ELECTIVE 3

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Submitted by:

Members:

Baldovino, Seth Adriel

Custodio, Lance Edward

De Guzman, Fritz Kenneth

Quinto, Mirasol

Zapanta, Uzziel

Submitted to:

Engr. Duwi Iscala

T5B
Timeline of Historical Events
1991
In 1991, Fox Broadcasting is the first network to permit condom advertising on television.
Also, Brian Wiles who is software engineer that moved from the United States to work in
the Autodesk which is a European office. There, he created Netfone which is the world’s
first internet calling software since he realized that working together with the American
office would be costly using conventional phone lines since the call would depend on the
destination of a call, data carried over the internet cost the end user the same whether it
was heading to the next city over or halfway around the world.
.
1992
In 1992, there are 900 million television sets in use around the world; 201 million are in
the United States. Enacted by the 102nd United States Congress, the Cable Television
Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992, also known as the 1992 Cable Act,
was sponsored by Senator John C. Danforth. It was created in order to amend the
Communications Act of 1934. Its purpose was to increased the consumer protection and
to increased the competition in the cable television. Moreover, it establish the growth of
cable operators under effective competition and expanding the diversity of view and
information.
1993
On September 16, 1993, a California-based Radio Bilingüe starts a Satelite radio service
for Lationo public radio stations. Also, on 1993, the first internet radio was launched.
TuneIn Radio, iHeartRadio, and Sirius XM was the most popular internet radio platforms
and applications. Internet radio was pioneered by Carl Malamud. It is a digital audio
service transmitted via the Internet. It is also called webcasting. An internet radio was
used to disseminate news all over the world through wireless communication network
connected to a switch packet network via a disclosed source. Internet radio gives
broadcaster a more freedom than a usual broadcasting since they can expressed what
they want by just simply posting in online because other countries such as UK which is
very strict about presenters endorsing products and product placement.
1994
In November 1994, the first major cyberspace multicast concert was performed by Rolling
Stones. On Novermber 7, WXYC 89.3 FM which is a non-commercial student-run radio
station of the University of North Carolina that broadcast 1100 watts from the student
union on the UNC campus became the first radio station in the world to announce
broadcasting on the internet. The first radio station in the world to broadcast a live and
continuous stream over internet radio is the KJHK 90.7 FM.

1995
In 1995, NetRadio.com founded by Scott Bourne became the world’s first Internet-only
radio network
1996
In 1996, President Bill Clinton signs a law which has a big impact in the American
telecommunication law which creates limitless opportunities for broadcasters and cable
companies since internet was included in broadcasting and spectrum allotment. The
Telecommunications Act of 1996 was approved by the 104th Congress on January 3,
1996 and it was the first bill signed by President Bill Clinton at the Library of Congress.
The objective of this law is to let all broadcasting agencies to enter the communication
business wherein they can compete with other companies in any market against any
other.
1997
The HDTV is introduced to public. The clarity and the detail of pictures or videos
increased significantly. In addition, the color of the HDTV has a wide range of hues.
Overall, HDTV provides a great quality

1998
Every radio broadcasting and television station operating under franchise shall grant to
Commission, upon payment of just compensation, at least thirty (30) minutes of prime
time daily, to be known as "Comelec Time", effective February 10, 1998. This is applied
for the candidates of President, Vice President and Senators. This greatly affects the
country, the usage of the Comelec Time influence the Filipinos choices of candidates for
a respective position in the government

1999
November 1999, the three special mandates on freedom of expression—the UN Special
Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on
Freedom of the Media and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression. The
public’s freedom of speech is taken as criticism by the government. This is also
considered as a basic human right.
2001
On July 16, 2001, under the new management appointed by President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo, PTNI adopted the new image and name National Broadcasting
Network (NBN) carrying a new slogan "One People. One Nation. One Vision." This
bring a new image for Philippine’s broadcasting. This shows that Filipinos can trust the
media in stating nothing but the truth.

2002
The FCC mandated that TV manufacturers must equip all new TVs with tuners
capable of receiving digital signals by 2007. On the year 2002, the technology of the
TV manufacturers has been improved and is now required to handle digital signals.
2003
PBS and CPB Continue to Lead Broadcast Industry in Public Affairs Programming in
2003. On the year 2003, the top ranking companies in the field of broadcasting is
continuosly dominating the said industry.
2004
By the end of 2004, the top three owned around 1,920 radio stations, according to a
report by the Project for Excellence in Journalism. Clear Channel alone owned nearly
1,200 stations, followed by Cumulus with about 300 stations and Citadel with 220.
Infinity owned 183 stations. On 2004, there are already around 1920 radio stations
which is owned by the three top ranking corporation.
2005
The Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 increased fines against
broadcasters tenfold—from $32,500 to $325,000 per incident for broadcast networks,
up to $3 million per incident if aired on multiple stations—for violating obscenity and
indecency standards. President George W. Bush signed the act into law on June 15,
2006. On 2005, a law is provided for obscenity and indecency which is signed by
President George W. Bush. On 2006, it is said that over 1,000 U.S. digital TV stations
are now used and currently operating. In all those years, there has been an
advancement in technology. The production of HDTV is one of the major technological
change in the broadcasting industry
2006
More than 1,000 U.S. digital TV stations are on the air and television enjoys it's first
major technological change in decades. Consumers start buying HDTV sets in
significant numbers.

Historical Perspective
2002-2006
In the years 2002 to 2006, there has been many changes in the industry. On the year
2002, the technology of the TV manufacturers has been improved and is now required to
handle digital signals. On the year 2003, the top ranking companies in the field of
broadcasting is continuosly dominating the said industry. On 2004, there are already
around 1920 radio stations which is owned by the three top ranking corporation. On 2005,
a law is provided for obscenity and indecency which is signed by President George W.
Bush. On 2006, it is said that over 1,000 U.S. digital TV stations are now used and
currently operating. In all those years, there has been an advancement in technology.
The production of HDTV is one of the major technological change in the broadcasting
industry
2007
In the year 2007, the FCC mandated that TV manufacturers in the Philippines must
provide all new televisions with tuners capable of receiving digital signals. This pave way
to a broader access to different channels. Meanwhile at US, Steve Jobs unveils the first
iPhone. The birth and use of iPhone in 2007, let people explore websites on a faster way.

2008
In 2008, there is an innovation in the fringes of the radio dial which was the Border
Stations. This stations are located across the Mexican Border having 250 kW power
which covered much of the North America. This also paved the way for people to hear
from and country and western music such as rock and roll. Later on, the Border Staions
disc jockeys were instrumental which brings the rock and roll music to a wider audience.
Having weathered financial storm intact, NPR continued to progress as a respected bews
provider. This was the rise of public radio. During the Gulf war, NPR sent out
correspondents for the first time to provide in-depth coverage of the unfolding events.
This event served a much more detailed news and information for the public audience.
The said coverage by the news network gained its member stations many new listeners
and was expanded until the late 2011.
2009
In 2009, on June 12, 2009, the federal communications commission (fcc)
mandated that all u.s. based television signals must be transmitted digitally. the great
majority of u.s. households (97.5%) were prepared for the digital transition in the week
prior to the power turn-off. nielsen data shows unprepared homes were more likely to be
minorities, younger, lower income, and were less likely to have internet access. most
homes acquired a digital converter box to make their television ready for the change.
Primarily, most US homes were unready of the change which resulted to 13% share
decline in audience. The transition of all US homes took a lot of time. Since the digital
TV broadcast serves advantages rather than analog TV broadcast, the transition made a
way for further improvement. With super sharp high-definition programming and the
ability to show multiple standard definition digital programs simultaneously, digital
programming offers many advantages over analog television for viewing broadcast TV.
Homes are now capable of receiving more channels than ever before. And a review of
pre- and post-transition audience shares to non-simulcast digital sub channels following
June 12 show an increase—albeit modest. Nielsen will continue to track growth in these
digital sub channels. As the analog shut-off date becomes more distant, the trends in
2009 are moving closer to the 2007 and 2008 trends—a clear indication that homes are
adapting to the new digital landscape and continuing to find their TV content.

2010
The opening of new era in TV programming in emerged in US. 3D TVs start hitting the
market, spurred by popular 3D programs. Also, the CPB invests $10.5 million to build
newsgathering capacity at stations through Local Journalism Centers, news units that
produce multimedia coverage. Organized as collaborations among multiple stations, the
centers cover topics of special interest within their regions. In the Philippines, the
government-controlled television stations in Manila started to test digital transmission
using the Japanese ISDB-T standard. In June 2010, NTC announced that the country will
formally adapt the ISDB-T standard for digital terrestrial television.
2011
President Obama signs the Local Community Radio Act. Permitted in the last days of the
111th Congress, the law clears the way for expansion of low-power FM stations by giving
the FCC more flexibility to assign channels and resolve interference problems with full-
power FMs and their translators.In negotiations over a continuing resolution to fund the
government, Congress agrees to eliminate the Public Telecommunications Facilities
Program. The $20 million Department of Commerce program, which had long been
targeted for elimination before the Obama administration took up the cause of shutting it
down, provided matching grants to support signal expansion, replacement of old
equipment and digital conversion of public TV and radio stations.
2012
Tonga is the first Pacific country to liberalize its telecommunications sector. Mobile
teledensity, at 60%, is among the highest in the region; and local and international call
tariffs are among the lowest in the Pacific Read more from Asian Scientist Magazine at:
2013
The year saw several breakthroughs in basic communications technology. Researchers
in China set a new speed record for a version of 4G known as LTE-Advanced. Alcatel-
Lucent readied technology for gigabit speeds on last-mile copper networks. And
Samsung described tests of a new technology it called 5G; it uses 64 antennas to send
and receive signals on ultra-high frequencies. The technology reliably delivers 256
megabits per second, a big jump from the theoretical maximum of 75 megabits per second
for current 4G LTE technology.
2014
This year marked the start of virtual reality becoming mainstream across media. Oculus
Rift has been the talk of the town for a couple of years now, but after being purchased
by Facebook this year, we’ve been seeing the devices pop up in more and more places.
At this year’s San Diego Comic-Con, Facebook teamed up with Hollywood to create two
unique virtual reality experiences: one for X-Men and one for Pacific Rim. Both of the
experiences were made uniquely for the platform and immersed viewers directly into the
action. Expect to see a lot more of this in the future as virtual reality technology advances
and more of the public gets to try it for the first time.
2015
One of them is Google’s Project Fi, which not only offers aggressive pricing and refreshing
simplicity, but is built on cool tech as well. Unlike most SIM cards, which connect to a
single service provider, the Fi SIM allows a user’s phone to dance between Wi-Fi, T-
Mobile or Sprint, and does so automatically, depending on what signal is strongest. It’s a
powerful idea, to have optimum connectivity with little hand-wringing, but unfortunately
for early-adopters and big dreamers, Google’s Project Fi still has goliath companies
standing in its way. Nonetheless, the concept is game-changing.
2016
Mark Zuckerberg recently announced plans to create his own artificially intelligent, voice-
controlled butler to help run his life at home and at work. For this, he will need appliances
that can talk to his digital butler — a connected home, office, and car. These are all
coming, as CES, the big consumer electronics tradeshow in Las Vegas,
demonstrated. From showerheads that track how much water we’ve used to
toothbrushes that watch out for cavities, to refrigerators that order food that is running
out, they are all on their way.
2017
Everyone is talking about the lack of radio frequency spectrum. One of the solutions to
this problem is right over our head -- office lighting. Visible Light Communication, or LiFi
as it is known, promises an additional avenue of data to your computer. The idea is that
an LED can vary its intensity so quickly the human eye cannot see it, but a photo detector
can detect it. LiFi is probably not suitable for uplink connections due to the clumsiness of
having a light source projecting from your computer. But it can certainly supplement the
vast amount of data we download in the forms of cat videos and other important
documents. LiFi also has the advantage that it will not leak through walls, ensuring a fair
amount of privacy to the intended user. How to integrate LiFi into existing WiFi
connections is a compelling problem but its solution will promise more data to hungry
customers. How to modulate, multiplex and handover LiFi data is still under debate in
engineering circles and includes OFDM-based light intensity modulation schemes,
though the IEEE standard 802.15.7 has defined a MAC layer as well as an On-Off Key
physical layer. However the light is modulated and received, the future promises a green
technology where office lighting does double-duty as a transmission source.
2018

So now we actually want to deploy these things, and for millimeter wave deployments
they are essential. But the power and cost remain non trivial issues. There has been a
significant uptick in the academic literature on massive MIMO implementation. Searching
IEEE explore using “massive MIMO implementation” we found 287 papers since 2005
with 128 in 2017-2018. Single bit ADC solutions seemed to dominate, surrounded by a
lot of hybrid pre-coding designs and a few FPGA and even ASIC test beds. More exotic
ideas are out there if you look for them. We will continue to see innovation in this space
thru 2018 and 2019.
2019

An SD-WAN is a software-defined wide area network, an application of software-defined

networking technology that simplifies WAN (Wide Area Network) management by
decoupling network hardware from control mechanisms. Conventional network
architectures were not built for the demands of a cloud-first workplace, and SD-WAN
enables easier access to cloud applications for geographically-distributed offices and a
mobile workforce. It allows enterprises to build higher-performance WANs using lower-
cost commercial Internet access. SD-WANs are also quicker to establish and reconfigure,
since the network becomes a logical layer, compared to all the overhead and latency of
implementing a traditional hard-wired physical network.

Historical Perspective
2011-2019
The years 2011-2019 mark new breakthroughs in the field of technology concerning
broadcasting. The breakout of smartphones in 2011 became a paving path for various
data to be broadcasted across another channel. Data was easily broadcasted as a large
number of individuals have access to a smartphone. The rising teledensity in 2012 meant
more accessible information across areas. Teledensity refers to the number of telephone
connections for every hundred individuals living within an area. In 2013, the emergence
of 5G was introduced which provided faster speeds in connecting to networks and
accessing the internet. Meanwhile, 2014 was the year that opened the world to the
possibilities of augmented reality. This new field could be explored by broadcasting
agencies as a new avenue for relaying data. For 2015, Google was able to unify
telecommunication industries in order to create a system that could be able to broadcast
across networks effectively. Moving forward, 2017 promises a new form of
communication through the use of LI-FI. The new innovative is a step forward in providing
new channels and avenues to broadcast information to designated user. For 2018 and
2019, continuous exploration of network topologies are underway. The researches
undergone within this past few years improves latency and ensures end to end
connectivity with minimal losses and cheaper prices compared to the past systems.
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