Vertical

pressure

Fluid exerts forces to surface including

perpendicular any
imaginary lines
ft datum

t IZ for equilibrium E Fye 0

yw Iz P At W EA C

P t
ptg Pz O

P t CZ Zz Pz C P p Zi Zz
Pg pg

t.gr pg

Pressure
of a fluid inside any container only varies with height
through
p pgh

ft 4
 dahm

I
I p p p gCz 2d

µ gafaces pg
p is

pi
I pa pgl h E FO

for a continuum fluid the pressure is The same at

any given
horizontal level The surface t few must also be the same
for surfaces that are exposed To the same atmospheric
pressure

IPobs Pgange t Rtm 1

Barometers measure
atmospheric pressure

Bourdon measures
gap gaze pressure

In most applications Paton is setto be the datum of pressie therefore

all other
pressures
are measured as
gauge pessin

Standard Atm at sea level 1.013 bar 101.3hPa

76CmmHg
 g
14.7psi
10.33 on H2O

1 for 1mmHg at 0 C

Water can
seep through the ground and travel across a barrier if
it gets too high high pressure
Manometers

static tube Piezometer

s
U tube manometer

Usedto measure
guyspressure of a fluid where the working fluid is
denser to allow far easier reading

Bhzq
9hi B P9he.Po pmshi pgn
I
me

Po
 Pa

I
at
Industrial U tube manometer

much larger in in order to keep fixed datum for

ne leg is area a

more convenience in

I
Pa Pa pg h Oh

t.tt ht
n
Volume of fluid transfer must bethesame

2 on iTr hi oh r h
I oh

if rz77h II 0 Pa pgh

Inclined U tube manometer

More
precision Charge in it is greater than
Gas change rn h

PA Pa pgls.info
 a
I
Differential U Tube manometer

Measuring
pressure
difference between 2 vessels

C 8 PAtPo9hatpmghs Potp.gh
Pbgy
ftp

Invented U tube manometer

ddm Pa BesetPmghztpog.hn
µ
Pb
yj.pro Po Boc'spogh

1h Pascu Reach

Po poigh Pa paghs Pmghz

Inverted U tube manometer is ideal when meashining small pressiedifferences

using air as working fluid

since pain f po and po Po poigh Pa paghs

If vessels are also at thesame level hi hathz Po pong h th2 PA Pagh3

Po Pbghs p'pghz PA paghz Pb pas pa ghztpbghz PA