1

10th standard

SCIENCE PRACTICALS

BIOLOGY - I SEMESTER.

BOTANY
1. Dissect and display the floral parts Calyx, Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium of any locally
available flower.
2. Identify the given slide and write reasons for your identification with neat labelled diagram.
3. Identify the given physiological experiment and write aim, materials required, procedure and
inference of the experiment ( no need to draw diagrams)

ZOOLOGY

4 . To find the presence of starch in the given food samples A and B by Iodine test method.

5. Identify the given slides and write the significance of the slide with diagram.

6. Calculate the BMI of a person using BMI formula.

BIOLOGY – II SEMESTER

BOTANY

1. Identify the given seed and classify whether it is dicot or monocot seed. Dissect and display the
parts of the seed for evaluation.

2. Classify the given fruit and give reasons with diagram.

3. Identify the given physiological experiment and write the aim, materials required, procedure and
inference of the experiment.(no need to draw diagram)

ZOOLOGY

4. To detect the presence of lipid in the given food samples A and B by saponification method.
5. Identify the given human models and write short notes with diagram.

6. Identify the flag labelled endocrine gland.

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 X Std – SCIENCE - PRACTICALS
BIOLOGY – I TERM

PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS

1.To Dissect and display the parts of a flower (any one)

a) Hibiscus, Datura, clitoria and Thespesia.
b) Separate out the calyx, corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium and display them on a separate
Sheet

c) Draw neat labeled sketch of the floral parts.

d) Marks: Dissection - 1 ½

Display - 1 1/2 3

Diagram + parts – 1+1 = 2

2. To identify the given slide and to draw neat labeled diagram with notes (any one )
1. C.S of Anther
2. L.S of ovule

Identification – 1
Reasons - 2x1 = 2
Diagram + parts – 1+1 = 2

3.To demonstrate the fermentation process.

The physiological experiments must be demonstrated in the laboratory during practical hours.
For the examination the experimental setup alone should be displayed.
Students should identify the experimental setup and write notes on it

Identification
Aim -1
Material required - 1
Procedure - 1
Observation – 1
Inference – 1
4.To test the presence of starch by iodine test method.
Sample A & B – One Sample Should contain Starch solution and the other should be a
dummy sample.

( Starch Sample – Potato extract, Starch powder, Rice Water – anyone can be used )
Material required - 1
Procedure -1
Table – 2
Result -1

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5.To identify the given slide and to write notes with neat labeled diagram.
1.Plasmodium
2.Red blood corpuscles (RBC)
3.White blood corpuscles (WBC)

Identification – 1
Reason - 2x1 - 2

Diagram + parts – 2
6.To calculate the Body Mass Index using BMI formula.

Material required - 1
Procedure -1
Table – 2
Inference – 1

Biology – II Semester

1.To identify the given seed Whether it is a Dicot or a monocot seed.

1.Bean, Bengal gram, Paddy, Maize (any one)
2.The cotyledons of the seed should be separated and displayed.
3.Neat labeled diagram of the structure of seed should be drawn.
Classification -1
Dissect and Display -2
Diagram + parts – 2

2.To identify and classify the given fruit.

1. Simple fleshy fruit - Tomato

2. Aggregate fruit - Polyalthia (any one)
3. Multiple fruit - Jack fruit

Classification -1
Diagram + parts – 2
Reasons -2

3. To demonstrate that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis by test tube and funnel experiment.

The physiological experiments must be demonstrated in the laboratory during practical hours.

For the examination the experimental set up should be displayed.

Students should identify the experimental set up and write notes on it.

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 Identification

Aim –1

Material required – 1
Procedure - 1
Observation -1
Inference -1

4 .To test the presence of lipid by Soapanification test method -

Sample A&B - One Sample should contain lipid solution and the other should be a dummy
solution.
(Lipid sample – any plant oil )
Material required – 1
Procedure – 1
Table – 2
Result -1
5. To Identify given human models.
1.Human Heart
2. Human Kidney
3.Human brain
Identification - 1
Diagram + Parts - 2
Notes - 2

6. Identify the flag labelled endocrine gland.

1.Endocrine glands – (a) Thyroid gland

(b) Pancreas – Islets of longerhans

(c) Adrenal gland

2. Any one endocrine gland should be flag labeled. For the purpose of flag labelling a
model or a chart or a neat drawn diagram showing all endocrine glands should be used.

MARKS ALLOTMENT

Identification - 1 mark
Location - 1 mark
Hormones secreted - 1 mark
Any two functions - 2 marks.

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Ex.No:1 Dissect and display the floral parts like Calyx, Corolla, Androecium
and Gynoecium of any locally available flower.

Floral parts

1. Calyx Accessory Organs

2. Corolla
3. Androecium – Male parts of the flower
4. Gynoecium – Female parts of the flower

Calyx Corolla

Androecium Gynoecium

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Ex. No : 2 Identify the given slide with help of microscope.
a. T.S of Anther
1. Each anther lobe is covered by 4 layered wall.
2. The inner most layer of the wall is called tapetum.
3. Inner to the anther wall pollen sac (microspore) with pollen mother cell
(micropore mother cell ) is present.
4. The pollen mother cell divides meiotically to produce pollen grains.

Epidermis

(b) L.S of mature ovule.

1.The ovule consists of central nucleus surrounded by two protective coats called integuments.
2.The integuments leave a small opening at the apex of the ovule called micropyle.
3.The embryosac is found inside the nucellus.
4.Embryosac contains Eight nuclei.

DIAGRAM

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Ex.No:3 Fermentation Experiment (Anaerobic Respiration)
Aim:

To prove the fermentation process.

Materials Required:

Sugar solution, Baker’s yeast, conical flask (250ml), Beaker and Lime water.

Procedure:

1. Take sugar solution with small quantity of baker’s yeast in a (2/3) conical flask.
2. Close the mouth of the conical flask with one holed rubber cork and insert a delivery
tube in the cork.
3. Immerse the other end of the delivery tube in a beaker containing lime water.
4. Keep the apparatus in sunlight for 2 hours.

Observation:

1. After 2 hours, it is observed that lime water in the beaker turns milky.
2. Remove the stopper of the flask and an alcoholic smell is observed.

Inference:

Due to fermentation of sugar solution,CO2is released and ethanol is formed.

The CO2 turns the lime water milky and the smell is due to the formation of ethanol.

Hence the process of fermentation is proved

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Ex.no: 4 Test for Starch ( Iodine test)

Aim:

To find out the presence of starch in the given food samples A and B by Iodine test.

Materials Required:

Food sample A and B, Iodine solution, Test tubes, Test tube holder, Test tube stand etc.

Procedure:

1. Take 1ml of food samples A and B in two different test tubes.

2. Add one drop of Iodine solution into each of the test tubes and mix well.
3. Note the changes occurring in the colour and tabulate the results.

Observation:

Sample A :

Sample B :

Table:

Sample Observation Inference

Result:

Appearance of dark blue colour in the Sample ------- indicates the presence of Starch in it.

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Ex.No :5

Identify the given slide, draw neat labelled diagram and write a note on it.

A) R.B.C

Identification:

The given slide is identified as Red Blood Corpuscles - (Erythrocytes)

__plasma Membrane

Thin Central Portion

Notes:

1. RBCs are circular, biconcave and disc shaped.

2. The young RBCs have nuclei but the mature RBCs do not have nuclei.
3. RBCs are red due to the presence of a respiratory pigment called
haemoglobin.
4. RBCs are concerned with carriage of oxygen.
5. Decrease in RBCs causes Anaemia, Increase in number
causesPolycythemia.

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B) White Blood Corpuscles (Leucocyte)

Identification:

The given slide is identified as White Blood Corpuscles (Leucocyte)

Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil

Lymphocyte Monocyte

Notes:

1. WBCs are amoeboid in shape.

2. WBCs have a prominent nuclei.
3. WBCs are concerned with phagocytosis of foreign germs and production
of antibodies which provides immunity against infection.
4. There are five different types of WBC.
5. Increase in WBCs causes Leukemia, decrease in number causes
Leukopenia.

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C) Plasmodium

Identification:

The given slide is identified as Plasmodium.

______ Cytoplasam

________Nucleus

________Sporozoite Stage

Notes:

1. Plasmodium is a protozoan organism.

2. Plasmodium parasite causes Malaria.
3. Plasmodium is transmitted to man through female Anopheles mosquito.
4. Life cycle of Plasmodium requires two hosts namely man and female
Anopheles mosquito.
5. The infective stage of Plasmodium is Sporozoite.

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Ex.No : 6.

To calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) of a person, by using the BMI
formula and comparing the value with BMI chart.
Aim:

To calculate the BMI of any one of your classmates by using BMI formula.

Requirements:

Weighing machine, measuring tape.

Procedure:

Find out the weight in kg of your classmate by using weigh machine.

Find out the height in meter of the same person. Convert the height into meter2 .

By using the formula:

BMI

Find out the BMI and record.

Students Weight in Height in Height in

Sl.No BMI
Name Kg Meter Meter2

Note: BMI - Below 19 is Lean, 19-25 is Normal, 26 and above is Obese.

Inference: 1. BMI of my classmate Sl.No 1. is and he/she is

2.BMI of my classmate Sl.No 2. is and he/she is

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 SCIENCE - BIOLOGY - PRACTICALS
II - SEMESTER

BOTANY
EXPERIMENT .NO.1

Identify the given seed and classify whether it is dicot seed or monocot seed.

Dissect and display the seed.

DICOT SEEDS

ENTIRE SEED L.S OF THE SEED

MONOCOT SEEDS

ENTIRE SEED L.S OF THE SEED

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Classify the given fruit and give reasons with diagram.

(A) -TOMATO
(i) Classification : - Simple fleshy fruit – Berry – Tomato
(ii) Reasons : -
(1) Fruit is developed from the single flower, multicarpellary, syncarpous and

superior ovary.

(2) The succulent pericarp is differentiated into outer epicarp , middle fleshy mesocarp

and inner endocarp.

(3) The mesocarp and endocarp are fused to form the fleshy pulp where the seeds are

embedded

(4) The entire fruit is edible.

(iii) Diagram

Epicarp
Mesocarp and Endocarp
Seed

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(B) Polyalthia
(i) Classification: Aggregate fruit – Polyalthia
(ii) Reasons: -
(1) Polyalthia develops from the single flower with
multicarpellary apocarpous ovary.
(2) During fruit formation each free carpel develops into
fruitlet.
(3) So, there are many fruitlets seen attached to a common stalk.

(iii) Diagram

Stalk of the fruit

Receptacle
Fruit let

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(C) Jack fruit
(i) Classification: Multiple fruit- Jack fruit
(ii) Reasons
(1) The entire female inflorescence develops into a single fruit.
(2) The fertilized flowers develop into fruitlets.
(3) The perianth develops into fleshy edible part.
(4) The membranous bag around the seed is the pericarp.

(iii) Diagram

Peduncle
Edible Perianth
Seed

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EXPERIMENT NO.3

TEST TUBE AND FUNNEL EXPERIMENT

AIM: To prove that Oxygen is evolved during Photosynthesis.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Test tube, funnel, beaker, pound water and Hydrilla plant.

PROCEDURE:

(1) Take a few twigs of Hydrilla plant in a beaker containing pond water.
(2) Place an inverted funnel over the plant.
(3) Invert a test tube filled with water over the stem of the funnel.
(4) Keep the apparatus in the Sunlight for few hours.

OBSERVATION:
After one hour, it is noted that water gets displaced down from the test tube.

INFERENCE:
During Photosynthesis Oxygen is evolved as a by product. Gas bubbles liberated from
the Hydrilla plant reach the top of the test tube and it displaces the water downwards.
Take the Test tube and keep the burning stick near the mouth of the Test tube.
Increased flame will be appeared. Hence, it is proved that Oxygen is evolved during
photosynthesis.

DIAGRAM:

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 ZOOLOGY

EXPERIMENT NO.4

Test for lipids (Saponification Test)

AIM:

To find out the presence of Fat in the given food samples A and B by saponification test.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Test tubes , Test tube holder and Test tube stand, Food samples A and B, 5%
NaOH etc.

PROCEDURE:

(1) Take 1 ml of sample solution A and B in a clean test tube separately

(2) Add 2 ml of 5% NaOH in each test tube and shake well.
(3) After noting the changes the reslts are tabulated.

OBSERVATION:

Sample A ----------------------

Sample B ------------------------

Sample Observation Inference

A
B

RESULT

Appearance of soapy solution in sample ------------ indicate the presence of Fat in it.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 5

Identification of given models

A) HUMAN HEART

IDENTIFICATION

The given model is identified as Human Heart.

DIAGRAM

NOTES:

1. Heart is a hollow fibro muscular organ, which is conical in shape.

2. Heart is covered by a protective double walled sac called pericardium.

3. Heart is made up of a special type of muscle called cardiac muscle.

4. It has four chambers namely two auricles and two ventricles.

5. Heart is a pumping organ which pumps blood to all parts of the body.

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 B) HUMAN BRAIN:

IDENTIFICATION: The given model is identified as Human Brain.

DIAGRAM

NOTES:
1. Human brain is placed inside the cranial cavity.

2. It is covered by three protective coverings called meninges.

3. Human brain is divided into three major parts namely forebrain,midbrain and

hind brain.

4. Human Brain contains millions of neurons.

5. Brain acts as a command and co-ordinating system of human body.

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C) HUMAN KIDNEY

IDENTIFICATION:

The given model is identified as Human Kidney.

DIAGRAM:

NOTES:

1. Kidney is the principal excretory organ of our body.

2. Kidney is bean shaped paired structure and located in the upper abdominal

region.

3. A thin transparent membrane called capsule covers the kidney.

4. The outer portion of the kidney is renal cortex and the inner portion is renal

medulla.

5. Kidney is made up of millions of functional units called nephrons.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 6
Identify the flag labelled endocrine gland and write its location, hormones secreted
and any two of its functions.

(No need to draw the diagram)

1.Endocrine glands – (a) Thyroid gland

(b) Pancreas – Islets of longerhans

(c) Adrenal gland

2. Any one endocrine gland should be flag labelled. For the purpose of flag labelling a
model or a chart or a neat drawn diagram showing all endocrine glands should be used.

Diagram showing various Endocrine Glands

(Mark Any One of the given Endocrine Gland for Practical)

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6 (a) THYROID GLAND
Identification :

The marked endocrine gland is identified as Thyroid gland

Location :

Thyroid gland is a bilobed gland located in the neck region on either side of the Trachea.

Hormones secreted: Thyroxine

Functions of Hormones:

1. Thyroxine increases the basal metabolic rate (BMR).

2. It increases the body temperature.

3. It is a personality hormone.

4. It regulates Iodine and sugar level in the blood.

5. Deficiency of thyroxine results in Simple goiter, Myxoedema and

cretinism. Excessive secretion causes Grave's diseases.

6 (b) PANCREAS – ISLETS OF LONGERHANS

Identification:
The marked endocrine gland is identified as Islets of Longerhans in the Pancreas.

Location:
Islets of Longerhans are seen embedded in Pancreas which is located in the abdominal
region.

Hormones secreted:
1. α cells secrete glucagon and
2. β cells secrete Insulin and amylin.

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 Functions of Hormones:
1. Insulin converts glucose into glycogen.
2. Glucagon converts glycogen into glucose.
Insulin and glucagon together controls the blood sugar level
(80 – 120 mg/100ml) by their antagonistic function.
3. Decrease in Insulin level causes Diabetes mellitus.

-------

6.(c) ADRENAL GLAND

Identification:
The marked endocrine gland is Adrenal gland.

Location:
Adrenal glands are located above each kidney in the abdominal region.

Hormones secreted:
Adrenal cortex – Aldosterone and Cortisone.
Adrenal medulla – Adrenaline and Nor-Adrenaline

Functions of Hormones:
1. Aldosterone – Regulates mineral metabolism.

2. Cortisone - Regulates carbohydrate metabolism.

3. Adrenalin and Nor Adrenalin – prepare the body to face the stress and

emergency conditions.

4. Adrenalin and Nor Adrenalin hormones are called Emergency hormones and

they increase the heart beat rate and respiratory rate.

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 List of Practical’s in Physics for Class X

Semester I
1. Screw Gauge
2. Ohms Law Verification
3. Resistance in Series

Semester II

4. Focal length of a Convex Lens

5. Glass Prism
6. Mapping of the Magnetic Field.

10th Standard Science Practicals

Physics – Semester– I

1. Find the thickness of the given one Rupee coin using a Screw gauge.
2. To study the dependence of the potential difference across a resister on the current through it and
to determine its resistance to verify the ohm's laws.
3. Determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors connected in series.

Physics – Semester– II

4. Find the focal length of the convex lens by (i) u-v Method (ii) Graphical Method
5. Determine the angle of deviation of the given prism
6. Map the magnetic field due to a bar magnet placed in a Magnetic meridian with its North Pole
pointing towards north.

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 PHYSICS MARK DISTRIBUTION

SEMESTER – I

1. SCREW GAUGE
a. Least count - 1 mark
b. Procedure - 1 mark
c. Tabulation - 1+1 mark
d. Result +unit - 1 mark
2. Ohms Law
a. Formula - 1/2 mark
b. Circuit Diagram - 1/2 mark
c. Procedure - 1 mark
d. Tabulation - 1 mark
e. Graph - 1 mark
f. Result + unit - 1 mark
3. Resistance in Series
a. Formula - 1/2 mark
b. circuit Diagram - 1/2 mark
c. Procedure - 1 mark
d. Tabulation - 1+1 mark
e. Result + unit - 1 mark
4. Convex Lens
a. Formula - 1 mark
b. Procedure - 1 mark
c. Tabulation - 1 mark
d. Graph - 1 mark
e. Result + unit- 1 mark
5. Glass Prism
a. Diagram - 1 mark
b. Procedure - 1 mark
c. Tabulation - 1+ 1 mark
d. Result + unit- 1 mark
6. Mapping of the Magnetic Field.
a. Magnetic meridian - 1 mark
b. Procedure - 1 mark
c. Tabulation - 1+ 1 mark
d. Result + unit- 1 mark

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 1.Screw Gauge
Aim
To find out the thickness of the given one rupee coin.

Materials required
Screw gauge, One rupee coin

Formula
Least count = Pitch
No. Of HSD

Thickness = P.S.R + (H.S.C X L.C) ± Z.C (mm)

Figure : Screw gauge

Positive error Negative error No error

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Procedure
1. The least count of the screw gauge is found by using the formula
2. Zero error of the screw gauge is found in the following way. The plane surface of the
screw S2 and the opposite plane stud on the frame S1are brought into contact. If zero of
head scale coincides with the pitch scale axis, there is no zero error. If the zero of the
head scale lies below the pitch scale axis, the zero error is positive. If the nth division of
the head scale coincides with the pitch scale axis

ZE = + (n × LC )

Then the zero correction is ZC = - (n × LC )

If the zero of the head scale lies above the pitch scale axis, the zero error is negative. If the nth
division of the head scale coincides with the pitch scale axis,
ZE = - (100 – n) × LC
Then the zero correction is ZC = + (100 – n) × LC

3. Place the given coin between two studs. Rotate the head until the coin is held firmly but not
tightly. Note the pitch scale reading (PSR) and the head scale division which coincides with the
pitch scale axis (HSC). The thickness of the wire is given by PSR + (H.S.C × LC) + ZC.
4. Repeat the experiment for different positions of the coin. Tabulate the readings. The average
of the readings gives the thickness of the coin.
Table

Pitch = L.C = Z.E = Z.C =

Trial P.S.R H.S.C H.S.C x L.C Thickness of the coin =

No. (mm) P.S.R + (H.S.C X L.C) ± Z.C (mm)
1
2
3
4
5
Mean
Result

The thickness of the given coin = mm

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 2.Ohm’s Law Verification

Aim
To study the dependence of the potential difference across a resistor on the current through it and
to determine its resistance and to verify the Ohm’s law.

Materials required
A resistor of unknown value, an ammeter (0-3 A), a voltmeter (0-10V), a battery eliminator,
plug key and connecting wires.

Formula
Resistance (R) =V/I Ω
V- Potential difference in volt
I – Current in ampere
Circuit diagram
Bt
BATTERY
Bt- Battery
A-Ammeter
V-Voltmeter
K-Key
XY- Resistor of Value R

Fig. 1: An electric circuit for studying Ohm’s law

Procedure
1. Note the range and least count of the given ammeter and the voltmeter.
2. Set up the circuit by connecting different components with the help of connecting wires.
Keep the rating of the eliminator at the minimum (say at 2 V)
3. Make sure that the positive and negative terminals of the ammeter and voltmeter are
correctly connected in the circuit as shown above.
4. Insert the key into the plug to let the current establish in the circuit. Note the readings of
the ammeter and voltmeter and record them. The voltmeter measures the potential
difference (V) across the two ends X and Y of the resistor, and the ammeter measures the
current I through it. Remove the key from the plug.
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 5. Now increase the rating of the Battery Eliminator rating to 4 V. Note and record the
voltmeter and ammeter readings.
6. Repeat the experiment by varying the rating of the battery eliminator to 6 V and 8V.
Note: If battery with varying voltage not available resistant may be used.
Observations and Calculations
1. Range of the ammeter = ______ to _____A
2. Least count of the ammeter =_______A
3. Range of the voltmeter =_______to _____V
4. Least count of the voltmeter =_______V
Table
Resistance of the
Voltage applied Current through the Potential difference across
resistor
Sl.No. in the circuit Resistor, I the ends of the resistor, V
R=V/I
(in volt) (in ampere) (in volt)
(in ohm)

Mean value of resistance R of the resistor = _______ Ω

Graph
Find the range of variation in the values of I and V. Choose
appropriate scale for the values of I and V along the x and y-axes
respectively on the graph paper. Mark the points on the graph
paper for each value of current I and corresponding value of
potential difference V. Join all the points by a straight line such
that most of the points lie on it. Find the slope of this straight line
graph by choosing two points P and Q on it. The slope is the
resistance of the resistor used in the circuit.

Slope =

Fig. 2: Verification of Ohm’s law

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Extend the straight line of the graph backwards to check whether it passes through the origin of
the graph.

Result:

1. Resistance R of the resistor obtained from the calculations=_________ohm

2. Resistance R of the resistor obtained from the graph =_________ohm
3. The value of resistance R of resistor for all values of current through it remains the same.
The graph between V and I is a straight line and passes through the origin. This verifies
the Ohm’s law.

3.Resistors in Series
Aim
To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors connected in series.

Materials required
Two resistors of each 2 Ω, an ammeter (range 0-5 A), a voltmeter (range 0-5 V), a battery
eliminator, a plug key and connecting wires.

Formula : Effective Resistance of the Resistors connected in series Rs =R1 + R2 Ω

Circuit diagram

R1, R2 -Resistors

A – Ammeter

V- Voltmeter

Bt – Battery

K - Key

Fig. 1: Circuit diagram for the series combination of two resistors AB and CD

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 Procedure
1. Note the range and least count of the given ammeter and the voltmeter
2. The given resistors are connected in series by joining the ends and labelled B and C as
shown in the circuit diagram. Set up the circuit by connecting different components with
the help of connecting wires.
3. Insert the key in the plug to let the current establish in the circuit. Note the readings of the
ammeter and voltmeter and record them. The voltmeter measures the potential difference
(V) across the two ends A and D of the series combination of two resistors. And the
ammeter measures the current I through series combination.
4. Repeat the experiment for three different values of current through the circuit and record
the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter in each case. The current through the circuit
may either be decreased or increased by changing the voltage rating of the battery
eliminator.

Observations and Calculations

1. Range of the ammeter = ______ to _____A

2. Least count of the ammeter =_______A
3. Range of the voltmeter =_______to _____V
4. Least count of the voltmeter =_______ V
5. Resistance of the first resistor R1 =_______ Ω
6. Resistance of the second resistor R2 =_______ Ω

Table
R1 =_______ Ω and R2 =_______ Ω

Voltage Current Potential Equivalent Experimental Theoretical

applied in through the difference Resistance of the Average Average value
Sl.No. the circuit Series across the combination value of Rs of Rs=R1+ R2
(in volt) Combination, series, Rs=Vs/Is (in ohm) (in ohm) (in ohm)
Is (in ampere) Vs (in volt)

1
2
3
4
Result:
The equivalent resistance of the series combination of the two given resistors is found to be the
same in the experimental and theoretical value.

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 Physics Practical’s for Second Semester
4. Convex Lens
Aim
To determine the focal length of the given convex lens by

I. distance object method

II. u-v method

Materials required
Convex lens, lens stand, white screen, meter scale, and illuminated wire gauze

Formula
Focal length of the convex lens by u-v method uv cm
f =
u+v
u - is the distance between the lens and the object and

v - is the distance between the lens and the image.

Diagram:

Figure : Determination of Focal Length of a convex lens by distant object method

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 Figure : Determination of focal length of a convex lens by uv method

Procedure

Distant object method

1. The convex lens is mounted on the stand and is kept facing a distant object (may be a tree or
a building).
2. The white screen is placed behind the convex lens and its position is adjusted to get a clear,
diminished and inverted image of the object.
3. The distance between the convex lens and the screen is measured. This gives an approximate
value of the focal length of the convex lens.

u v method

1. The convex lens is mounted on the stand and placed in front of the illuminated wire gauze at

a certain distance 'u' from the wire gauze.

2. The screen is adjusted to get a clear image. Two values of 'u' are chosen between f and 2f of

the lens and the other two values of u are chosen beyond 2f.

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3. A screen is placed on the other side of lens and its distance from the lens is adjusted to get a

clear image. The value of 'u' less than 2f will produce an enlarged image and that greater than

2f will produce a diminished image.

4. The distance between the lens and the screen is taken as 'v' and it is measured for each

experimental value of ‘u’

uv
Focal length of the convex lens by u-v method f = cm
u+v
Table

u-v Method

Focal length
Object distance Image distance uv
Trial No. Nature of image
u cm v cm f = cm
u+v
1
u<2f (magnified)
2
3
u>2f (diminished)
4
Mean=
Result

The focal length of the given convex lens by

i. Distance object method (f ) = ______ cm
ii. u-v method (f) = ______ cm

36
 5.Glass prism
Aim
To trace the path of a ray of light through a glass prism and to identify the rays and measure the
different angles.

Apparatus Required

A glass prism, drawing board, white paper, adhesive tape or drawing pins, pins, a measuring
scale, and a protractor.

Diagram

Procedure

1. Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board. Draw a thin line XY at the
middle of the paper.
2. Draw a thin line NEN1 normal (perpendicular) to the line XY at point of
incidence E (say). Also draw a line DE making any angle, preferably between
30º and 60º.
3. Place the prism with one of its refracting surfaces (say AB) along the line XY.
Mark the boundary ABC of the glass prism holding it firmly with your hand.

37
4. Fix two pins P1 and P2 vertically, by gently pressing their heads with thumb, on
line DE at a distance of about 6 cm from each other. View the images of pins P1
and P2 from the opposite face AC of the prism.
5. Fix two more pins P3 and P4 vertically such that the feet of pins P3 and P4 appear
to be on the same straight line as the feet of the images of the pins P1 and P2 as
viewed through the face AC of the prism.
6. Remove the pins and prism. Mark the position of feet of pins P3 and P4 on the
sheet of paper. Draw a straight line to join the points that mark the position of
pins P3 and P4. Extend this line so that it meets the face AC of the prism at point
F. The line FG represents the path of the emergent ray.
7. Extend the direction of incident ray DE till it meets the face AFC. Also extend
(backwards) the emergent ray FG as shown in Figure. These two extended lines
meet at point H.
8. Measure ∠DEN as the angle of incidence (∠i ), ∠GFM as the angle of
emergence (∠e) and ∠ FHI as the angle of deviation (∠d). Record these angles
in the observation table.

Sl. No. Angle of incidence (∠

∠i ) Aangle of deviation (∠
∠d).

Result

1. The path of light incident on one face of a glass prism is shown.

2. The different rays and angles are identified as below
Incident ray _______ angle of incidence _______
Refracted ray_______ angle of emergence _______
Emergent ray_______ angle of deviation _______

3. The value of the angle of incidence ∠i= _________ 0

4. The value of angle of deviation ∠d = _________0

38
 6. Mapping the magnetic field

Aim

To map the magnetic field due to a Bar Magnet placed in a Magnetic Meridian with its
North-pole pointing towards North.

Apparatus required:

Drawing Board, Board pin or cello tape, compass Needle , sheets of white paper and Bar
magnet.

Diagram:

Procedure:
1. A white sheet of paper is fastened to the drawing board using board pins or cello tape
(When doing this all magnets and magnetic materials are removed far away from the
drawing board).
2. A small plotting compass needle is placed near the edge of the paper and the board is
rotated until the edge of the paper is parallel to the Magnetic needle. This position
should not be disturbed throughout the experiment.
3. The compass needle is placed at the centre of the paper, the ends of the needle i.e. the
new positions of the north and South Pole are marked when the needle comes to rest.
These points are joined and a straight line is obtained. This is the magnetic meridian.

39
 4. Cardinal directions NEWS is drawn near the corner of the paper. The bar magnet is
placed on the line at the centre of the paper with its north pole facing the geographic
north. The outline of the bar magnet is drawn.
5. The plotting compass is placed near the North Pole; the ends of the needle are marked.
Move the compass to a new position such that its south end occupies the position
previously occupied by its north pole. In this way proceed step by step till the South
Pole of the magnet is reached.
6. The lines of the magnetic forces are drawn by joining the plotted points around the
magnet. In the same way several magnetic lines of force are drawn around the magnet
as shown in the figure.
7. The curved lines represent the magnetic field of the magnet. The direction of the lines is
shown by arrows heads.

Result:

The magnetic lines of force are mapped when the bar magnet is placed with its north pole
facing geographic north. The mapped sheet is attached.

40
 CLASS-X
CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

1. Prepare a solution from the given solid sample and identify the type of solution based on
filtration.
2. Prepare a solution from the given salt and identify whether it is unsaturated solution or
supersaturated solution.
3. To observe the action of zinc with copper sulphate solution and identify the type of
reaction.
4. To observe the reaction between lead nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution and
indentify the type of reaction.
5. To identify the presence of an acid or base using 1) Phenolphthalein 2) Methyl Orange 3)
Sodium carbonate 4) Zinc granules.
6. To identify the nature of solution using PH Paper.
7. To identify the basic radical (Cu+2 / Fe+2/ A1+3) present in given salt.
8. To identify the carboxylic or alcoholic functional group present in the given organic
compound by using
1. Blue litmus paper
2. Sodium Carbonate
3. Acidified potassium dichromate.

Scoring method:

Aim - 1mark
Procedure/ observations - 2marks
Result - 2 marks.

Total - 5 marks.

41
Expt. No:1 You are provided with a solid sample. Prepare a solution and identify the
type of solution based on filtration.

Aim:
To prepare a solution from the solid sample and identify the type of solution based on
filtration.
.
Theory:
A true solution is homogenous and transparent. It can be completely filtered through
filter paper. It remains stable on standing.

A suspension is heterogeneous mixture. Here solute particle settle down on standing and
can be filtered by filter paper.
Materials required:
Beaker, water, glass rod, filter papers, test tube, test tube stand, funnel and given solid
sample.

Procedure:

Experiment Observation Inference

Take 50ml of water in a
beaker. Add the given solid
sample, into the beaker and
stir the content gently with the
help of glass rod. Filter the
solution by using filter paper.
a) Solute particles do not a) True solution
remain in the filter
paper.
b) Solute particles remain b) Suspension
in the filter paper.

Result:

The given solid sample forms ---------- Solution (True/Suspension).

42
Expt No:2 Prepare a solution from the given salt and identify whether it is an unsaturated
Solution or super saturated solution.

Aim:

To prepare a solution from the given salt and identify whether it is an unsaturated
solution or supersaturated solution.

Theory:

A Solution in which the solute is in lesser amount in comparison with the solvent is
called unsaturated solution. The solute dissolves completely in the solvent.

A solution which has more of solute at a given temperature than that of saturated solution
is called super saturated solution. The solute does not dissolve completely and settles at the
bottom.

Materials Required:

Beaker, 50 ml of water, a glass rod and given salt.

Experiment Observation Inference

Take 50 ml of water in a a) No more salt particles a) The solution is
beaker and add the given salt remain in the beaker. unsaturated.
slowly by constant stirring.
b) Less amounts of salt b) The solution is
remains in the beaker. supersaturated
solution.

Result:

The given salt forms-----------------solution (Unsaturated/Supersaturated).

43
 Expt. No:3 To observe the action of zinc with copper sulphate solution and identify the
type of reaction.
Aim:
To observe the action of zinc with copper sulphate solution and identify the type of
reaction.

Theory:

Zinc displaces copper from copper sulphate solution. This is a single displacement
reaction. Zinc is placed above copper in the reactivity series. Generally, Metal placed above the
reactivity series is more reactive than metal placed below. So, zinc is more reactive than copper.
In this reaction, zinc becomes Zn+2 whereas Cu+2 become metallic copper.

Zn + CuSO4 ZuSO4 + Cu

Materials Required:

Test tubes, Test tube stand, zinc granule and copper sulphate solution.

Procedure:

1. Take zinc granule in a test tube and label as A. Now note down the colour of zinc granule.
2. In another test tube take 10ml of copper sulphate solution and label as B. Now note down
the colour of copper sulphate.
3. Now, transfer the solution from test tube B to test tube A. Keep this reaction mixture for
10 minutes. Record your observation by comparing colour of copper sulphate and zinc.

Observation:

Observation
S.No Property
Before Experiment After Experiment Inference
1 Colour of Copper
Sulphate Solution
2 Colour of zinc granule

Result:

From the inference column, the type of reaction between Zinc and copper sulphate
solution is -----------------.

44
Expt. No:4 To observe the reaction between lead nitrate solution and potassium iodide
solution and identify the type of reaction.

Aim:

To observe the reaction between lead nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution and
identify the type of reaction.

Theory:

When a Solution of lead nitrate is mixed with potassium iodide solution, double
displacement reaction takes place.

Pb (NO3)2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KNO3

In this reaction, both salt solutions ionised and exchange their acid radicals between them.
As a result, a yellow precipitate of lead iodide formed and potassium nitrate remains in the
solution.

Materials required

Test tubes, test tube stand, lead nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution.

Procedure:

1. Take 3ml of lead nitrate solution in a test tube and label it A.

2. Take 3 ml of Potassium iodide solution in another test tube and label it B.
3. Transfer the solution from test tube A to test tube B and shake gently.
4. Record the observations in the observation table.

Observation:

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Inference
1 Observe the colour of solutions before
the addition of two solutions
2 Mix the two solution.

Result:
From the inference column has to be provided the reaction between lead nitrate
solution and potassium iodide solution is -------------------------- reaction.

45
Expt No.5 You are provided with the sample solution. Perform the following tests and

identify whether the given sample is an acid or a base.

a) Phenolphthalein b) Methyl orange c) Sodium carbonate d) Zinc granules.

Aim:

To identify the presence of an acid or a base in a given sample.

Theory:

In acid medium , phenolphthalein in colourless whereas methyl orange is pink

colour. Similarly, in basic medium, phenolphthalein is pink in colour where as methyl
orange is yellow in colour.

Acid gives brisk effervescence with sodium carbonate due to the liberation of carbon
dioxide whereas bases do not.

Zinc react with acid to liberate hydrogen gas where bases will liberate hydrogen only on
heating.

Materials required:

Test tubes, test tube stand, glass rod, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, sodium carbonate
salt, zinc granules and the given sample.

S.N Experiment Observation Inference (Acid/Base)

1 Take 5 ml of the test solution in a test a)No change in colour a) Presence of acid.
tube and add Phenolphthalein in b)Turns pink in colour b) Presence of base
drops to this content
2 Take 5 ml of the test solution in a test a) Turns pink in colour a) Presence of acid.
tube and add Methyl orange in b) Turns yellow in b) Presence of base
drops. colour.
3 Take 5 ml of the test solution in a test a) Brisk effervescence a) Presence of acid.
tube and add a pinch of sodium occurs b) Presence of base
carbonate salt. b) No Brisk
effervescence occurs
4 Take 5 ml of the test solution in a test a)Bubbles come out a) Presence of acid.
tube and add little of Zinc granules. b) Bubbles do not come b) Presence of base
out.
Result:

The given test solution contains --------------(Acid /Base)

46
Expt No : 6 You are provided with sample A&B. Find the nature of sample as

acids/bases/neutral by using PH paper.

Aim:

To identify the nature of the given solution by using PH paper.

Principle:

PH paper is the power of H+ ions or OH- ions present in a solution. The PH scale values
varies from 0 to 14 . A PH less than 7 indicates acidic nature whereas PH greater than 7
indicates basic nature. If PH equal to 7 indicates neutral. The PH paper is used for finding
the approximate PH value . It shows different colour at different PH .

Materials required:

Sample solutions A&B, PH paper, glass rod and watch glass.

Procedure:

Take a PH paper. Place it on a watch glass. By using glass rod dip a drop of each sample
on the PH paper .Observe the colour change appeared and note down the approximate PH value
based on the reference scale given on PH paper.

Obsevation:

Observation
Inference
S.No Sample
(Nature of Solution
Colour Approximate PH value
1 A
2 B

Result:

The given sample A is ---------

B is ---------

47
Expt No 7: Identify the basic radical presence in the given salt using sodium hydroxide

solution.

Aim:

To identify the basic radical present in the given salt by the action of sodium hydroxide
solution.

Theory: Most of the metals generally form precipitate of respective metal hydroxide with sodium
hydroxide solution.

Cu+2 + 2OH- Cu(OH)2 Bluish white precipitate

Fe+2 + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 Dirty green precipitate

Al+3 +3OH- Al(OH)3 White precipitate

Materials Required:

Test tube, test tube stand, sodium hydroxide solution distilled water and given salt.

Procedure:

Dissolve few grams of the given salt in 10 ml of distilled water. This solution is called
salt solution. Take a small portion of the salt solution in a test tube and perform the following
test as given below.

S.NO Experiment Observation Inference

1 Sodium hydroxide test
To the salt solution add
sodium hydroxide
solution in drop by drop
a) Bluish white precipitate
formed
b) Dirty green precipitate
formed
c) White precipitate formed
a) Presence of cupric ion
(Cu+2)
b) Presence of ferrous
ion (Fe+2)
c) Presence of
Aluminum ion (Al+3)

Result:

The given salt contain ------------- basic radical.

48
Expt No 8: To identify the carboxylic or alcoholic functional group present in the given
organic compound. By performing the following test 1) Blue litmus paper
2) Sodium carbonate 3) acidified potassium dichromate

Aim : To identify the carboxylic or alcoholic functional group present in the

given organic compound.

Theory : Alcohols are neutral and it will not affect the blue litmus paper and sodium
carbonate. Alcohols are oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate. Carboxylic
acids are the most acidic amongst the organic compound. Carboxylic acid affects
the blue litmus paper liberate carbon dioxide with sodium carbonate by forming
salt .

2CH3COOH+Na2CO3 2CH3COONa+CO2 + H2O

C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O

Materials required:

Test tubes, blue litmus paper, glass rod sodium carbonate salt phenolphthalein solution,
acidified potassium dichromate solution and the given organic compound .

Procedure:

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

a) alcoholic group may
Blue litmus paper test be present.
a) no change
1 Put a drop of the given organic b) carboxylic group
b) Blue litmus paper
compound blue litmus paper may be present.

Sodium carbonate test a)No brisk a) Alcoholic group

Take a small amount organic effervescence may be present.
2
compound and add a pinch of b) Brisk b) Carboxylic group
sodium carbonate effervescences may be present.

Acidified potassium dichromate

test.
Take a small amount organic The red orange solution Presence of alcoholic
3
compound add acidified turns green group is confirmed.
potassium dichromate solution in
drop by drop.

Result: The given organic compound contain_____________ functional group.

49
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