܰ ܳܳ
and ΉͶ ‘teaching’ (compare ͔ͼΈ˜݂ Ͷܰ ‘teacher’).2
ܶ
The verb ͥܰ͠ ‘ ܐhold’ has an irregular ethpe(el, in which the ܐ
changes to ;ܬthus, ͥܶ͠ ܬܬ ݁ ܶ( ܐethed) ‘was held’ or ‘was closed’.
ܶ
In the verb ‘ ܐܙܰܠgo’, some forms have an elided pronun-
ciation in which the -͵- is silent and its vowel moves back
ܶ ܰ ܶ
to the ܙ. This happens in such forms as Ε͵
ܳܳ ̱ ܰ( ܐܙezat; not Ε͵)ܐܙ
‘she went’ and Ζ( ܐܙaza) ‘going’ (f.). This verb also has the
irregular imperative ‘ ܙܠgo!’.
ܶ
Passive participles can sometimes be active in meaning.
ܺ ܺܰ
This is the case with the verb ͷ͗ ;ܐthus ͯͽ ̱ܗ ܰܘܘͶ݂ͯ͗ ‘ ܐthey
were mourning’. The passive participle of the verb ͥ͠ ܐcan
ܳ ܶ ܰ
have the expected meaning, as in ͕Εͼ ݂ Γ͗ ͯͥܺ͠ ‘ ܐheldܳ in sleep –ܰ
fast asleep’; but more usually it is active, as in ͕ΕΒ ܽ
݁ ͣΏ͗ ͯͥܺ͠ ܐ
ܽ ܺ ܰ
‘holding to the truth’ and ͷͲ ͯͥ͠‘ ܐholding all – omnip-
otent’ (a common epithet of God).
2
But in dictionaries this verb is usually found under the root ΉͶͮ
‘learn’, and treated as an irregular aph(el or pa(el.
102 §21 PE-ALAPH VERBS
Vocabulary
ܶ
ܐܶܙܰܠ go, a Αͥܶܐ aph. delay
ͥܰ͠ ܐ hold, seize (+ ͗), Αܶܰ ܰܐ say, a
close, o Ή͵ܐ teach
͵ܐ pe.(o), pa. press, ͷ͗ܐ ܺܰ
pass. ptc. ͷ݂ͯ͗ ܐ
compel, oppress mourning;
ܶ
ͷͲܰ ܶܐ eat, consume, o
ܶ ethpe. mourn
͗ܰ͠ ܐ perish, be lost, a; ͠Βܰ ܶܐ pour out, shed, o
ܰ aph. destroy, lose Α;ܰ ܰ ܐ bind, o
ܚΕ· ܳ
open, a
ܳ ݁ ͔΄ܬ ܽܪ gate, door
-͔ ܕܳ when ͕ΕΒͣΎ truth (m.)
ܳ
ͥܶ͠ܬ new; emph. ͕ ܰͥ ̱͠ ݁ܬ
ܳ ͔ͼܳ ͗ܪܳ ͣΎ ܽ offering, eucharist
ܳ ܶ f. emph. ͕ ͥܰ͠ ݁ܬ ͔ͦ˜ܳ Ͷ·ܳ soldier
͕Ε΅
݂ ܕ tear (of the eye; f.); ͖ܽͻͣ ܳܪ fire (f.)
ܶ ̈
pl. ͔΅ܶܕ Ͱͥܰ living
Exercises
Translate into English:
.͢ܕ ܶ ͠Βܶ ͕Εܶ ܶͻ ͔Γܴ̈ ͻܳ ͓͗ ͔܆Γܴ̈ ͻܳ ͖͔ ܕܳ͠ ͵ܰ ͣܕΒ͓ ̇ ܶͻͽ ܕܰ
̱ ̱ .1
̇ܳ ܰ ʹܳ Ζܶ Αܰ ܶ͗ͣܢ܆ ܙܶܠ ܐ
.ܬܗΑ݂ ͗ܰ ͔ͯܳ ͥܕ ܽ ܰ ܐΑܰ ܶܐ .2
ܰ ͗ܰ Α;ܰ ͕Εܶ ͻܶ ͔΄ܪܳ ͔͗ܰ ܘܢΑ; ܽ ͕ܕܬ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܶ̈ ܺ ܰ ܰܶ
.͔ͯܳ Γ ͠ܡ ͷͲ ˜͔ͯͦ܆ͶΓ͵ Αܐ .3
ܳ ܳ ̈ܺ ܰ ܶ ̈ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܽ ܰ ܺ ܺܰ
.͕ ΅͔ ;͓͛ͯܬ͗͠ ͔ͼ͗ͣͨ ͷ΄ ͯͽ ̱ܗ ܰܘܘͶ݂ͯ͗ ܐ .4
ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳ
ͯͥܺ͠ ͖ ܰܕΗͳͮܕܗ ͔΄ܚ ܬܪΕ·Εͻ ͔ͮ܆Α˜͵ ͔ͼܳ ͗ܪ ܳ ͣΎܽ ͔ͻ͢ ܳ Ͳܳ ܒΑܶ Ώ ܰ ͔ ܰܕܳ .5
.͕̱ܗ ܳܘ
ܰ ܳ ̇ ܺ ͵ܺ ܰܕͲ͠ ܐ ܳ݁ ܽ ܰ ̇ ܽ ܳ Εܶ Ͳܳ
͖ ͯܳ͠ ͗ܺ ܐΖ ܘܢΕ ̱ ͻͮ˜ͽ ܐͯ ܰ ͕ΕΒ ͣΏ͗ ͳͣܢ ܐ ܺͥ ̈ͯܰ͠ܝ Ͷͳ˜͵ ͔ͼ͗ .6
.ܬͲͣܢ̇ ͣͼܽ ͮ ܳ ̱ܗܝ ܰܗ
ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ .͔ͼܳ ͗ܪ ܽ
ܳ ͣΏ͵ ܰ ͕ ͔ܳͯ ܶܘΒ ܰ ͽܶ ͖ܬ ܽͻͣ ܳܪΕͦ ܰ ܶ
͖ͯܳ͠ ͥܺ ͕ ܐΕ͗ ݂ ͕ ܪΕ˜Ͷͥܘܕ ΕͶͲ ͻ .7
̇
.̱ܗܘܬ ͗͢ܘܢ ܳ
§21 PE-ALAPH VERBS 103
ܘܢ܆͵ ܽ ͕ܰ ܽ˜ͣܢ ܰͲ͠ ܶܬܬͶ͗ ܬܶܬܰܐΖ ܽͼͣܬܶܗ ܳܕΈ˜ܳ Ͷ͗ ܰ Αܰ ͕ ܐܶ ̇ͻͣܢ ܶܘΉ͵ܶ ͕ܰܘ .8
ܶ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳܰ ܳ ܽ
.͔ͯ̈ ͘ͼ ͵ ܘ͵ ܕܗͲͼ͔ ܐͷͩܶ
ܰ
.͖υͯܶ ;ܺ ܐΕͯ͗ܶ ܘ ̱ܗܝΑ͗ ܽ ܘܕ ܽ ͕ͥ͠ܘ ̱ܗܝ ܰܘ
ܰ ܘ ̱ܗܝΑ; ܽ ͕Ϳͩ ͔ܳͯ ܰܘܳ Ͷܶ ͵ ͣͦͳΒ ܰ ܶܐ .9
ܳ ݂ ܶ .ͣܗܝ
ͽ͖ͮͦ͠ ܶܕ ܶ
̱ ܰ͘ ͗ܳ ̈͠˜Ͷ΅͗ ͷ͘Ύ ܰ ݂ ͣ˜ܽ ͵ ͣ͗ ܽ ΑΏ ܳ ˜ܰ ͵ ͔ͳ˜ܳ Ͷܰ Αͥܘܰ ܰ ܐΖܳ .10
̈ ܳ ܰ ܶ
.ܗܘܢΕ̱ͼͮܺ͠͵ܰ ͗ͣ͠ ܶ ݁ ܰͻͣܗܝ ܕ ̱ ͦܰ ˜Ͷ· ͺ΄ ܐܙܰܠ
ܶ
1
The only verb forms in Syriac that actually begin with waw are
ܶ Ζ‘ ܳܘbe
fitting’ (§14) and ͠΄‘ ܰܘappoint’.
2
But notice that in this form the yod does not become a consonant y.
Thus it is properly not yiret but )iret, logically beginning with alaph.
This alaph is not usually written, but it can ܺbe, and all the verb
ܶ ܺ forms in
this lesson that start with -ͮܺ can be spelled -ͮܐ, for example, ܬΑͮܐ.
§22 PE-YOD VERBS 105
ܺ
͓ܰܪܬܺ ‘to inherit’; also ‘ ܐ ܰܪܬI shall inherit’. This is a borrowing
ܶ
from the pe-alaph verbs and imitates verbs like Αܰ ܐ.
In the aph(el and ettaph(al, most pe-yod verbs change the
yod to waw (again in the same way as the pe-alaph verbs).
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ
Thus we have ͠͵‘ ܐܘbeget’, with imperfect ͠͵ͣͻ, participles
ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ . Two
͠͵ͣ and ͠͵ͣܰ , imperative ͠͵ܐܘ, and infinitive ͣ͵ ܽ͠ܘ
ܶ
verbs, ΐͼͮܺ ‘suck (milk)’ and ͷͶͮ (which occurs in the
ܶܰ ܶ ܰ
aph(el only), retain the yod: ΐͼͮ‘ ܐsuckle’ and ͷͶͮ‘ ܐwail’.
The following forms will serve as a guide to conjugation:
ܰ ܶ
pe(al perfect ܬΑܶ ͮܺ , ܬܬΑܺ ͮܶ , ܬܬΑܶ ͮܺ , ܬܬΑͮܶ , ܬܘΑܶ ͮܺ
imperfect ͻܺ ͓ܰܪܬ, ܐ ܰܪܬ, ͓ܪܬܘܢܽ ܺͻ
imperative ܬΑܰ ͮܺ
infinitive ͓ܰܪܬܺ
active ptc. ܬΑܶ ͮܳ
passive ptc. ΕͮΑܺ ͮܺ
ܺܶ ܺ
ethpe(el ܬΑͮܶ ܐܬ, ܬΑͮܶ Εܶͻ
pa(el and ethpa(al ͷܶ͘ ݁ ͮܰ , ͷܰ͘ ݁ ͮܬ ܰ ܶܐ
ܶ ܰܐ, ͣܪܬܶ ܰͻ, ͣܪܬ ܶ ܰ η ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ
aph(el ܘܪܬ ͮܐ, ηͯͻ, ηͯ
ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ
ettaph(al ܐܬܬܘܪܬ ΐͼͮܐܬܬ
ܶ
The two verbs ܒΕͮܺ ‘sit’ and ‘ ܺͮܰ͠ܥknow’ are irregular. In the
pe(al imperfect, imperative and infinitive they lose the yod
and are conjugated like pe-nun verbs. ܒΕͮ is further irregu-
lar in having its imperfect in e. Thus we have:
ܶ
pe(al perfect ܒΕܶ ͮܺ ܺͮܰ͠ܥ
imperfect ܒΕܶ ݁ ܶͻ ͻܶ ݁ܰ͠ܥ
imperative ܬ ܰܒ ܰܕܥ
infinitive ܒ Ε ݁ ܶ ݁ܰ͠ܥܶ
ܶ ܺ
participles ܒΕͮܳ , ͙ͮΕͮܺ ܳͮܰ͠ܥ, Άͮܺ͠ ͮܺ
The verb ‘ ͮ͢ܒgive’ appears in the pe(al only in the perfect,
imperative, and participles. (Other forms use ܠΕͻ (§20)
106 §22 PE-YOD VERBS
Vocabulary
ܰ
ܪΕͮܺ gain, abound, ܺͮܰ͠ܥ know; aph. inform,
remain over make known
͠Ώܶ ͮܺ burn (intransitive); ͷͮ͘ pa. transmit;
aph. transitive aph. bring, carry
ΑΏܰ ͮܺ be heavy; pa. honour ͪΓͮ aph. stretch out
ܶܦܶ ͮܺ be anxious, take care ܬΑܶ ͮܺ inherit
͠Ͷͮܺ give birth to; ethpe. ܰͮ ̱ ܶ͢ܒ give
ܶ be born; aph. beget ΉͶܳ ͮܺܶ learn
ܒΕͮܺ sit, dwell ܳ Ζܐ unless
͔ͼͯܳ ܺ ͮܰ right, right hand (f.) Ηܳ ܳ ;ܶ left, left hand (f.)
͔;Α ܳ Ͳܰ womb (f.) ͕Εͼ݂ ͚ܰ garden (f.)
ܺ݁ ܰ ܶ ܺ
Αͮ
ܳ ܽ ܺͮΕ more (+ͽ than) ͔Γܶ ͮυ· Pharisees
͕Ͳ͓ͻͣܬ justice, righteousness
̇
ܶܗܪܘ ܶܕܣ Herod
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܰ ܰ ܰ ͕ܶ ܳܗ ܶܕ͖ ܐΕͯ
ܳ ܺ ܰ
.ͽ ܐ ܳ͗ ܴ̈͢ܬܢܶ ͽ͵ܰ ΕͶܰ ݁͘ ͮܬ ΅Βܬ .1
.ͰͶܳ ;ܶ ͽܶ ͥ͠ܘ ܰ Ͱͼͯܺ ͮܰ ͽܶ ͥܰ͠ ݂͗ ܽͣܢΕ݁ ܶͻ .2
§22 PE-YOD VERBS 107
ܰ ܳ ̇ ̈ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܳܶ ܽ ܺ ܳ ܶ ܶ
.͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͠ܡ ܐΎ ͮ͠΄ͽ ܨ͵˜ ܴͣܬͲͣܢΕͻ ͽ͗ ܙͷͳ͗ Ζ ܬ͕ܨ·ͣܢ ܐΖ ͠ܡ .3
ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܳܽ ܺܰ ܺܶ
.͕ܬΑܼ Ώܰ ͯ ܬܟΑ͚Ζ ͽͶ͘Ύͣܬܟ ܕΓͮ͠Ώ˜͵ ܬܬͮܰ͠ܥ .4
ܪܬܘܢܽ ͕ܺ ܬΖܳ ͔Γͮ ܶ υ·ܺ ͽ ܰܕܶ ΑͮΕܺ ݁ ͮܰ ܬͲͣܢ ̇ ͣͻ͓ ܽ Ͳܺ ܬ͕ܺܬܰܪΖܳ ͖͵ͳͣܢ ܶܕ ̇ ͔ͻΑܳ ܰ ܳܐ .5
ܳܽ ܰ
.͕ͳͣܬͶ ˜͵
ܶ ܺ ܳ ܰ
.͔ͳ˜Ͷ ܢ ΄͠ ܰͥͰ ܗܪܘ ܶܕܣΑ ͠Ͷ͔ͮ͗ ܶܕ͖ܬΕͲ ͽܰ΄ܐܘܕ
ܳ ܰ ̇ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳ .6
ܳ݁ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ ̇ ̇ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ݁ ܰ ܺ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ
ܟΕ͗ ̱͢ ͮ ͔;ΑͲ ͽ ܬ·ͣܩΖ ͠΄ܟ ܘΕ΄ͮ͠ ͠Ͷͮ ܬܬΖ ͠΄ ͔ͮ܆Α Αܐ .7
.͔ܶ ̱ ̈ ܰ΅˜͵ ͔ͯܳ ͘ͻ
ܺ
ܰ ܳ ܽ ͠Ύܰ ͔ܺͻܝ ܕΑ͛·ܰ ͺͶΒ ܶ ܰ ܶ
.͔ͻܳ ̱ ܪ ܐΕͮܳ Ζ ܶ͠ܡܶ ܺ͗Ͱ܆Εͯ͵ܰ ͔͗ܳ ݁ ͣͥܘ ܐܢ ܐ .8
ܰ ܽ ܳܰ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܺ ܶ ܰܐ
.΅͠ܪܘܬܢ͵͓ܨܦ ͵ͽ ܘ˜͵ ʹͼͯܳ ܺ ͯ˜ܰ ͵ ͔ͮΑܳ ܳ ͪΒܘ .9
ܳ ͢˜ܳ ͵ Ͱͳܶͼ˜Ͷ͗ܘ
.͔Ͳܪ ܶ ܰ ܳͼ͔ ܐ˜ܳ Ͷܽͩܶ ܰ͠ܥ˜ܶ ͵ Ͱͳ͵ܶ ͔ͯ˜ܳ ͵ܳܘ .10
Vocabulary
͓ܠΒܶ ask; pa. interrogate; ͓ܢܶ be wearisome
ܶ
ethpe. decline (+ͽ); ܶ;͓ܒ grow old, be old
ܳ ܰ ͓ܠΒܶ greet
͔ܳ ˜ͶΒ(͗) ͓ܶ͗ܫ be bad; aph. do evil
ܶ
͓ͨܒ be good; ΔΒ ethpa. be done,
aph. do good take place
110 §23 (E-ALAPH VERBS
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܶ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܶ Ζܳ
.ͽͮΕ˜͵͓Βܕ ͔͗ܗ ݂ ͳͧ ܐ ̱ ܳͻ͔ ܶܕ͖ ݁ܬܠ ͵˜ͳͯͽ ܕΓ .1
ܳ݁ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܳ
.͕Ε͗ ͣܗ ʹͼ Ε͵͓Β ܬ ͔ܰ͗ܫ ͗΅ܰ ̈ͯͼܰͯʹ ܕΖ .2
ܶ
.ʹ͵ܳ ܪ΄͔ ܰܕ͖ ܳ͗ ܱ̈ͮ͢ʹ ܰܘ͕͓ͨܒ ܳ Ζܰ ܗ·ͣܟ̇ ͣܒ܆Ώ΅ ̇ ͯ˜ܰ ͵ ͔ͮΑܳ ܳ Αܰ ͕ܶܘ .3
ܳ ܺͽ ܐܶ ͕ܠΕΓ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳܽ ܰ
.͔Γܳ ͼܳ ͯ̈ ܰͼ͖͗ ܰܕΑܳ Ώͮ ͠Ͳ ܬܗΑ݂ ΅͵ͨͣ ܳ͗ ܳͼ͔ ͵ͩͣܪ͖ ܘ ܽ ʹ·ܗ .4
ܽ .ܶ͢ͼΈ˜ܳ ͵ͣͮ
ܗܘ ܽ ͷܽͩܘ ܶ ̈ͯܰ͠ܘܗܝ˜ܺ ͵ܰ ܬͷܽͩܶ ͢͵ܶ ͓͵ͯͽ ܗ ܰܘܘ ܺ ܰ ܰ
Γܘ
̱ܶ ܶ ܶ ̱ ܳ .5
.ܶ͠ܡ Α͓ ܰ ˜ܺ ͵ͽ ܰܕܶ ͕ܠΕΒ͕͵ ܽ˜ͣ ܐΕΓܶ ͽͮܶܕ
͛͠Ϳܰ ˜ܶ ͵ͧ ܐܶ ̇ͻͣܢ ܰܘͶΈ ܰ ˜ܶ ͵ ͻ͔ܶ܆υͥ ܳ ܪ ܐܰ ܳ͵˜ ܷ ͕̈͢ ܐΕܰ ͗ܳ ܬ͕ܺܙ͵˜ ܽͣܢΖܳ
̱ ̇
ܳ ̱͗ܰ Ͱͼͻܳ ܪ͚ͤܘ
ܳ .6
.͵ͳͣܢ̇ ܐܰ ݂ ͓ܶ͗ܫΖ ܕ.ͮͳͣܢ ܺ
̇ ܰͮ̈͠ ΅͘͠ ܐ ܽ ܰ ܬΖ ܳܘ.͵͢ܘܢ
ͣ͵͓Βܘ ܰ Ͱ͕ͥ ܘܙܶ͵ͣ ͵ ܳ˜ͣܬ ܳܐΕܳ ̱ ͼͮܺ͠͵ܰ ͣΏ;ܰ ͮͤ̈ ͚͖ܰܶ͠܆Ζܺ ͔ͳ˜ܳ Ͷܰ ͠Ώ· ܰ .7
.ͰΓ͗ ܶ ܶ͢ ˜ͶΓ͗ܰ ܳ
ܰ ܶ ܳܳ ܳܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ̈ ·ܺ ܶܐ
Δܰ ΕΓܕ ͔ͻͮͼ͔ ܗΑͥ ͽ ͽ͵ Εͻ͓ ͽͼͥ ܘ܆Αܰ ̇ͣ ܶ·͔ ܐΏͿͯ ܳ ܺ .8
.͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͖͗΅ ̱͠ܬ͕ ܰܕ
ܳ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܰ Ε͓͗
Δͻܳ ̱ ͕ ܐΕ̱ͼͮܺ͗ܰ͠ ͓͵ͯͽ ̱ܗ ܰܘܘΒܘ ܳ ܽ .ܗܬΑܰ Ͳ͕ܰ ܘ͕ܬΕͳͶ
ܰ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܰ
ܺ ܽ ܰ ; ͔ͼ͗ܶ ܶ͗͢ܘ ܰ ܙ .9
ܺ
.͕ͳͣܬͶ˜͵ ͮ͠ ܕͻ͓ܪܬΕ΄ ͣͼܗ ܕΑͥ͘ ͽ
ܳ ܰ ܶ ܽ ܶ ;ܶ ̈͗ͼܰͰ܆
.͕ܬΕ̱ ͻܕܬܘܒ ܐ ܰ;͙ ܐ ͽܶ Ε͓͗ .10
§23 (E-ALAPH VERBS 111
1
Verbs that actually have a middle letter waw in the perfect, such as ܰ
ܪܘܙ
‘rejoice’, treat it as a consonant and so are strong verbs.
2
The root of this verb is sometimes given as ͺͯ; rather than ;ͣܡ.
3
The paradigms in this lesson omit the longer forms of the verb.
§24 HOLLOW VERBS 113
Vocabulary
ͣܡΎ rise, stand; ͣܬ die
pa., aph. establish; ܪܘܡ be high;
aph. raise up, set up aph. exalt, lift up
;ͣܡ put, lay ͵ͣܛ curse
4
This form is, however, called the ethpe(el in the Compendious Syriac
dictionary.
§24 HOLLOW VERBS 115
Exercises
Translate into English:
.ͣܬ ܽ ܶ ܐΖͻͰ ܳܕΕͮܰ ܺܰ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺ ܰ
݂ ͔ͮ ܐܪΑͯͼ͔ ܕͮ .1
ܶ
ܽ ܘܢ ܬ ݁ܬ ܺܕΕ ܺ
̇ ͻ ܳܕܕͮͼͯͽ ܐΑ͚ͯܶ ͔ͼͮܳ ͗͠ ܺ .ͮͼͣܢ ܽ ܬܶ ݁ܬ ܺܕΖܬܕܘ ܽͻͣܢ ܳܕ ܽ Ζܳ
.ͮͼͣܢ ̱ .2
ܰ ܶ ̈ܶ ܶ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ
͖Αܶ ͯ̈ ;ܺ ܐΕͯ͗ܕ ͔;͕ΕΒ Άͮ˜͔ͯ ܙܘ΄͔ ܰܪ͔͗ ̱ܗܘ͕܆ ܘ͕ܬܬܙͶΒܰ ͽܘ .3
.͢ܘܢͶ ̇ Ͳܽ ͔΄τ ܶ ͖ͦ͠ ܬ ܳ ܶ ͣͥΕ·ܶܘ͕ܬ
ܳ Γܺ Ώ˜ܰ ͵ ܘܗܝ ̈ܰ ܰ ܺ ܳ ͵ܰ ͔ͯ˜ܳ Ͷͨܰ ͕͙ͮ ̱ܗ ܳܘΑܺ Ύܰ
͔Γͯ ̱ ͗ܳ͢ ܰܘ͕ ݁·ͯͿͣ ܐΕ ܰ
.4
ܳ ܶ ͣܗܝ
.͖ͦ͠ ̱ ͮܺ͠΅ͻܕ
ܶ
Αܰ ͕͢ ܳܘͶΎܳ ͺͮΑ ܺ ܶ͵͢ ܰܘΐΓܶ ͻ͓ܶܡ ܳܘΎܘ ܳ ͔ͦ͗͠ ܳ ܰ ͠ܡΎ ܳ ͔ͻ͢ ܳ Ͳܳ ͛ܶ͠ ;ܳ ͽͲܶ .5
ܳ
.͖͵ ̇˜ͣܬ͕ ܳܗ ܶܕ͵ܰ
̈
˜ ܶͳ͔܆Ͷܰ ʹͶ͠ ܳͻ͔ ܰܕΎ
ܶ ܳ ͣ·ܽ ͷ͘Ύ ܰ ͣ˜ܽ ͵ ͣܡΎܬ ܽ Ζܝ ܳܕΑ͗ܶ ʹ͵ܳ ͔ͻܳ ͯ ܐΈ ܺ
ܺ Ͱ͵ ܐܦΖܳܕ ̱ ܺ ܳ .6
.ʹܳ ΄ܰ ܘܢΕͯܽ ͻ
ܺ ܽ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܰ ̇ ܺ
ΑͮΕ݁ ͮܰ ͣͿ ΈͨΕ˜͵ ͽ͵ܰ Ζ ܳ͵˜ ͕ܳ͢ ܳܘΖ ͵͢ܘܢ܆ ܘΑܰ ͕˜ ̈ͯ ͔ܶͦ ܶܘͶΒ ͣΎܳ .7
.͔Γܳ ͼܳ ͯ̈ ܰͼ͘͵ܕ ܰ ͽܶ
ܳ ܺ ̇ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳ
̇͢ ͥܳ ܪܘ
ܽ Εͳ· ܰ ܘܗ ܶ .ͰͣΎ ܽ ͕Εͯ Ͷͨ ͢˜͵ Α͕͕ ܘΕͯͶͩ͗ ܢΑ Αͥ .8
.Εܰ Ύܘ ܳ
ܰ ܳܶ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܳ ܰ
ʹͮ ܐΖܗ ܐͮʹ ܰܕ͗ͩ ݁ͯ͘ ܽͣ ܐΑ͚ ͙ ͵͢ ܐΓͥΕ Ζ ܶͧ ܕͮͽ܆Ͷ·ͽ ܕ˜͵ .9
.͢͵ ͙ͯͥܬΕ ܺ ܕ ܶ ܶ͠ܡܶ
ܶ Έͨܬܺ ܶ ܶ ܳܶ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳܶ
.ΕͿͯ ܐܢ ܐΖͼͣ ܐͮ͢͵ ͔ͻ̱ͳͧ ܐΓ Ζ ͔ͻܐ .10
116 §24 HOLLOW VERBS
singular plural
imperfect 3rd m. ͻܶ ݁ ܶ͘ ̇ͣܙ ͻܶ ݁͘ ܽͤܘܢ
3rd f. ܶܬ ݁͗ ̇ͣܙ ͻܶ ݁ ̈͘ ܳͤܢ
2nd m. ܶܬ ݁͗ ̇ͣܙ ܽܬܶ ݁͗ͤܘܢ
ܶ
2nd f. ͽͮܺͤ͗݁ ܶܬ ܬ ݁ ̈͗ ܳͤܢ
1st ܐ ݁͗ ̇ͣܙ ͻܶ ݁͘ ̇ͣܙ
imperative m.
̇
͗ͣܙ ͗ͣܙܘ ̇ , ͗ͣ ܽܙܘܢ ̇
f. ͗ͣܙܝ ̇ ͗ͣܙ̈ܝ ̇ , ͽͮ̈͗ͣܙ
ܷ
̇
infinitive ͤܰ͘ ݁ ܶ
In the pe(al active participle, an alaph is inserted in the
masculine singular (as in the hollow verbs) and sometimes
in the plural also. Thus:
ܶ ܺ ܺ
active ptc. m. ͓ܳ͗ܙ, plural ͽͮͤ͗ܳ or ͽ͓ͮܳ͗ܙ
f. ͕ ͤܳ ͗ܳ , ̈
plural ܴ͗ ܳͤܢ
passive ptc. ͤͮܺͤ͗
The ethpe(el is regular except that in forms where the two
geminated letters have no full vowel between them, only
one of them may be written. Thus:
ܶ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶܐ, ܐܶܬ͗ͤܶܙܬ, etc.
ethpe(el perfect ܐܬ͗ͤܶܙ, ܬ͗ͤܙܰܬ ܶ ܐor ܬ͗ͤܰܬ
imperfect ͗ͤܶܙΕܶ ܶͻ, ͽͮܺܬ͗ͤܙ
ܰ ܬor ͽͮܺͤ͗ܬ ܰ ܶܬ, etc.
imperative ܬ͗ͤܙܰ ܐ
participle
ܶ͗ͤܙΕܶ
infinitive ܳ ܶ
͗ͤ ܽܙܘΕ
In the aph(el the first root letter is again doubled as in the
pe-nun verbs. Thus:
ܰ ܰ ܰ
aph(el perfect ͤ͗ܶ ݁ ܐ, ܐ ݁͗ͤܰܬ,ܰ ܐ ݁ ܶ͗ ݁ͤܬ, etc.
imperfect ͤܶ͘ ݁ ܰ ܰͻ, ͽͮܺͤ͗݁ ܬ, ͻܰ ݁͘ ܽͤܘܢ, etc.
imperative ͤ͗ܶ ݁ ܐ
participles ͤܶ͘ ݁ ܰ , ͤܰ͘ ݁ ܰ
infinitive ݁ ܳ͘ ܽͤܘܰ
§25 GEMINATE VERBS 119
Vocabulary
ͤ͗ܰ plunder, o ͙Βܰ let down, o
Δ͚ܰ touch, o Ͳ aph. reprove;
͙ͥ aph. love ethpe. be reproved
ͽͥܰ show mercy (to), o · aph. permit1
ͷܰ΄ enter, o Δͥܰ suffer, a
ΑΒܰ be proved true; ͷ͗ palpel confuse
aph. confirm ͗͢ܬܶ be ashamed, a
ͯͣܠΒ ̇ Sheol (f.)
̇ ܶͻ
͔ͻܳ ͣͯͿ temptation
ͽͯͿܺ ͥܰ strong ͔ͻܳ Α΄ܳ ͣ;ܽ thing, matter
͖ͣ ܳܪΒ
ܽ wall
ܺ ܶܐ
͖ͮܳ͠ ݁ ΑΈ; basket
ܳ
͔ܳΑ͚ܰ bone ͕ܨΑܳ Ώ˜ܰ ͶͲܶ ܐ the accuser – Satan
͔ͻ͓ܳ ܳ vessel, garment, ͔ܶ ͥ̈ ܪ
ܰ mercy (pl.)
possession
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܺ
.͗ܶ͢ ͽͯ͵͓΄ܳ ͔Ώܶ ͮ̈ ͔ͮ ܕܙܰ ܺܕΑܳ ܕ
ܳ ͔΄ܪ ܳ ܰܳܗͻܰͣ ܬ .1
ܰ ̇ ܰ ܳ ̇ ܰ ܳ ܳܰ ܰ
.ͦ͠˜ܰ ͵ ͥܰ͠ ͥ͘ ܽͣܢ݂ ܘܢ ܬΕ ̱ ͻͲͣܢ܆ ܐܦ ܐΕͥܶ͘ ͮͳͼ͔ ܶܕ͖ͻ͔ ܐ ܐ .2
ܳ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ
.ͷͲܽ ͖Αܶ ܳ ͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ͽ ܐܶ ͔ܶ ͥ̈ ͓͵ͯͼܰͽ ܰܪΒܘ ܳ ͽͮ̈͢ ͩͥ ͷܰ΄ ͽܰͼͯΓܺ ͥܕ ܳ ͽͯܰͻͣͥ̇ .3
͔Α ̈ ܶ ͚ܘ ܽ .͔ͻܳ ܘܕ΄ͣ ܶܕ͖ ܳͻ͔ ܐ
ܳ ͗ܶ Α͚ͯܶ ͔ͥܳ ܘΑ͵
ܰ ͖ΑͿ ܰ Ͱͼͻܳ ͣΒ ̇ ͣܥΓ
ܽ ͚ͣ ܽ ͮܶ Αܰ ܶܐ
̱ .4
.̇͢ ˜͵ܳ Εͯ͵ܰ
ܳ ܺ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ
.͕͗΅ ̱͠ ݁ܬ ͣ˜ͶͶ͵ ͽͮ͢˜͵ Έܰ ݁ ܰ Ζ ͔Γ̈ ͻܶ ͔ͯͦ܆ ܳ ͶΒ ܗ ܕΕ˜Ͷ ʹͮܐ .5
1
Not to be confused with ͯ· (§24).
120 §25 GEMINATE VERBS
ܳ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܳ ܺܰ ܰ ܺ ܶ
.͔ͻܳ ͮ ܳͼ͔ ܳܗΑܳ ͥܕܶ ͕Ε˜ Ͷ΄ ͷͩ ʹ͵ ͯ·܆ ܐΕ̱ͻ ܐΈܶ ܰ Ͱ͵ ܐܢ .6
ܺ ͗ܶ ͣܗܝ ܺ ܰ ܶ̈ ܺ ܰ
.͖ͣ ܳܪΒ
ܽ ͽܶ ݁͘ ܽͣ ̱ܗܝΒܘ ܰ ͖ͮܳ͠ ΑΈ;͓ ̱ ܽ ;ܳ ͔ͦͯ ܳ ͶΒ ͖ͯ͠ ܕ˜͵ܬ .7
ܶ
ܶ ܘܗ ܰͲ ܳͼ͔ ܐ ܶ ܶ
ܳ ͕ ܰ; ܺ͛ ͓̈ͯ ͕܆Εͯ̈ ܺ ΐ·͕ͯͣܠ ܰܘΓܶ ̇ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ΄
ͿͲܬ ܰ ܶ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܰ ͵ܶ ܳ ܢΑܰ ͷ .8
ܰ ܺ
.ͮͽ ̱ܗܘܘΑͯ;ܨ͕ ܕ͓͗ͮ͠ܗ ܐΑΏ˜ͶͲܶܘ͕ܬ ͙ܰͥͯ ܐ
ܺ
ܶ ܳܶ ܰ ܰܐ
ܐܢΖ͓ͻܰ ̈ͣ ̱ܗܝ ͻܶ ݁͘ ̇ͣܙ ܐܘܳ ͔ͼͯܳ Ϳܺ ͥܰ Εͯ͘˜ ܶ ͵ ΅ͣܠ ̇ ܶͻͳͧ ܕΓ ܰ ܶ Δͻܳ ͮͳ ܳͼ͔ ܐ
̱ .9
.͔ͼͯܳ Ϳܺ ͦ˜ܰ ͵ ͮͣܗܝ ܺ ܶ
̱ Α;͓ͻ ܰ͠ܡΎͣ˜ܽ ͵
ܶ ܳܶ ܳ ܽ ܶ Ͷ͗ܰ ݁ ͖ ܐܰͮʹ ܶܕΖܳ Ͱͯܺ͘͘ ݁ ͥܰ ʹ͵ܳ Ε͗Ε
ʹ͵ܳ ΑΒܰ ܕܬΖ ܳͻ͔ ܐΑ΄ ͣͿ͵ ͷ͘˜ ܶ ܳ ̈ ܳܶ ܰ
ܶ Ͳܶ .10
.ͽͯ͵͕ ܗΕܴ ˜Ͷ΄ ͯ͗͠ ͣܗܝ ܰ
̱ Ͷ΄
Translate into Syriac:
1. The prophet reproved the king because he had taken
his brother’s wife.
2. Love your enemies and be merciful (use ͽͥ) to those
who curse you.
3. The apostle said, ‘I do not permit women to teach.’
ܳ
4. If one (use Δͻ̱ )ܐsuffers as a Christian let him not be
ashamed.
5. The holy vessels cannot be touched. It is not permitted
to touch them.
6. God confused all their languages.
7. The emperor sent his soldiers to plunder the city, and
to show no mercy.
8. The apostle wrote to confirm the faith of his disciples.
ܺ
9. Where is it written that the messiah should (use ͮ͠Ε΄)
suffer?
10. Do not bring us into (use the aph. of ͷ΄) temptation.
121
ܰ ‘console’ and ܰ
The few genuinely lamad-alaph verbs, such as ͔ͯܰ ͗ ͕͕ܰܨ
1
‘soil’, all pa(els, behave like strong verbs with a final guttural.
122 §26 LAMAD-YOD VERBS, 1: THE PE(AL
Vocabulary
ܳ
͕ ͤͥ see ͕ܗܘ ܳ be, become
͔ܳͼ͗ build ͖ͥ͠ ܳ or ͥܺ͠ܝrejoice
͖ΑΎ ܳ call, read ͔͚ܳ͘ choose
͔ܳ΅͗ ask for, seek, require
ܳ
͔ͼ; hate
͔͗ܨ ܳ wish, want ͔ͼ΄ ܳ answer
ͺͶͥ pass. ptc. well, whole; ͖ܳΑ͗ create
ܺ
ethpe. be made well Ͱܳ ͶΒ be quiet, cease
͔Ώ˜ܳ Ͷͥܶ fate Ζͣܰ΄ wrong, injustice
ܳ ܰ
ܳ ݁ ͖Α΄ܺ ܨ disgrace ͣ̇ Ϳͯ΄ܺ Esau
͕ܬΑͯ͗ fortress, palace ͕ܽܙܘ ܳܙ coin
ܽ ͮܺ
͖͢ܘ ܳܕ Judas2
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܰ ͽͮܙ΄ͣ ܺܪ
.͔ܴͯ̈ ͚͘ ܰ ܰ; ݁ ͓ܺ͛ͯͮͽ ܐܶ ̇ͻͣܢ
̇ ͔ܳͮ ܰܘυΎ
ܻ .1
ܰ ܶ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܶܶ ܰ ܶ ܳ ܶ ܰ ܶܳ ܳ
.ͽͼͯ͗ ܨΖ ͠Ͳ ͠ܡ ͘͠΅˜͵ ͔Ώ˜Ͷͥ ͽ͵ ͵ ܐΖ .2
ܶ ܳ ͕ͣܬ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܳܳ ܺ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܽ ܰ
.͔ͯ̈ ͥܰ ΉͶͥ ͖ ܐܘΑΏͮ ܐΉͶͥ ͖Α΄ͼͣ ܗܘ ܕͻ͔͛͘ ͵͢ ܨ .3
ܶ ܶ
͢͵ Αܰ ܐ.ܶ ͕ܬΑͯ
ܳ ݁ ͗ܺ Ͱ͵ܺ ͔ܶͼ͗ܶܪͲ͔ ܳܨ ͔ܶ͗ ܐ ܳͻ͔ ܕܬ ܽ ͵ܺ ͔ͳ˜ܳ Ͷܰ Αܰ ܶܐ
ܳ ͯ͢ܘ ܳܕ͖܆ ܳܗ
ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳܳ ܳ ܶ ̱ ܰ ܶ Ζܳ ͔Βܳ ͢ܘ ܳܕ͖ ܳܗ
.4
ܳ˜ͳ͔܆Ͷܰ ͢͵ Αܰ ܐ.͔ͼ͗ ͘ͼ͔ ͗͢ͻ͔ ܙ˜͵ ͔ͻܳ ̱ ͧ ܐ ܰ ͳΓ ܽ ͮܺ
ܳ ܶ ܰ ܶ
.͔ͼ͘˜͵ Ε̱ͻͳͧ ܐΓ ͔ͼ͗ܘ͓͗ͮͼ͔ ܙ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ
2
The proper name of Thomas in the Syriac Acts of Thomas.
§26 LAMAD-YOD VERBS, 1: THE PE(AL 125
͔ͳ˜ܳ Ͷܰ ܘܢΕ ̇ ͻͮͽ ܐΑܶ Ύ΄͘͠ ͵ ܳ˜͢ ܳͻ͔ ܳܕܶ ͖ܘܢ ܶܕΕ ̇ ͻ ܳͼ͔ ܳܨ ܶ͗ͯͽ ܐܳ ͣ ܳͻ͔܆͚ ̇ ΄ͼ͔ ܶܗ ܳ
̱ ̱ ̈
.5
ܽ
.͔ͮܶ ܺܕͮ͢ܘ ܳܕ
ܰ ܺͻ ͔ͼܳ ܳ .Εͯܺͼ; ͣͿͯ ̇ ΅˜ܺ ͵ ܰܘΕͥ ܶ ͣܒ ܶܪΏ΅ ̇ ͯ˜ܰ ͵ ͙ͮ܆ΕͲ ܺ ܰ ܰ
܆Α͓ ܰ ܺ ܳ ܐͮʹ ܕ .6
ܳ
.ͥܳ .͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ ͵ ܳ˜ͣܬ ܐΕͮ ܐΖͣܰ΄ ͔˜ܳ ͵ܰܕ
ܶ ܳ ܳ ܳ ܺ͗͠ ܳ͵˜ ̇͢ ܽܙܘ ܳܙ ͕ ܘܬܰܘΕ͖ͮܬ͕ ܺܕΕ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܰܐ
͔ܳ ܰ͠΄ ͢͵ ͔ͯ΅ ͗ Ζͮͣܗܝ܆ ܳܘ ̱ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܳ ̱ ͻ ܐ ܝ ܗ̱ ͖ ͮ͠ .7
.Ͱܰ΄ ͽܷͯͮ̈ ͥ͠ ܳ ͖Αܳ ͕ ̇ܗ ܳܘΕܳ ͥ̈ Α˜ܳ ͵ ͔ͮΑܳ Ύܳ ܗΕͦ ݂ ͳΒ͖͔ ܕ ܘ.ͯͣܗܝ ̱ ͦͳΒ ܺ ܕ ܷܬ
̇ ܶͻ ͮ͢ܘܢ
͢ܘܘܢ ̇ ܰͮ̈͠ ͕ͯͽ ܺܘΏΈܺ ܰ ͢ܘܘܢ ̇ ܶͻ ͖ ܶ ͓̈ܕΒܕ
ܺ ܘܗܝ܆ ̱ ܶ ܰͯ̈͠ ˜ܺ ͵Ε˜
ܰ
͵ ͣܥΓ ܽ ͮܶ Αܰ ܶܐ .8
.ͽͯ˜ܺ ͶͥΕ ܰ ͕ͮ͢ ܘ ܺ ͷ΄ܰ ͽͯͯ
ܶ υͲ ܺ ;ܳ
͔ܶͼ͗ܳ ͔ͼܳ ͳͮܰ ܰ ܶܕͮͽ ͻ͕ܶͦͤܶ ܐΔͼ˜ܳ ͶͲܽ .ͯ͢ ̇ Ͷ΄ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܳܺ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܳ
͔ͼ͗ ͔ͻΑ̱͕ͥ ܘ.͕Ε;͕ΕΒ Εܶ ; .9
.ͯ͢ ̇ Ͷ΄
ܰ ̈ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܳ ̇ ܺܶ ܽ ܰ ܶ ܰ
.ܘܗܝ ̱ υͥܰ͘ ͕͗ܳ͢ ܐͺ΄ ͔ͼͮΑܳ ͥܶ ͽ ΗΓͻͣ·͔ ܕΏͿͯ·͗ͣܢ ܐ ͽ ܐ ͽͯ΅͗ .10
passive m. Ͱܰ͘ ݁ ͛
ܰ ͽͯܶ͘ ݁ ͛
ܰ
f. ͔ͯܳ ݁͘ ͛
ܰ ̈
ͽͯܳ ݁͘ ͛
ܰ
Notice that the active and passive participles are indistin-
guishable except in the masculine singular. The endings for
the declined forms of these participles are just the same as
ܰܰ
those of the pe(al (§26), e.g. ͔ͮܳ ̈ Έ ‘those who are delivered’,
except for the f. singular emph. passive participle which is
ܳ݁ ܰ ݁ ܰ ܳ݁ ܺ ݁ ܰ
͕Εͯ ͛͘ (different from the active ͕Εͯ ͛͘).
The other conjugations for lamad-yod verbs are as follows:
ܺܶ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܶܐ
Ethpe(el: pf. Ͱ͚͘ܐܬ, impf. ͔͚͘Ε ͻ, imperative m. Ͱ͚͘ܬ
ܶ ܶ
ܳ ܐ, ptc. ͔͚͘Ε
(unexpected!), f. Ͱ͚͘ܬ ܶ , inf. ͣͯ
ܽ ͚͘Ε
ܳ ܶ
ܺ ܶ ܰ ܶͻ, ܰ ܶ ,
Ethpa(al: pf. Ͱ݁͘ ͚ܬ
ܶ
ܰ ܐ, impf. ͔ܶ͘ ݁ ͚Ε ptc. ͔ܶ͘ ݁ ͚Ε imperative
͔ܳ݁͘ ͚ܬ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܶ
ܰ ܐ, inf. ͣͯ݁͘ ͚Ε
Aph(el: pf. Ͱ͚͘
ܺ ܰ
݁ ܐ, impf. ͔͛͘ ܰ
ܶ ݁ ܰ , passive ptc.
ܶ ݁ ͻ, active ptc. ͔͛͘
ܰ ݁ ܰ , imperative ͔͚͘ ܰ
ܳ ݁ ܐ, inf. ͣͯ ܳ ݁ ܰ
ܽ ͛͘
Ͱ͛͘
ܺ ܰ ܶ
ܶ ܬΕͻ, inf. ͣͯ
ܽ ͚͘
ܳ ܬΕ, etc. ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ
Ettaph(al: pf. Ͱ͚͘ܐܬܬ, impf. ͔͚͘
ܳܶ
The verb ͕‘ ܐܬcome’ is pe-alaph
ܶ ܺ (§21) as well as lamad-yod.
ܳ ܶ ܳ ܺ
The pe(al imperfect is ͕ ͻ͓ܬbut the infinitive is ͕͓ܬ (not ͕͓ܬ).
The imperative is irregular:
ܳ ܰ ܶܳ ܳ ܳ
m. sing. ͕ܬ, pl. ;ܬܘf. sing. ܬܝ, pl. ܬ ̈ܝor ͽͯͮ̈ ܬ.
ܰ ܰ ܺ݁ ܰ
The aph(el (‘bring’) starts with -ͮ( ܐnot -)ܐܘ: pf. ܝΕͮ
ܶ݁ ܰ ܳ݁ ܰ ܶ݁ ܰ ܽ ܳ ݁ ܐ, ܰ impf.
͕Εͯͻ, imperative ͕Εͮܐ, act. participle ͕Εͯ, infinitive ͣͮΕͯ.
The verb ͔ͯͥ ܳ ‘live’ also has some irregular forms. The
ܺ
imperfect is ͔ͦܶ ͻ (less commonly ͔ͦܶ ͻ ) or ͔͓ͥ
ܶ ܶ ܺͻ (but the im-
perative is regular: m. Ͱͯͥ ܺ , f. Ͱͯͥ ܳ ); and infinitive ͔ͦܳ ܺ or
͔͓ͥܳ ܺ ܰ . Theܰ aph(el (‘give life to, save’) has the perfect Ͱ ܺ ܰ ܐ,
ͥ
Εͯͥ ܰ ܐ, ͣͯͥܺ ܐ, etc.; imperfect ͔ͦܶ ܰͻ or ͔͓ͥܶ ܰͻ; imperative ͔ͥܳ ܰܐ, infinitive
ܽ ͦܳ ܰ ; active participle ͔ͦܶ ܰ or ͔͓ͥܶ ܰ ; passive Ͱ͓ͥ
ͣͯ ܰ ܰ . The nomen
agentis with suffix gives the title ͽͼͯͦ
ܰ ܰ
ܳ ‘our Saviour’.
128 §27 LAMAD-YOD VERBS, 2: OTHER CONJUGATIONS
Vocabulary
ܳܶ ܳ
͕ܐܬ come; aph. bring ͔ͯͥ live; aph. save
͔ܕܳ be like; pa. liken ͕· pa. save, deliver
Ζܨ pa. pray ܳ
͕ͣΒ be worthy, equal;
͖ܳΑΒ loose, settle, come aph. make worthy;
to rest; pa. begin ethpe. be made worthy
͕ͣͥ pa. show ͕ͤͥ ethpe. appear
͖ͮ͠ aph. confess, thank ͔ܪ aph. put, cast, throw
͕ͣΎ pa. remain, last ͔Ͳܕ ܳ ܺ
or ͰͲ ܕbe pure;
͔͗ܨ ܺ ܶ
ethpe. Ͱͨ͘ ܐ ܨbe pa. purify
ܳ
ܳܽ ܳ pleased, consent Η fill
͕΅ͣ ܳܬ ͗ petition (f.) ͕ܶͥ ܳͤܘ vision, appearance
ܽ ܰ ܳ ܰ
ܳ ͕ܽ ܰͥ ܳ͠ܘܬ joy, rejoicing (f.) ͽͯͦ
ܳ ܰܙ
saving, life-giving
͕ܐ͵͢ܘܬ deity, divinity (f.) ͔΄ܪ seed
ܰܘܝ woe
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܽ
ܝΕͶܳ ͩܶ ͢ΓΈ ܶ ܰͻ ͗ͣ͠
ܶ ܰͻͽ ܕܘܰ .̇͢ ͮܺ͗ͣܰ͠ͻ ͢ΓΈܶ ܰͻ ͔͓ͥܶ ܰͻ ܕΑ͚ͯܶ ͔͗ܶ ͽ ܳܕܨܰ .1
.͔ͦܶ ܺͻͯ͢ ܘ ܺ ܶͻ
̇ ͦͳΓ
ܶ ܰ ̇ ΄ܳ ܆ͷͲܽ ͯͥܺ͠ ܰ͗ͦ͠ ܐܰ ܳ͵˜ ͕ܳ͢܆ ܐܰ ͔ܳ͗ ܐ
ܽ ͖ͣ͘ ܳܕ ܰ ͽܰͼͯܺͼͮ͢
ͽͯͶͮ ܶ˜ͮ͢ͽ ܐͶͲܕ ܳ
ܰ .2
.ͽͮܳ ̈ͤͥΕ
ܰ ܶ Ζͥͤ̈ ܳͮͽ ܰܘܕΕܰ ܕܶ
ܶ ܺ ܺ ͽ˜ܰ ͵ ܰܘܝΖܳ ܶ ܐ.͕͢ܘܳ ˜ܶ ͵ ͖ͮܳ͠ Ε΄ ܺ ܳ݁ ܺ
.͕ܕ͓͗ͮܶ͠ܗ ܬ͕ܬ ͕ΕΓͯ͗ .3
ܳܳ̈ ܺ ܰ ܶ ܺ̇ ܺ ܺ ̈ ܰ ܰ ܝΑܺ Βܰ
͕ ܘ;͓͛ͯܬͺͶΒܘܪΖ ͮ͠ ̱ܗ ܽܘ ܕͻ͓ܙܰܠΕ΄ܘܗܝ ܰܕ ̱ ܰͯܺ͠ ˜͵Ε˜͵ ͕ͣܶ ͦ .4
.Δͦܰ ܶͻ
§27 LAMAD-YOD VERBS, 2: OTHER CONJUGATIONS 129
ܳ ܰ ͔΄ܪ ܳ ͕ ܰܘ.͔΄ܪܳ ͔͗ܰ ͔΄ܪ ܳ ͔ܰ ܙΑ ܶ ܰͻ ܕΔͻܳ Ζ ͔ͯ ܗܝ ܳ ܳ ܳܽ ܰ
͔ͮΕͯ ̱ ̱ ܳ ͳͣܬ͕ܺ ܳܰܕ͖͵˜͕͢ ܳܕͶܶ .5
.͖͓ܪΈ˜͵ ͢͵
ܰ ܰܳ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܶ ܽ ܶ ܺ ܳ ܰ
ʹͮͦͯͼͽ܆ ܐ ͣܥΓܶ ͮ͢ ܕΒ ͷͩ ͽͮΕͯ ͽͼͥ ܘ܆Αܳ ͕ͨͣ ܴ̈͗ͼ͔ܶ ܶܘ ܰ ܽ ͣܰͼ΄ .6
ܰ
ͺͶ΅˜ܳ ͵ܘ͕ ͵ ܰ˜ͦ ͔̈ͯ ܳܗ ̇ͻͣܢ ܰܕΕΓ ܶ
ܶ ͻ ͕ܶͣ܆ ܘΏ ܰ
ܰ ͺͶ΅˜ܳ ͵ͣܬ͕ ܰܕܰ ͽܶ ͕ܶ ·Ε ܰ ܶͻܕ
.ͽͯ˜ܺ Ͷ΄ܳ
ܰ ܳܽ ܳ ܰ ̇ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܳ ܰͯͣ͘ ܳܬܟ ܐ ܽ ܰͩ͗
͔ͮܳ ܘΑ̇ ͗ܳ ͔͗ܳ Ζ ͢ܘܬܟ܆ ͵Ζ ͽ ܕͻͣܕ͖ ܳܘͻͿ͛ͣܕͶͳ˜͵ ͕ͣΒ .7
ܽ ͔ ܰܘΎܳ ܘΑ̇ ·ܳ ͖Α͘
ܳ ܰ ͔ͥܳ ܘΑ͵
.͕Εͯܺ ͼͯͦ ܳ ͵ܘܰ
ܰ ͕ ܶܘ.̇͢ ˜Ͷܳ ͮ ̇ܗ ܺܕΕͯܳ ܰ ܳ ܰ ̇ ܶ̈ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܶ ̇ ܳ ܺ ܶ
Εͯ˜ܰ Ͷܬ ͗ ΄ͯͼͯ͢ ܘͥͤܬΕͮܐܬͥͤ ܳܝ ͵˜ܳ͢ ͥͤܘ͕ ܘ͕ܪ .8
.͕Ε͗ܰͥ ܽ͠ܘܬ͕ ܰܪ
ܶܰ ܰ ͽ͗ܙ ܰ ͷͳܽ ͗ ܰܘ.͕Εͥ ܳ ̇ ܶ ܶܰ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰ
Ζ Εͮܗܘ ͣ͘Βܒ ܬΑΎ ܟΕͯ΄͗ͤ͗ͽ ܰ ܕ͔ͥͮ͠ ܬܪ .9
.͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ͠ܡ ܐΎ ܳ
ܳ
͕ܘܢ ܳ͗΅̈ ܳͣܬΕͮ ̇ ܰ͵ͳͣܢ ܕܬ̇ ͔ͯ΅ ܳ ͗Ε ܰ ܶ Ζܳ ͣͯ ܰ ͵ܰ ܘܢΕ
ܽ ͵ܳ ̇ ͻͮͽ ܐΑܶ Γ
̱ ܳ ܰ ܳ ͠Ͳܰ .10
.͕ܰ; ܺ͛ ͓̈ͯܬ
̇ ͔ͨ͘ܨ
.͗͢ܘܢ ܶ ͕ܕͲ ܳ ͔̈ͯ ܶܘ
ܰ ͔ܶͼ͗τ ܳ ͣΎ ܽ Ͱ͵ܺ ͗ ܽͣܢΑ݂ ΎΕ ܰ ܶͻ͕ ܳܗ ܳͻ͔ ܘΕͯܳ ܰ ܰ
͗ ͣͼ͗ .11
Exercises
Translate into English:
ܶ ܘܗ
.ͣͼͮ ܰ Ͱͻ ͕ͥͤܰ ܽܘΖͯͽ ܳܕͶͮ
ܶ ܰ ̇ ̈ܰ ܽ
Ζ ܆ ͨͣ͗ͯ͢ܘܢΕͼͮ ܶ ͻͰ ܰܗΕͮ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܽ ܶ
ͤͥ ܕͷͩ .1
ܳܶ ܳ ܰ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܺ ̇ ܳ ܽ ܳ ܰ ܰ ̇ ܳ ܳ ܰ ̈ ܰ
Ζ ܐΖ ܬ܆Α͕ ܘΕ͵͕ΕΒ ܗܝ ܕͮͽ ܐ.˜ͣͮͣܬܗͶ͵ ܬܗυͥ͘ Ͱ͗ܨ .2
̇ ͗ܰ ͼͰ ܺܕ͖ܙܰܠΎܳ ͣ̇ ͘Β
.ͦͣ ܰܕܝͶ ̈
. ܽ˜ͣ ̱ܗܝͶͩΎܕܰ Ε͕ͮܺͦ ͓ܽܘ ̱ܗܝ ܘ
ܰ ܰܕΕ͕ͮܰ͠ܪ ΄ܰܰ͘͠ ̈ܘ ̱ܗܝ܆ ܺܘΒܰ ͔Α ܳ Ͳܰ ͖Αܶ ܘ ܳ .3
ܶ
ܳ Ͳܰ ͽ Α͘˜ ܰ
ܽ ܘͲ͠ ͕ͥͤܰ ܽܘ ̱ܗܝ ܐ
ܰ ͵ ͯͣ ̱ܗܝܪ ܶ ܰ
ܰ ܗ܆Α͘͵ ܰ͠ܪ ͵͢ܘܢΒܘ ̇ ܰ
.͔Α
ܺ ܶ
.͖τ͓ܶ · ͽͮΕͯܰ ܗܘܘܢ̇ ܶͲͣܢ ܕܬ̇ Εͯ ܺ ͔ͻܳ ܶ ܐΖܳ ܶܘ ܳͻͼͰ ܐΕͯ
݂ ͚͘ ̇ ͚͘ ܰ Ζܳ .4
§28 LAMAD-YOD VERBS WITH SUFFIXES 133
ܺ ܰ ̈ ܰ ܳܗ ܳͻ͔ ܳܪ͖ ܳܙ͕ ܰܕͷܰ΄
ܳ ͔ͯͦ܆
͔Ͳ ܳ ͶΒ Αܰ ͖͔ ܐͮʹ ܶܕܶ ˜Ͷ΄ܳ ͽܶ ͰͿܰ ͳ .5
.ʹͿͯ ܳ ·ܺ ܰͳͧ ܐ ̱ ܳͻ͔ ܐΓ ܰ ܕ ܶ
ܽ ܳ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܺ
ͷͩܶ ܳܗ ܳͻ͔܆Ηͯܳ ͶͲ ܢΑܰ ܳ ܽͰ͵ ܕܗ ܶܒ .Ͱ͵ܘܗ ܰͲ ܳͼ͔ ܰܨ ܳ ͖͢ܕ ܳ ;ܳ ͺΎܳ .6
ͰΓΈܰͻ ̇͢ ˜Ͷͳ͗ ܳ ܽ ܟΕ ݁ ͥܪ ܺ
ܶ ܰܕͷͩܶ ܗΕͯ΅͗ ͔ͻܳ ͖ ܳ˜͔ͯ ̱ܗܝ ͵ʹ ܶܕͶ͚ܕ ܳ ܰ
ܶ ܶ
.͖͕ܶͥ͠ܘͥ ܱ̈ͯͰ܆ ܘ͕ͥͤͮʹ ܘ ܶ ܰ
ܰ ͔ܳ͗ ܰܕΕͲ ܳ ܰܳ ܳ ܰ ܽ ܰ ܽ ܶ ܰ ܳܳ ܰ ̇ ܳ ܰ
͙Ϳͻ Α ͻͣܢ ܐͮͳ͔ ܐΑ͗ ͣܥΓͮ ͷ΄ ͔ܳͼΈ˜Ͷܶ ܰͥͣ ܳͻͰ ܐܘ .7
.͔ͯ̈ ܰͼ͗ ͠͵ܬ͕ ܰܘ͕ܘΕ̱ͻܐ
.ʹͯܰͻܳ͠ Ύ̈ ͣ· ܽ Αͨܰ ͕ ΄ͼܺͯͼͰ ܶܘ.͔ͮΑܳ ܳ Ͱ͘͵ܶ ͢Ͷܶ Ͳܽ ͽܶ ܟΕͮ ܳ ܺ
ΑΎ .8
ܳܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ ݁ ܰ ܺ ܺ ܰ ܺ ܶ ܳ ̈ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ ܰ ܶ ܰ
͔͗Εͳ͗ Ζ ͔ ͥ͠ܬ͕܆ΎΕͮͼ͔ ܕܕΓΓ ͕ܶ ͣͮͽ ܕͻ͢ܘΒ͖͵˜͕͢ ܳ ܕΖ ͽͼͮͣܕܳ ܶ .9
.͔ͯͦܳ ܰ ͽͮܪܘ ͔ܳͥ ܶܕ ܽ ܆ͷͩΎܳ Α͚ͯܶ ͔͗ܳ ΕͲ .͔ͥܳ ܘΑ͗ ܽ Ζܐ
ܶ ܺ ܳ ܰ͠ܫΎΕ ܰ ܶͻ .͔ͯܳ Γ ܰ ͗ܕ ܰ ݂ ܐܰ ݂͗ ܽͣܢ.ܘܢΕ ̇ ͻܰ ܰܨ ܰ͵ͣ ܐͷͯͲܺ ܳܗ ܰͲ ܳͼ͔ ܳܗ
͕ ܬ͕ܬ.ʹΒ ̱ .10
ܰͽ͵ ܰܗܒ.͔΄͓ܪ ܳ ͗ܰ ͔ܳͯ ܐܦΓ ܳ ܰ ͗ܕ ܰ ͔ͼܳ ͳͮ ܰ
ܰ ͗ͯ ܳͼʹ܆ ܐ ܳ ͢ܘ͕ ܶܨ ܶ ܶͻ .ͳͣ ܳܬܟͶ ܽ ܰ
ܰͽͼͥ ͮͳ ܳͼ͔ ܳܕ͖ܦ ܰ ܰͣ͘ܩ ܰ͵ͽ ܰͥ ̈ͣ ܰ͗ͯͽ܆ ܐΒ ̇ ܰܘ.͔ͼܳ ͣ ܳ ͮܰ ͽܰͼΏͻܳ ͣ;ܕ ܽ ͔ͦ ܳ ͵ܰ
ܽ ܶ ܳ ܺ ܶ ܳ ܰ ܳܶ ܳ ̇ ܶ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܰ ̈ܰ ܰ
ͷͩܰ .͔Γͯ͗ ͽ ܢ· Ζ͔܆ ܐ ܳ ͻͣͯͿ ͼ˜ܶ ͵ ͽͶ΄
ܳ ܰ ܬΖܘ ܳ ܽ .ͽͯܰ͘ ܴͯ ͦ˜ܺ ͵ ͽΏܳ ͘Β
ܺ ܺ ܳ ܰ ܳ
.ͽͯ ܐ.ͽͯ˜Ͷ΄ ͺͶ΅˜͵ ͕Εͥͣ͘Β ܘܬΗͯͥͳͣܬ͕ ܘͶ ʹ ̱ܗܝͶͮܺܕܕ ̇
29. NUMBERS
The numbers in Syriac are nouns, standing in apposition to
the nouns to which they are attached. The object numbered
is in the plural (except after ͥܰ͠ , ͖ ͥ͠
ܳ ‘one’).
The cardinal numbers from 1 to 19 have two forms, one
used with masculine nouns and one with feminine. These
are as follows:
with m. with f. with m. with f.
1 ͥܰ͠ ͖ͥܳ͠ 11 ΑͿ΄ ܰ ܰͥ͠ ܶ ΄ܶ ܰͥ͠
͖υͿ
ܶ ܰ ܰ ܬܪ ܶ ͖ܶΑͿ΄ܶ ܰܬτܰܬ
2
ܳ ͽͮܳ τܬ ͽͮ ܷܬτܬ
ܳ
12 ΑͿ΄
ܰ Ε˜͵ܬ ܰ ܳ ܶ ̈΄Εܰ ˜͵ܳ ܬ
͕Ε˜͵ܰܬ Ε͵ܰܬ ΑͿ΄ ͖ ΑͿ
͖ܶΑͿܷ ΅ܶ ͗τ
3 13
ܳ ܐ ܰ ܐ ܰ Ε΅ ܰ݁ ܰ ܰ ܰ ܰܐ
4 ͔΅͗ܪ Ά͗ܪ 14 ΑͿ΄ ܰ ͗ܐܪ
͔Γܳ ܰ Δܶ ͥܰ ܰ ΕΓܶ ͥܰ ܶ ΅ܶ Γܰ ̈ ͥܰ
5
ܳ݁ ͥܳ݁ ܶ 15 ΑͿ΄
ܰ ܰܬΕΒ
͖ ΑͿ
ܶ ΄ܶ ܰ ݂ܬΕΒ ̈
6 ͕ΕΒ, ͕ΕΒܐ Ε݂ Βܶ 16 ΑͿ΄ ܰ݁ ݂ܰ ͖ ΑͿ
͔΅ܳ͘ Βܰ Ά͘Βܰ ΑͿ΄ܰ Ε΅ ܶ ΅͘Β̈ ܰ
7
ܳ ͔ܶͼܬ ܳ
17
ܰ ܰ ݁ ͘Β ܳ
͖ΑͿ
͖ܶΑͿ̈΅ܷ ܰͼܬ ܳ
8 ͔ͯͼܳ ܬ 18 ΑͿ΄ܰ Εͼܬ ܷ
ܳ ܶܬ ݁ Βܬ ܶ ΅Βܬ ̈
9 ͔΅Β ΆΒܬ ܰ 19 ΑͿܰ ΄Ε΅ ܰ ͖ΑͿ ܷܰ
10 ͖ΑͿ ܳ ΄ܶ ΑͿ΄ ܰ
Notice the forms that take seyame: both forms of ‘2’ and
otherwise just the with-feminine forms above 10.1
The number usually precedes the noun that is numbered,
and in this case, the noun is in the absolute state; thus,
ܺ ͚ܰ ͕Εܳ ˜͵ܳ ‘ ܬthree men’. If the noun should come first, it
ͽͮυ͘
ܶ ̈ ܰ ܳ ͔ͯܳ ̈ͼΒ
is more likely to be in the emphatic state, as in ͖ ΑͿ΅ܷ ͼܬ ܱ
‘eighteen years’.
1
But in manuscripts there is a great deal of variation in the use of seyame
with numbers.
136 §29 NUMBERS
Vocabulary
ܰ
Αͳ· bind, o ΔͼͲ ܰ pe. (o), pa.
ͷͲ ethpa. be crowned, gather
ܳ ܰ
martyred
ܰ ܺ ܳ ͷ͘Ύ
ܺ ܰ
aph. confront
ܳ ܽ ܳ ͔ͥΑܺ ͮ month, cstr. ܚΑͮ ͕ΕͮΑΓ
ܶ
army (f.)
͕ͮͣܬΕͯ͵ܬ Trinity (f.) ͕ͣΒ ܰ equal
͔ͼܳ ͯͼܳ ܶ number, numeration ʹͮܐ approximately
͔ܳ ͣͼΎ̇ person, hypostasis ͔ͻܳ ͣͻܽ fish
ܢΑͮܳ ܺͤͥ June2
̇
ͥͼͣܟ Enoch
͔ͯܰ Ώͯ ܶ ܺͻ Nicaea
Exercises
Translate into English:
͔˜ܳ Ͷ΄ܳ ͽܶ ͔·ܶ ͣΏ̇ Ϳͯ̈ ·ܺ ܶ ܐΑͿ΄ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳ ܳ
ܰ Εͼ ͓͕ ܘܬΕ͵ͣ ܬΓܶͼͲ ͔ܰͯ ܐܬΏͯ
ܶ ܶ ܺ
ܶ ͼ͗ܽ .1
.͢ͶͲ
͔ܳ΅͘Βܰ ͢͵ܶ ͽͮΑ ܺ ܳܐ.͵ͳͣܢ ܺ ܰ
̇ Εͮͯͽ ܐܺ ͦ̈ ˜͵ ͔Ͳ ܳ ͣܥ܆Γ ܽ ͮܶ ͵͢ܘܢ ̇ ܶ
͓ ܺܠΒܰ .2
.͔ܷ̈ͻͣͻܽ ͷͯͶΎܘ ܰ
ܺ ܶ ܶ
Αͯͩͻ ͕͢ܘ ܰ ͖ΑͿ
ͻ ܘ.͔ͥܳ Αͯ͗ ܳ ΄ܶ ͽܶ ͖Αܳ ܶͿͣ͘ܢ ܐ
ܽ ܶͻ͔ ܕΒܶ ͣ͵ ܽ Α͚ͯܶ Αܰ ܐ
ܶ
.3
ܰ ͗ܶ͢ ͖ΑͿ
ܳ ͯ͗
.͔ͥΑ ܶ ΅ܶ ͗τ ܳ ͯ˜ܰ ͵ ͔ܳ ܰ͠΄ ͵͢ܘܢ
ܰ ͖͔ ܰܕͣ ̇
ܳ ͳ˜ܰ ͵ ܬܘܒ ܽ ͧͳΓ ܰ ܶ ͔˜ܳ ͵ ܰܕ.͔ܳ͘ ;ܳ ͖Α͘ ܳ ͚ܰ ͠Ͷͮ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܶ ܳܰ ܰ
͔;Α ܶ ܺ Εͻͳ ܶͧ ܕΓܰ ͔ͼͳͮܐ .4
.͠ͶͮΕܶͻ ܘͷ΅ܰ ˜ܶ ͵ ͽͯܺ ̈ͼ͗ܰܬͮͽ ܙτ͢ ܕܬܶ ͖ܶܕ
ܶ ܰ ̇ Ͳܽ ͔ͯ̈ ܶ ˜Ͷܳ ͨ ͷܶͩΎܰ ܰ͠ܪΒܰ ܶܗܪ ̇ܘ ܶܕܣ
ͽͮܬτ ܬΑ͗ܰ ͽܶ ͺͦ˜ܶ ͵ Εͯ͗ܕ ܶ ͢ܘܢͶ
ܰ .5
.ΕͥΕ˜͵ͼ̈ ܺͯͽ ܰܘΒ
2
For the other months see Appendix D, p. 148.
§29 NUMBERS 139
̇ Ͳܽ ͔ͮܳ Εͮ ܳ ܺ ܳ ͯ͗ ܰ ͕ܳ͢ ˜͵ܳ ܰ ܐͺͶܶ Βܕ ܰ ͕Εܳ ݂ ݁͘ Βܰ ͷܰ΄ ͔͗ܳ ΕͲ ܳ ܰܶ
͢ܘܢͶ ΕΒ ͔ͣ Αܐ .6
ܳ ܳ ܺ ܳ
.͔ͯ΅ͯ͘Β ͔ͣͯ͗ ͧͯͻܘܗܝ ܕ΄͘͠܆ ܘ͕ܬܬ ܰ ܺ ܶ ܰ ܰ ̈ ܰ ܳ
̱ ͘͠΄
ܰ ܰ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܰ ܶ
͕͓ܳ ʹͮ ܳͼͯ ܳͼ͔ ܐ͗ ܶ ͮ͢ܘܢ ̇ Εͮ ͔ ܗܘ ܐͣͯ͗ ͣͶͶͲ͢ܘܢ ܳ; ̈͢ ܶܕ͖ ܶܕ͖ܬͶ ̇ Ͳܽ .7
ܺ ͕ܰܘ
.ͽͯ΅͗ܪ
ܰ ܰ ܰ ܳ ܳܽ ܳ ܺ ܰ ܳ ܶ ܰ
͔͗ܳ ͗ͦ͠ ܐ ܳ͵˜ ͕ܳ͢ ܶܐ ͽ͕ͮ܆ ܳܗͻܰͣ ܳ ܶܕΕΓͮܳܺ͠Ύܰ ͕ͮͣܬ Εͯ͵Ε͗ ͔ͻ̱ͽ ܐͮ͢ .8
̇ ܰ ܳ ܳ ܰ
͔ͣͮ܆ ܕ͗ͳͯͼ͔ ͥ͠ ܐͻͣܢ܆Β ͔ͣͼΎ ͕Ε˜͵͔܆ ܬΒܕ ̈ ܰ ܶ ̇ ̈ ܳ ܳ ͣΎܕ ܽ ܳܽ ܳ ܰ
ܳ ܳ ͔ͥܶ ͖̈ ̇ ܶܘܪܘΑ͗ܰ ܘ
.͕Ε˜͵͔ ܕͮͽ ܬͣͼΏ͗
ΑͿ΄ ܰ ܬܪ ܶ ͽͮͯ͢ ܰ
ܶ Ͷ΄ ܰܘ.͖ΑͿ ܶ ΄ܶ ܬτ͕ ̈;͔ ܬΕ݂ Βܶ ͢͵ Ε͕ͮܺ ܐΕܳ ͼͮܺͣ͠ ܳܪ͖ ܰܕΒܘ
ܰ ܰ ܶ ܶ ܶ ܽ
̱ܺ ̈
.9
ܳ
.͖Α͗ͣܗܝ ܰܕ ̱ ͦܰ ͯ̈ ˜ͶΒ ܷ͕͢ ܰܕΒ ܳ
͔ͼܳ ͯͼܳ ͗ܶ Ά͗ܪ ܰ ͕͘΅ͯͽ ܰܘ ܺ Βܘ ܰ ͕͓Ε ܳ Βܶ ΕܰͼΒܢ ܰܕΑͮܳ ܺͤͦ͗ܰ ͽͮυͿ ܺ ΄ܘ ܶ Ά͗ܪ ܰ ͔͗ܰ .10
ܰ
ܳ ͵ ͖ͥ͠ ܳ
ܳ ͕Εͮܳ υΓܰ ̱ܗ ̈ ܱܘܝͷ͘Ύ ܰ
ܶ ͔ ܳܗ ܳͻ͔ ܐͣ ܳ ͯܰ ͗ ͗ܶ͢ ܰܕͮ ̈ͣ ܳͻ ͔ܶͯ܆
.͖ͦ͠
Translate into Syriac:
1. 3,428 men.
2. There are two ways from which one shall choose; one
is good and the other is bad.
3. On the fifteenth day of the month the city fell.
4. The three of them went into the house.
5. The number of the elect (lit. chosen) was 144,000.
6. All the days of Adam were 930 years.
7. Enoch was the seventh from Adam.
8. The apostles took 153 fish from the sea.
9. He chose twelve that they should be with him.
10. Moses appointed (ͣܡΎ, aph.) seventy-two elders that
they should judge the people.
140
APPENDIX A
PRONUNCIATION OF THE BGDKPT LETTERS
The rule given on p. 11 takes care of most circumstances: a
bgdkpt letter is pronounced hard (with qushaya) after a
consonant, and soft (with rukaka) after a vowel. The most
important exceptions and special cases are covered by the
following rules. These rules are not always precise, how-
ever, and sometimes the authorities differ.
1. When a bgdkpt letter is doubled, it is pronounced hard.
Doubling is not shown in the script; it belongs to the
underlying form of a word. The second radical letter is
doubled in forms of the pa(el and ethpa(al, e.g. ͷ͘ ܶ ݁ Ύܰ qabbel,
ܳ ܽ
and in nouns derived from these conjugations, e.g. Η͗ܳ ݁ ͣΎ ,
͔ͼܳ ˜Ͷܳ ݁͘ Ώ
ܰ , etc. Geminate roots give rise to many words with
ܶ
ܰ
doubled letters, e.g. ͔͗ܳ ݁ ܪ, ͔ܳ͘ ݁ ˜͵; likewise pe-nun verbs in
forms where the nun changes to a doubled second root
ܶܰ ܳ
letter, as in ΐ·݁ ܐ, ͕Ε˜݁ ͵ͣܽ Έ݁ ܰ (‘a fall’). Verb forms beginning
with alaph, especially the 1st singular impf. pa(el, some-
ܶ
times double the next letter, e.g. ͧ͗ܰ ݁ ‘ ܐ ݁ ܰܕI shall sacrifice’.
2. A bgdkpt letter following a diphthong (ay, aw) is pro-
ܳ݁ ܰ ܳ݁ ܰ
nounced hard, as in ͕Εͯ ͗, ͕ͣܬ .
3. A bgdkpt letter following an indistinct vowel (shewa) is
pronounced soft. These indistinct vowels are not shown in
the script. Sometimes it is easy to see that they are present,
for example between two consonants at the beginning of a
ܰ ܳ
word, as in ܒΕͲ ݂ ketab and ͕ ݂ܨ͗ ܽͣ ݂ܬsebuta. Clusters of con-
sonants likewise give rise to indistinct vowels, usually after
ܳ
the second vowel of three, as in ͕Ε˜݂ Ͷͥ ܶܕdehleta. Doubled
letters also produce these clusters, e.g. Ε͘
ܰ ܶ ܐetlabbebet
ܶ ݂ ݁͘ ͵ܬ
ܳ ܶ
(ethpa. ‘I was encouraged’) and ͕Ε˜݂ Ͷ melleta (from ͷͶ).
APPENDIX A: THE BGDKPT LETTERS 141
APPENDIX B
THE ESTRANGELA SCRIPT.
DIACRITICAL POINTS
The estrangela script is the earliest Syriac book-hand,
being found in all manuscripts before the seventh century,
and in many later ones. It is the script in which most schol-
arly editions are now printed. The following are the usual
printed forms of the letters:
ܝܛܚܙ ܘܗ ܕܓܒܐ ܠ ܪ ܩ ܨ ܦܥܣ ܬ
These are the stand-alone forms, except for the letters that
have final forms: kaph: ܟmem: ܡnun: ܢ. Final
shin may also be cropped on the left: ܫ. The letters connect
in the same way as their serto counterparts, except for teth
which connects only at the base-line (i.e., )ܒand semkath
which, at least in early manuscripts, does not connect to a
following letter (so that we find e.g. ܒnot ). There
is no contracted form of ܐ. The estrangela script generally
presents no special problems to the West Syriac reader, ex-
cept that it is usually printed without vowel-signs.
Diacritical points. Various kinds of points are found in texts
without vowel-signs to help the reader distinguish among
possible readings from a particular spelling. (In fact,
diacritical points are often seen in texts even alongside the
vowel-signs.) Of these points, seyame (the plural points)
and the point on the feminine suffix ̇ܗ-1 are familiar from
their use throughout this book. Of the other kinds of
diacritical points the following are the most often
encountered.
1
The estrangela script will be used for examples here, but these points
are found with all three scripts.
APPENDIX B: ESTRANGELA. DIACRITICAL POINTS 143
Examples are:
ܳ deed ܰ
̇ܒ ܐ = ͖ܳ͠ ͘΄ ܐܺ ܳͮ͠ ͖ = ̇ܐ ܐwhich (f.)
̣ܒ ܐ = ܳ ܰ΄ servant
͖͘͠ ܐ ܳͮ͠ ͖ = ܐ ̣ ܐhand
̇ = ͽܰ who ̣
̇ = ͣͼ ܽ ܰ who?
ܶͽ from ̇ = ͣܰͼܳ what?
̣ =
ܳ
̇ ܐ = ͔ͳ˜ܳ Ͷܰ king ͕ = ̇ ܐΕ݁ ̱ ͼΒܰ year
ܳ ܶ
̣ ܐ =
ܶ
͔ͳ˜ܳ Ͷ counsel ͕ = ̣ ܐΕͼ ݂ Β sleep
̇ ܳܳܰ
ܐ = Ζܳ ͣ΄ iniquitous oneܳ
= ̣ ܐΖͣܰ΄ iniquity (or Ζͣ΄ ܽ baby).
APPENDIX C
EAST SYRIAC WRITING AND PHONOLOGY
To read an East Syriac text it is not necessary to learn
any grammar different from that covered in this book. The
unfamiliar features are in the writing system and in some
relatively small matters of phonology.
The script. The following are the forms of the letters:
ܬ ܫ ܪ ܩ ܨ ܦ ܥ ܣ ! ! !ܠ ! ܝ ܛ ܚ ܙ ܘ ܗ ܕ ܓ ܒ ܐ
These are the stand-alone forms, except for kaph, mem, and
nun which, as in the other scripts, have different final
forms: for kaph ܟor ; for mem ; ܡfor nun ܢor . As in
the estrangela script, lamad and (e have no different final
forms, and there is no ligature for lamad-alaph. A con-
tracted form of taw-alaph is often used when the taw is
connected to a previous letter, as in (W. Syriac
͕ΕͯͶͨ). Another taw and its ligature with alaph also
sometimes appear.
The letters most likely to be confusing to a West Syriac
reader are the following:
ܐ (alaph) has a base-line stroke and accidentally resembles
serto taw ()ܬ. The East Syriac taw ܬalways has a beginning
up-stroke, even when not connected from the right.
( ܪ ܕdalath and resh) have nearly the same shape as (kaph).
Their large square dots should distinguish them, but notice
also that dalath and resh do not connect on the left.
ܙ (zayn) looks somewhat like serto ܕor ܪ, but it has no dot.
(final kaph connected from the right) has to be distin-
guished from (final nun).
146 APPENDIX C: EAST SYRIAC WRITING
ܸ!ܒ be = ͗ܶ !ܼ ܒ bu = ܽ
ͣ͗
ܹ!ܒ be = ͗ܶ or ͗ܺ
Examples of words that have the vowel e in the East Syriac
ܵ ܳ ܺ ) and other words
system and i in the West, are: ͖( ܹ ܐ !ܐΑ͓
where the vowel is carried by alaph; the 1st singular of
ܺ
lamad-yod verbs, e.g. ( ܓ ܹܒΕ͚ͯ͘); and the preformatives
ܿ ܺ
ܰ ͻ).
on pe-alaph verbs like ܼ ( ܹܐΑ͓
1
Sometimes these vowels are seen in West Syriac manuscripts too.
2
But recall (p. 12 above) that in a pure West Syriac text this vowel does
not appear.
APPENDIX C: EAST SYRIAC WRITING 147
APPENDIX D
DATES
Syriac sources use the Julian calendar but the names for the
months are indigenous. These are as follows:
October ͺͮܺ͠Ύ ܝΑΒ ܺ ܶܬ Teshri I
ܝΑͥܳ ܝ ܐΑΒ ܺ ܶܬ Teshri II
November ̱ ܽ ܳ
December ܺ
ͺͮ͠Ύ Ͳͼͣܢ Kanun I
ܝΑͥܳ ܳͲ ܽͼͣܢ ܐ Kanun II
January ̱ ܳ
February ͪ͘Βܳ Shebat
March ܐ ܰܕܪ Adar
April ܳ
ͽͿͯܺͻ ܺ Nisan
May Αͮܳ ܐ Iyar
June ܳܢΑͮܺͤͥ baziran
July ܽ ܳܬ
ͣܙ Tammuz
ܳ
August ܐܶܒ Ab
September ܐ͵ ܽ˜ͣܠ Elul.
ܺ ܶ ܺ ܶ ܶ ܳ ܐfor
There are some variants: ͽͮΑΒ ܬfor ܝΑΒ͠ܡ ;ܬΎ for ͺͮܺ͠Ύ; ͔ͮܳ Αͥ ̱
ܳ ܐ. A later name for August is ͧܳ͘ ͨ. ܰ
ܝΑ̱ͥ
Dates are given, even in some modern sources, according to
ܳ ̈ ܰ , ‘of the Greeks’), reck-
the Seleucid era (usually styled ͔ͯܶ ͻͣͮܕ
oned to have begun on the first day of October (Teshri I),
312 BCE. To convert a date of this kind to a date CE, sub-
tract 311, or 312 if the month is Teshri I or II or Kanun I.
Thus, the date in §29 exercise no. 10
͔ͯܶ ͻܳ ͣ̈ ͮ ܳͼͯ ܳͼ͔ ܰܕ͗ ܺ Βܘ
ܰ ͕͘΅ͯͽ ܰܘ
ܶ Ά͗ܪ ܳ Βܶ ΕܰͼΒܢ ܰܕΑͮܳ ܺͤͦ͗ܰ ͽͮυͿ
ܰ ͕͓Ε ܺ ΄ܘ ܰ ܰܐ
ܶ Ά͗ܪ
is 24 June 674 of the Seleucid era or 24 June 363 CE.
Two manuscript colophons will serve as further examples
of Syriac dates and their conversion.
APPENDIX D: DATES 149
1
MS British Library Add. 12150, the earliest surviving dated Syriac
book.
2
MS Mingana Syr. 502 (in Birmingham University Library).
3
Or 25 November 1835 in the Western (Gregorian) calendar.
150
Ͱͥܰ living ܰ
͙Γͥ reckon, o; ethpa.
͔ͯͥ ܳ live; aph. save; §27 think, consider; §16
ܶ ܳ
͔ͯ̈ ͥܰ life, salvation (pl.) ͕Εͥܳ sister (f.); §12
͙ͯܳ ͥܰ indebted, guilty ܛtet
ܳܽ ܰ ܶ
͕ͯͣܬ ͥ animal(s) (f. sing.) ͓ͨܒ be good; aph. do
ͷͯͥ pa. strengthen good; §23
ܳ ܳ ݁ ͨܶ or ͔ܳ͘ ݁ ͨܶ news
Ηͯͥܰ strength, force, ͔͓͗
mighty work ܳ
͙ͨ (adj.) good; (adv.)
ͺͯͳܺ ݁ ͥܰ wise very much, very
ܳ
͕Εͳͥܶ wisdom (f.) ͔͗̈ ܷ ͣͨ
ܽ happy are (+ suffix
ͺͶͥ pe. pass. ptc. well, + -͵)
whole; ethpe. be made ͔ͼܳ ͗ܳ ͣͨ
ܽ blessed one (m.);
ܳ ܺ ܽ
well f. ͕Εͯͼ͗ܳ ͣͨ
ΉͶͥ shaph. change ͖ͨͣ ܳܪ ܽ mountain
ΉͶͥ ܳ for, instead of; §11 ܳܽ ݁ܰ
͕ ͨͯͣ͘ܬgrace, favour (f.)
͔Ώ˜ܳ Ͷͥܶ fate ܺ
͔ܶ ͯ̈ ͨ price (pl.)
͖Αܳ ͥ ܳ (male) donkey ܰ
͔ͯ˜ܳ Ͷͨ child; ̈ ܶ ܳ ͨ;
ܳ ܺ pl. usu.ܳ ͔̈ ܳͯ˜Ͷ ܳ
Δܶ ͥܰ five; §29 f. ͕ΕͯͶͨ, f. pl. ͕Εͯ˜Ͷͨ
ܳܽ ܰ
ͽͥܰ show mercy to, o; §25 ͕ͯͣܬͶ ͨ childhood ( f.)
ܳ ܰ ܳ ̈ ܶͺ΅ͨ taste, a
͕Ε͛ ݂ ͼͥ groan; pl. ͕Ε͛ܳ ͼͥܶ
ͽܰͼͥ, ͽܰͼ̱ͥ we; §4 ͔·Α ܳ ͨܰ leaf
݂
ͥܳ far be it! ܝyod
ͽͯͿܺ ͥܰ strong
ͷͮ͘
͔ͼܳ ͮΑܳ ͥܶ dispute, contention
aph. bring, carry;
ܳ pa. transmit; §22
ΗΏͥܰ field (f.) ͖ͮ͠ aph. confess, thank;
Δͥܰ suffer, a; §25 §27
ܺͮܰ͠ܥ know; §22; aph.
inform, make known
156 SYRIAC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
ܶ
ܰͮ ̱͢ܒgive; §22 ܒΕͮܺ sit, dwell; §22
ܽ ͮܺ Jew ܰ
͔ͮܳ ͢ܘ ܳܕ ܪΕͮܺ gain, abound, remain
͖͢ܘ ܳܕܽ ͮܺ Judas over; §22
ܺ
ͽͼܳ ͥܰ ͣͮ̇ John ΑͮΕ݁ ͮܰ more (+ͽܶ than)
ܺ
͔ͼܳ Έ˜ܳ ݂ ͵ͣͮ
ܽ doctrine Εͮܺ ͖Αͮܳ Ε݁ ͮܰ especially
ܳ ͮܰ day (m.); abs., cstr.
͔ͣ ܳ ʹͲ 1
kap
; ̇ͮͣܡpl. usu. ͕Εܳ ͣ̈ ͮܰ
ܺͲ͓ܢjust, righteous
͔ͼܳ ͣ ܳ ͮܰ today ܺ
Ε͓ͮͻ͓ܳ Ͳܺ justly
Ͱͻͣܳ ͮܰ (adj.) Greek ܳܽ ܺ
ܶ ͕͓ͻͣܬ Ͳ justice
͠Ͷͮܺ give birth to, a; ethpe. ͔ܳ·͓Ͳܺ stone (f.)
be born; aph. beget;
§22 ͠Ͳܰ when, while; §10
ܶ ܰ ܳ Ͳܳ priest; abs. ܳͲ ܶ͢ܢ
͔ͻ͢
ͷͶͮ aph. ͷͶͮ ܐwail
ܶ
ΉͶͮܺ learn, a; §22 ͔ͼܳ ͯͲ
ܳ nature
͔ܳ ͮܰ sea ͷͲܽ all, every; §7
͔ͼͯܳ ܺ ͮܰ right, right hand (f.) ͷͲ ethpa. be crowned,
ܰ
ΐܶͼͮܺ suck (milk); aph. ΐܶͼͮܐ ܳ ܺ
be martyred
suckle; §22 ΗͯͶͲ crown
ͣܒΏ΅̇ ͮܰ Jacob, James ݁ܶ͠ܡܶ ͷͲܽ everything
ܽ
-ͽ ܕܰ ͷͲ whoever
ܦܶ ͮܺ be anxious, take care,
a; §22 Δͼ˜ܳ ͶͲܽ everyone
͠Ώܶ ͮܺ burn, a (intransitive); ܳ how much, how
͔Ͳ
aph. burn (trans.); §22 many
ΑΏܰ ͮܺ be heavy, a; pa. ͽͲܶ next
honour; §22 ܝΑͥܳ ܳͲ ܽͼͣܢ ܐ
̱ January
ܳ ͮܰ month
͔ͥΑ ͺͮ͠Ύ ܳͲ ܽͼͣܢ
ܺ December
ܬΑܶ ͮܺ inherit, a; §22
ͣܥΓ ܽ ͮܶ Jesus, Joshua 1
This is the usual way of
writing the letter kaph alone.
ͪΓͮ aph. stretch out; §22 Cf. nun (ͽͻ) and mem (ͺ).
SYRIAC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 157
ܳ݁ ܽ ܶ ͵
͕ΕΒ ͣͼͲ synagogue (f.) Δ͘˜ be dressed, a; aph.
ܰ
ΔͼͲ gather, o; pa. call clothe
together; ethpe. and (ͽܶ ) ͣ͛˜ ܰ ͵ inside; §11
ethpa. be gathered ܰ
ͣ͵ not; §14
ܳ Ͳܶ
͔Γͼ crowd ͕ͣ͵ pa. accompany; §28
Ͳ aph. reprove; ethpe. ͵ͣܛcurse; §24
be reproved; §25
ͷ͘Ύ ܰ ݂ ͣ˜ܽ ͵ against; §11
͔ͿͲ pe., pa. hide, cover;
ܰ͠ܡΎ݂ ͣ˜ܽ ͵ (adv.) first,
§28
beforehand
ܗΑͲ ethpe. be ill; pe. pass.
͵ ܳ˜ͣܬtoward, around; §7
ܺ
ptc. ͮ͢ΑͲ ill, sick ܳ ͵ܰ bread
͔ͦ
ܙΑͲ ܺ ܳ
Εͯ͵ܰ (= Εͮ ܐΖ ) there is
aph. preach; ethpe. be
preached
ܳ
ͽͯͩͿͮ ܺ (adj.) Christian
ΑͲ
not; §7
ܺ
͔ͯ˜ܳ Ͷ͵ night (f.)
ܟΑͲ ethpe. go around
ܳ Ͳܰ vineyard ͺ͵ܰ particle indicating
͔Α a quotation
ܳ Ͳܰ womb (f.)
͔;Α
ܰ ͔ͼܳ ˜ܳ ͵ why
ܒΕͲ write, o ܳ ͵ܶ robber
͔ͯܳ ͩͿ
ܳ
͔͗ܳ ΕͲ book, Scripture (ͽܶ ) ͷ΅˜ܶ ͵ above; §11
ܶ
ܠlamad ͔ͼܳ Γܳ ˜͵ language
ܰ
-͵ to, for; sign of a definite (ͽܶ ) ΕͥΕ˜͵ below; §11
ܳ
direct object; §8
ܳ ͺ mem
Ζ not, no; Ζ ܕwithout
ܳ ͔ܳ what
͕ ̱ܗ ܳܘΖ not; §14
ܶ -͔ ܕܳ when
͔ܳ͘ ݁ ˜͵ heart
͕͓ܳ one hundred; §29
͙ܶ͘ ݁ ˜͵ܰ pa. encourage ܳ ܽ ܶ
ܽ ͕Ε˜݁ ͵ͣͲ͓
ܳ ̈ food (f.); pl.
͔Βܳ ͣ͘͵ clothing, garment
͕Ε˜Ͷܳ Ͳ͓ ܶ
ܶ ܰ
(ͽ) Α͘˜͵ outside; §11 ܳ ܺ memra, treatise; §10
͖Α͓
158 SYRIAC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
ܰ
͓ܢܶ be wearisome, a; §23 ͔Ͳܳ Ηܰ angel
͔ͻ͓ܳ ܳ vessel, garment, ʹͶ aph. reign
possession ͔ͳ˜ܳ Ͷܰ king, emperor
͔ͦ͗͠ ܳ ܰ altar ܳܽ ܰ
͕ͳͣܬͶ kingdom (f.)
ܳ
͕Ε݁ ̱ ͼͮܺ͠ city (f.) ͷͶ speak
ܶ ܰ
ܳ
݁ܶ͠ܡܶ something, ܳ what; Ζ ͕ΕͳͶ
ܳ
݂ ܰ queen
ܶ͠ܡܶ or Ζ ܶ͠ܡܶ nothing ͔ͼܳ Έ˜ܳ ݂ Ͷܰ ܳ teacher (m.);
͔΄ܳ ݁͠ ܰ mind; §11 ܺܳ
f. ͕ΕͯͼΈ˜݂ Ͷܰ
ܳ݁ ܰ ܰ ܳ
͕Ε͗ ͣܗ gift (f.) ͕ ܽͼͣܬΈ˜ܳ ݂ Ͷܰ teaching (f.)
͔ܳͼͳ˜ܳ ݁ ͵ͣ
ܽ promise ܳ ̈
͕Ε˜݂ Ͷܶ word (f.); pl. Ηܷ ܶ
͔Βܶ ͣ ܽ Moses
ͽܶ from; §7
ͣܩ pa. mock ͽܰ who; §4
ͣܬ die; §24; aph. put to ͔ͼܳ ܳ what; §4
ܳ
death
ͣͼܽ ܰ ( = ͽ ̱ܗ ܽܘܰ ) who?; §4
͕ ݁ͣܬܰ death (m.) ͣܰͼܳ ( = ͼ͔ܰ ̱ܗܘܳ ) what?; §4
͔͗ܳ ݁ͣܬܰ seat ͔ͼܳ ͯͼܳ ܶ number, numeration
͔ͦ ܳ strike, beat ܳ Α͗ ܺ ͺͿ ܳ punishment
͔Γͮ
ܳ ݂ ܶ at once
͖ͦ͠ ܳ
͕Εͮ ̇ͣ ܺܕ΅ܰ baptism (f.)
ͽͯͦܳ ܰ saving, life-giving ܳ
ܽ ܽ ͕ܬΑ݂ ܰ΅ cave (f.)
ͷͩܶ , -ΕͶܳ ͩܶ because of, ͔ͼܳ ΏΓ ܳ Έ ܰ expositor
on account of,
͖Αܳ ܳ lord, master ; abs. ͖Αܳ ܳ ,
concerning; §7
ܽ ܶ ܶ
cstr. ͖ Αܳ
- ܕͷͩ because
ܝΑܳ (my) lord, sir (voca-
͖ͣ ܳܪͤ
̇ ܰ psalm
tive), Mar; f. ܬܝΑ݁ ܳ ;
͔ܴͯ̈ ܰ water (pl.) §10
Εͯܺ pf. of ͣܬ ͔ͮΑܳ ܳ the Lord
ܶ
ͷ pa. ͷͶܰ speak ͺͮΑܰ ܰ Mary
ܳ ܳ ܽ
Η fill; §27 ͕Εͥ ݂ ͣΓ measure, age (f.)
SYRIAC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY 159
ܳ ܰ
ͧΓ ܰ anoint, o ͔Γ̈ ܷ ܶͻ pl. of ͕ܬΕ̱ͻܐ
͔ͦΓ ܳ ܶ oil ΐΓͻ ܰ pe. (o, a), pa. kiss
ܶ
͔ͦͯ ܺ Christ, messiah
ܳ Γ ܠΕͻ impf. ܠΕ݁ ͻܶ give; §20
ܳ ܰ tent, tabernacle ܰ
͔ͼͳΓ ܪΕͻ wither and fall, a
͔ͼܳ Γ ܰ minister, deacon
ܳ Γ
ܣsemkat
ܳ ܺ ܰ
͕ΕͮΑΓ army (f.)
ܳ ܰ ܶ;͓ܒ be, grow old, a; §23
ΖΕ parable
͙;ܳ old
ͽͻ nun ܰ
Α͘; pe. (a), aph. think,
͔ͯܳ ͘ͻ ܺ prophet suppose
ܰ draw, e; §20 ܳ ;ܰ hope
͖Α͘
͛͠ͻ
͖ܳ ܽͻͣܗܪlight ܶ worship, bow down,
͛͠;
͔ͻܳ ͣͻܽ fish o
ܰ
ΐ͘Β leave, dismiss, ͔Β ܳ name; pl. ͕ܶ͢ Β
ܴ̈ or
ܳ ̈ ܳ
allow, forgive, ͕ ܴ͢ܬΒ; §12
divorce, o ܰ heaven; §12
͔ͯܳ Β
ܳ
͕Ε݂ ݁͘ Βܰweek; sabbath;
ͽͯܳ Βܰ heavenly
Saturday (f.)
ΆΒ ܰ hear, a.; ethpe. obey
͠ܪΒ pa. send
ܳ ΔΒ pa. serve; ethpa. be
͕ͣΒ be equal, worthy;
ܶ equal;
pass. ptc. ͕ͣΒ
done, take place
ܳ
aph. make worthy; ͕Ε݁ ̱ ͼΒܰ year (f.); §12
ܳ
ethpe. be made ͕Εͼ݂ Βܶ sleep (f.)
worthy ܺ
ܳ ͣΒ ܽ glory, praise ΑͯΈ݁ Βܰ beautiful, fine;
͔ͦ͗ (adv.) well
͖ͣ ܳܪΒ
ܽ wall
ΑΈΒܰ be pleasing, a
ͯͣܠΒ ̇ Sheol (f.) ܰ take, take away, o
ͷΏΒ
ͧͳΒ see ͧͳΒܐ ΑΒܰ be proved true; aph.
ͪͶΒ ܰ rule (+-͗ over), a confirm, believe; §25
ܺ ܳ
͖ΑΒ
ͰͶΒ be quiet, cease loose, settle, come to
A alone ͦͣܕͶ ̇ ͗ܰ
ܰ ܶܐ ܳ
able, be ͧͳΒ also ܐܦ
abound ܪΕͮܺ
ܰ ܳ ܰ
altar ͔ͦ͗͠
ܰ ܶ ܶ amen ͽͯܐ
ܺܰ
above ͷ΄, ͽͷ΅˜͵ ܰ
Abraham ܳܗܡΑ͗ ܳ ܰܐ angel ͔Ͳܳ Ηܰ
anger ͕ ͚ͤ ܳ ܪܘ ܽ
accept ͷ͘Ύ pa.
accompany ͕ͣ͵ pa. angry, be ͚ͤܪ ܶ
ܰ ܳܽ ܰ
according to ʹͮܐ animals ͕( ͥͯͣܬf.)
accuse ͕ܨΑ ܳ Ύܰ ͷͲܰ ܶܐ anoint ͧΓ ܰ
ܳ ܺ
Adam ܐ ܳܕܡ another ͽͮΑ̱ͥܐ
ܶ answer ͔ͼ΄
ܳ
adhere ΉΏͻ
ܰ
after ܪΕ͗ܳ anxious, be ܦܶ ͮܺ
ܶ anything ݁ ܶ͠ܡ
ܶ
afraid, be ͷͥܕ
ܽ apart from ͽ Αͩ;
ܶ ܰ
again ܬܘܒ
ܰ ݂ ͣ˜ܽ ͵ ܳ ͶΒ ܺ
against ͷ͘Ύ apostle ͔ͦͯ
age (aeon) ͔˜ ܳ Ͷ΄ܳ appear ͕ͤͥ ethpe.
ܳ ܽ appoint ͣܡΎ aph.
age (of someone) ͕Εͥ ݂ ͣΓ ܰ
alive Ͱͥܰ approximately ʹͮܐ
ܽ
all -ͶͲ + suffix arise ͣܡΎ
ܳ ܺ
allow ΐ͘Β ܰ army ͕ΕͮΑΓܰ (f.)
around, go ܟΑͲ ethpe.
166 ENGLISH-SYRIAC GLOSSARY
ܰ ܳ ܰ ܳܰ ܰ
as ʹͮܐ, -Ͳͣܬ ܐ, ͔ͼͳͮܐ behold! ͕ܳܗ
ashamed, be ͗͢ܬ ܶ ܶ ܰܗ
believe ͽͮ
aside from ͽ Αͩ;
ܶ ܰ ܺ
beloved ͙ͯ݁͘ ͥܰ
ask ͓ܠΒܶ below, beneath Εͯͥܬܶ ,
ܳ ̇ ܶ ܰ
ask for ͔΅͗ -ܬͥͣܬ, ͽ ΕͥΕ˜͵
at -͗ beside ͮܶ͠ܨ
at once ͖ ͦܳ͠ ݂ ܶ between Ͱܰͼͯ͗ܰ , Εͼͯܳ ͗ܰ , Εͯ͗ܶ
ܶ ܰ
attack ܒΑΎ aph. bind Α;ܰ ܐ, Αͳ·
ܳ ܰܳ
bird(s) ͕Εͥ ݂ Α·
B ܳ ̇ ܺܶ
bishop ͔·݁ ͣΏͿͯ·݁ ܐ
Babylon ͷܶ͘ ͗ܳ blaspheme ͚͠ܦpa.
bad, be ͓ܶ͗ܫ blasphemy ͔·͚ͣ ݁ ܳܕ
ܳ ܽ
baptize ͠΄ aph.; be bless ܟΑ͗ pa.
baptized, pe., ethpe.
blessed one ͔ͼ͗ܳ ͣͨ
ܳ ܽ (m.),
ܳ ̇ ܰ
baptism ͕Εͮͣ ܺܕ΅ (f.) ܳ ܺܳ ܽ
͕Εͯͼ͗ͣͨ (f.)
basket
ܺ ܶܐ
͖ܳͮ݁͠ ΑΈ; ܳ ܽ
blessing ͕ΕͲ͗ͣܪ (f.)
be ܳ
͕ܗܘ ܳ
blood ͔ܕ
ܳ
beat ͔ͦ ܳ ͚ͣ ܽ , ͖Α͛ ܳ ·ܰ
ܺ body ͔Β
beautiful ΑͯΈ݁ Βܰ bone ͔Α ܳ ͚ܰ
ܽ ܶ ܳ
because ܕͷͩ book ͔͗ܳ ΕͲ
ܽ ܶ ܳܽ ܶ
because of ͷͩ, -ΕͶͩ born, be ͠Ͷͮ ethpe.
become ͕ܗܘ ܳ ܳ ͵ܰ
bread ͔ͦ
ܳ , Ζܳ ܰ͠΄
before ͠ܡΎ ܳ (m.)
breast ͖ ܬܕ
beforehand ܰ͠ܡΎ ݂ ͣ˜ܽ ͵; do bring ͕ ܐܬaph., ͷͮ͘ aph.
beforehand ͠ܡΎ pa. ܰ
brother ͔ͥܳ ܐ
beget ͠Ͷͮ aph. ܳ
build ͔ͼ͗
begin ͖ΑΒ pa. ܶ
ܰ݁ ܶ burn ͠Ώͮܺ (intransitive),
behind ܪΕͿ ͗ aph. (transitive)
ENGLISH-SYRIAC GLOSSARY 167
bury ܰ
Α͘Ύ clothing ܽ
͔Βܳ ͣ͘͵
ܳܶ ܶ
but Ζܐ, ͽͮܕ coin͕ ܽܙܘ ܳܙ
ܰ ܳܶ
buy ͽ͗ܙ come ͕ ܐܬ
ܶ ܰ , -͗
by ͽ, ͯ͗͠ come down Εͦͻܶ
command ͠Ώ· pe., pa.
C ܳ ܳ ͣ·
ܶ commandment ͔ͻ͠Ύ ܽ
Cain ͽ͓ͮΎܳ
ܳ commit ͺͶΒ aph.
call ͖ΑΎ ܳ ͥܰ (m.)
companion ͖ Α͘
can see able ܳ ܰ
͕ܬΑ݂ ͥ͘ (f.)
care, take ܙܗܪethpe., ܦܶ ͮܺ compare ͺͦ· pa.
carry ͷͮ͘ aph. compassion, have ͺͥܪ
cast ͔ ܪaph. pa., ethpa.
ܳ ܶ
cause ͕Ε˜݂ Ͷ΄ (f.) compel ͵ ܐpe., pa.
ܳ ܰ ܰ
cave ͕ ܬΑ݂ ΅ (f.) compose ͘͠΄
ܺ ܰ ܽ ܶ
cease ͰͶΒ concerning ͷ΄, ͷͩ
change (v. trans.) ΉͶͥ confess ͖ͮ͠ aph.
shaph. confirm ΑΒ aph.
chief ͔Γͮܳ ܺܪ, ͔͗ܳ ݁ ܰܪ
ܰ ܳ ܺ confront ͷ͘Ύ aph.
child ͔ͯ˜ܳ Ͷͨ (m.), ͕ΕͯͶͨ (f.) confuse ͷ͗ palpel
ܳܽ ܰ ܶ Ͷ͗ܰ
childhood ͕ͯͣܬͶ ͨ (f.) ͷ͘˜
choose ͔͚͘ ܳ consent ͔͗ ܨethpe.
Christ ͔ͦͯ ܳ Γ ܺ
consider ͙Γͥ ethpa.
ܳ ܺ ܶ
Christian (adj.) ͽͯͩͿͮ ΑͲ consume ͷͲܰ ܐ
ܳ ܺ
church ͕ ( ΄ ̱͠ ݁ܬf.) convict ͥͣܒpa.
ܳ
city ͕Ε݁ ̱ ͼͮܺ͠ (f.) counsel ͔ͳ˜ܳ Ͷܶ
ܶ
cling, cleave to ΉΏͻ covenant ͔ܳ ͯΎܳ
ܶ
close ͥܰ͠ ܐ cover ͔ͿͲ pa.
clothe Δ͘͵ aph. ܳ
create ͖Α͗
168 ENGLISH-SYRIAC GLOSSARY
he ܽ
ܗܘ hundred ͕͓ܳ
ܳ ܺܪ ܳ݁ ̇ ܶ
head ͔Γͮ hymn ͕Εͥ ͣ͘Βܬ (f.)
hear ΆΒ ܰ
ܶ I
heart ͔ܳ͘ ݁ ˜͵ ܳܶ ܳ
ܳ ܶ I ͔ͻܐ, ͔ͻ̱ܐ
heat ͕Ε݂ ͥ (f.) ܰ
ܳ Ε·
ܰ idol ͖ ΑͲ
heaven ͔ͯܳ Β ܶ ܶ
if ܐܢ, ͣ˜ܽ ͵ܐ
help (v.) ΄͠ܪpe., pa. ܺ
ܳܳ ܽ ill ͮ͢ΑͲ
help (n.) ͔ͻ΄ͣܕܪ
ܳ ݂ ܳܗ ill, be ܗΑͲ ethpe.
here ͔Ͳܪ
ܳ ͨܺ ܶܗ ܶܪ immediately ͖ ͦ͠ ܳ ݂ ܶ
heretic ͔Ώͯ
in -͗
hide ͔ͿͲ pa.
indebted ͙ͯܳ ͥܰ
high, be ܪܘܡ
ܳ ܺ ܰ inform ͮ͠ܥaph.
history ͕Εͯ΅Β( ܬf.) ܶ
ܶ inherit ܬΑͮܺ
hold -͗ ͥܰ͠ ܐ ܳ ܰ
ܳܽ ܺܰ ܽ
ܳ ͣΎ injustice Ζͣ΄
holiness ͕ͣܬΓͮ ͠Ύ (f.), ͔Βܕ
inside (n.) ͕ͣܳ ͚ ܰ ; (adv.,
holy Δͮܺ݁͠ Ύܰ ܶ ܰ ͵
prep.) (ͽ) ͣ͛˜
Holy Spirit ͔Βܕ ܽ ͔ͥܳ ܪܘ
ܳ ͣΎܕ ܽ ܳ
instead of ΉͶͥ
(usually m.)
interrogate ͓ܠΒ pa.
honour (v.) ΑΏͮ pa. ܶܳ ܺ
honour (n.) ͖ Αܳ Ώͮܳ ܺܐ Israel ͷ͖ͮ ΑͿͮ ܐ
hope (n.) ͖ Α͘ ܳ ;ܰ J
ܳ݁ ܰ ̇ ͮܰ
house ͕Εͯ ͗ (m.) Jacob, James ͣ ݂ܒΏ΅
ܰ ݁ ܰ ܳܰ݁ ܰ ܶ ܺ̇
how ͽͳͮܐ, ͔ͼͳͮܐ Jerusalem ͺͶΒܐܘܪ
how much, many ͔Ͳ ܳ Jesus ͣܥΓ ܽ ͮܶ
however ͽͮܶܕ ܽ ͮܺ , ͔ͮܳ ͮ͢ ܽܘ ܳܕ
Jew ͔ͮܳ ͢ܘ ܳܕ ̱
human (adj.) ͰΓܳ ͻ̱ܐ
ܳ ܳ ܰ ̇
John ͽͼͥͣͮ
ܳܽ ܰ
joy ͕͠ܘܬ ͥ (f.)
172 ENGLISH-SYRIAC GLOSSARY
time
ܳ ܰܙ, ͔ͻܳ ܳ͠ ݁ ΄ܶ
͔ͼ͗ W
to -͵, ͵ ܳ˜ͣܬ wail ͷͶͮ aph.
today ͔ͼͣ
ܳ ܳ ͮܰ ܳ ܰܐ
wages ͖ Α͚
tomb ͖ Α͘ ܳ Ύܰ
walk ʹ͵ ܗpa.
touch Δ͚ ܰ ܳܽ
wall ͖ ͣܪΒ
towards ͵ ܳ˜ͣܬ want ͔͗ܨ ܳ
ܰ ܳ
transgress Α͘΄ war ͔͗ܳ ΑΎ
ܳ
transmit ͷͮ͘ pa. water ͔ͯ̈ ܰ (pl.)
ܳ ܳ ܺ
tree ͔ͼ˜Ͷͮܐ ܳ ( ܽܐܘf.)
way ͔ͥܪ
ܳܽ ܳ ܺ ܶ ܽ (pl.)
Trinity ͕ ͮͣܬ Εͯ͵( ܬf.) way of life ͖υܴ͗ ݁ ܕܘ
true ΑͮΑΒ
ܺ ܰ ܰ ܰ
we ͽͼͥ, ͽͼ̱ͥ
true, be proved ΑΒ ܰ ܶ
wearisome, be ͓ܢ
ܳ ܳ , ͕ΕΒͣΎ ܳ ܽ (m.) ܳ ܰ
truth ͖ ܪΑΒ
ܶ ܰ week ͕Ε݂ ݁͘ Β (f.)
ܶ ܺ ܰ
two ͽͮτ( ܬm.), ͽͮܬτ( ܬf.) well (adv.) ΑͯΈ݁ Β
ܺ
U well (in health) ͺͯͶͥ
̇
ܶ , -ܬͥͣܬ well, be made ͺͶͥ
under Εͯͥܬ
ܳܶ ethpe.
unless Ζܐ
what ͽܳ , ͔ͼܳ ܳ , ܶ͠ܡܶ , ͔ܳ
until ͔ܳ ܰ͠΄ (+ -͵ or -)ܕ ܶ
ܰ when ͠Ͳܰ , -͔ ܕܳ , (- )ܕΕܰ ܐ
upon ͷ΄ ܳ ܰܐ
where ͔ͳͮ
V ܳܰ ܰ
which ͔ͼͮ( ܐm.), ͖ ܳ͠ ݁ ͮ( ܐf.),
ܶ ܰ
vessel ͔ͻ͓ܳ ܳ ͽͯͶͮ( ܐpl.)
ܰ
ܳ ܺ ܽ
ܳ ͣΎ
village ͕ΕͮΑΎ, pl. ͔ͮτ (f.) while ͠Ͳܰ , ͠΄
vineyard ͔Α ܳ Ͳܰ white ܶͥ ܳͣܪ
vision ͕ͤܘ ܳ ͥܶ who ͽܰ
ܳܳ whole, the -ͶͲ + suffix
ܽ
voice ΗΎ
ܳ ܳ ͵, ͔ͼܳ ˜ܳ Ͷܽͩܶ
why ͔ͼ˜
ܳ ܰ ܰ
widow ͕Ε˜݁ Ͷܪ ( ܐf.)
ENGLISH-SYRIAC GLOSSARY 179
ܳ ܰ
wife ͕ ݂ܬΕ݁ ̱ ͻ( ܐf.) Y
ܳ ܳ ܶܨ ܳ
will (n.) ͔ͼͯ͗ year ͕Ε݁ ̱ ͼΒܰ
wind ͔ͥܳ ܪܘ ܽ (f.) ܰ ܰ
you sing. Ε݁ ̱ ͻ( ܐm.), ܝΕ݁ ̱ ͻ( ܐf.);
wisdom ͕Εͳͥܶ (f.)
ܳ ̇ ܰ ܶ ܰ
pl. ܘܢΕ݁ ̱ ͻ( ܐm.), ͽͮΕ݁ ̱ ͻ( ܐf.)
wise ͺͯͳ݁ ͥܰ
ܺ
wish (v.) ͔͗ܨ ܳ
wish (n.) ͔ͼͯ͗
ܳ ܳ ܶܨ
with -͗, ͺ΄
ܰ
within (ͽ) ͣ͛˜
ܶ ܰ ͵
ܳ
without Ζܕ
witness, bear ;͢ܕ ܶ pe.,
aph.
woe ܰܘܝ
ܳ ܰ
woman ͕ ݂ܬΕ݁ ̱ ͻ( ܐf.)
womb ͔;Α ܳ Ͳܰ (f.)
wonder ͢ܬ ܰ
ܳ ܶ
word ͕Ε˜݂ Ͷ (f.)
work ͧͶ·
ܰ
world ͔˜ ܳ Ͷ΄ܳ
worship (v.) ͛͠; ܶ
worthy ͕ͣܶ Βܳ
worthy, make ͕ͣΒ aph.
ܳ ܪܘ
wrath ͕ ͚ͤ ܽ
wretched ͕ܳܕ ܶܘ
ܰ
write ܒΕͲ
ܳ ܰ
wrong (n.) Ζͣ΄