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Kultur Dokumente
Unless otherwise stated, cr denotes the coefficient of the xr term in the expansion of (1 + x)n.
1. Use the binomial theorem to find the exact value of (10.1)5.
3. (a) Find the values of the constants a and b if the expansion of (1 + ax + bx2)6 in ascending powers of
2 2
x as far as the term x is 1 – 12x + 78x .
9
⎛ 2 1 ⎞
(b) Find the value of the term independent of x in the expansion of ⎜ 3x − ⎟ .
⎝ 2x ⎠
1
(a) (1 + 4x)8 when x= .
3
n −1
12. Prove that : ∑ rc
r =0
r +1 = 1 + ( n − 2 )2 n −1 .
1
18. Prove that: nCn + n+1Cn + n+2Cn + … + n+kCn = n+k+1Cn+1 .
(Hint: Consider (1 + x)n + (1 + x)n+1 + … + (1 + x)n+k. )
19. In the expansion of (1 + x)n, where n is a positive integer, by the binomial theorem, put x=1 and hence show
n
that (n – 1)! (2 – 2) is divisible by n.
Hence deduce Fermat’s theorem that if n is any prime number, 2n-1 – 1 is divisible by n.
r
20. If f(r) = c0cr + c1cr-1 + c2cr-2 + … + crc0 , where cr denotes the coefficient of x in the expansion of (1 + x)n, prove
( 2n )!
that: (a) f(r) = ,
r!( 2n − r )!
2(3n − 1)!
(b) c0 f(1) + 2c1 f(2) + 3c2 f(3) + … + (n + 1)cn f(n + 1) =
( 2n − 1)!(n − 1)!
24. Prove that: n C1 12 + nC2 22 + … + nCn n2 = n(n + 1) 2n-2. (Hint: n Ck k2 = k(k – 1) nCk + k nCk . )
a n [1 − ( −1) n a n ]
1
(e) a02 – a12 + a22 – a32+ … +(-1)n-1 an-12 =
2
26. (a) Write down the formula for the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)m, where m is a positive
integer.
1 1 1 1 22n − 1
(b) Deduce + + + ... + = .
1!( 2n )! 2!( 2n − 1)! 3!( 2n − 2)! n!( n + 1)! ( 2n + 1)!
27. If n is a positive integer and nC18 = nC7, find the values of nC22 and 27Cn.
2
29. Find ar , the coefficient of xr, in the expansion of: (1 + x)n + (1 + 2x)n + (1 + 4x)n, where n is a positive
integer. Find the ratio a3 : a n-3 when n = 9.
30. If cr is the coefficient of xr in the expansion of (1 + x)n,
c1 c2 cn 2 n +1 − 1
where n is a positive integer, show that c0 + + + ... + = .
2 3 n +1 n +1
x2 ( p − 1)( p − 2)
Sum the series: 1 + ( 2p − 1) x + (3p − 2)( p − 1) + ( 4p − 3) x 3 + ... , where p is a positive integer.
2! 3!
32. If n is a positive integer, prove that the coefficients of x2 and x3 in the expansion of (x2 + 2x + 2)n are 2n-1n2
2 n −1 n (n 2 − 1)
1
and respectively.
3
7
⎛ 2 ⎞
33. Find the coefficients of the terms in x5 and 1/x5 in the expansion of ⎜1 + x − 3 ⎟ in powers of x.
⎝ x ⎠
mn
44. Given positive integers m, n, let ∑ a x ≡(1 + x + ... + x )
r =0
r
r m n
(*)
mn mn
(b) By differentiating (*), or otherwise, show that mn ∑
r =0
ar = 2 ∑ ra
r =0
r .
⎧ m
, if m is even
⎪⎪ ⎧mn , if m is even
m m
(c) Show that: ∑
( −1) r r = ⎨ 2
m +1
Hence, show that 2 ∑ (−1) ra r
r =⎨
⎩ 0 , if m is odd.
r =1 ⎪− , if m is odd. r =1
⎪⎩ 2
3
r
45. Prove that nCr+1 = n-1Cr + n-1Cr+1. Hence show that for n > r, n Cr = ∑i =0
n − i −1 Cr −i .
∑
1
46. Show that n Cr = n-1Cr-1 + n-1Cr. Hence, by induction or otherwise, evaluate n +q Cq n +q
.
q =0 2
x ( x − 1)...( x − r + 1)
47. Polynomials Cr(x) are defined by C0(x) = 1 and C r ( x ) = , for r ≥ 1.
r!
(a) Show that if n is an integer, then so is Cr(n).
(b) Show that any polynomial p(x) with rational coefficients can be expressed in the form
bk Ck(x) + bk-1 Ck-1(x) + … + b0 C0(x), where all the bi’s are rational and k is the degree of p(x).
Show that all the bi’s are integers.
(c) Suppose that p(x) is a polynomial with real coefficients such that whenever a is a rational number, then so
is p(a). Show that the coefficients of p(x) are all rational.
n
( 2n )! ⎛ 1⎞
n
∑ (C nk ) = (n!)2
2 1 1
48. Prove that (a) (b) C nk ≤ (c) ⎜1 + ⎟ < 3
k =0 nk k! ⎝ n⎠
∑ f ' (a ) = 0
g (a i )
(ii) Using (i) or otherwise, show that if f(x) is of degree less than n – 1, then
i =1 i
(Given that 0! = 1)