Hand Movement Classification from Measured
Scattering Parameters using Deep Convolutional
Neural Network
Sindhu Hak Gupta, Aayush Sharma, Mohit Mohta, and Asmita Rajawat
Abstract— Human Body movement analysis aids in implementing
the physical rehabilitation process to regain the diminished motor
abilities. In this work the feasibility of using compact antennas
and no dedicated sensors for movement identification is explored.
Compact dual-band transmitting and receiving antennas of size
37.6 mm x 27 mm with accuracy 87% at lower band frequency
and 76% at higher band frequency are simulated, fabricated and
placed on the body of ten healthy subjects with normal BMI
(18.5-24.9)kg/m2. Subjects are made to demonstrate five different
hand movements. The dataset for each hand movement is
experimentally measured using a Vector Network Analyzer
(VNA). Measurement results reveal that the Reflection and
Transmission coefficients (S11 and S21) of on-body antennas for
each hand movement exhibit unique channel functionalities with
respect to frequency. The uniqueness of the exhibited parameters
aids in identifying the hand movements. Classification of
movements based on measured data set is carried out using Deep
Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN). The classification
accuracy of movement comes out to be 93.32% when classifying
using S11 parameters, and an accuracy of 98.67% when
classifying using S21 parameters.
Index terms— Accuracy, Compact dual-band antenna, DCNN,
Human Movement, Neurodegenerative disorders, S21, S11, UWB,
WBAN
I. INTRODUCTION
Neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, etc. [1] affect the
musculoskeletal conditions of the patient. This may
deteriorate the motor abilities of patients. Kinesiotherapy and
rehabilitation programs are some solutions towards the
recovery process of motor disabilities. Rehabilitation centers
mainly rely on scientifically-based exercise principles
implemented with a vision to enhance the motor abilities [2].
Human body movements,tracking and analysis assists in the
diagnosis of several disorders [3][4][5]. This has been an
active topic of research for the last 40 years because of two
reasons.
Firstly, there has been an increase in the number of patients
who suffer from motor function disability and secondly for
proper evaluation of patients performance, standardized and
objective information is necessary[5]. The dataset measured
pertaining to body movements is acquired from subjects with
motor disorders. Evaluation of this data set assist
kinesiotherapists to diagnose and treat similar disorders [6].
Sindhu Hak Gupta is with the Amity School of Engineering and
Technology, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313
(shak@amity.edu).
Aayush Sharma is with Amity School of Engineering and Technology,
Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313
(aayu08@gmail.com).
Mohit Mohta is with the Amity School of Engineering and Technology,
Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313
(mmohta@gmail.com).
Asmita Rajawat is with the Amity School of Engineering and Technology,
Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313
(arajawat@amity.edu).
Optical motion capture system, image processing and
wearable sensors are the standard methods which aid in
measurement and creation of dataset pertaining to human
body movement[7]. Optical motion capture system has proven
a successful method to recognize and study the body
movement of the subjects[8]. 24x7 monitoring of mobile
patients seems relatively less feasible with this method as it
requires perfect calibrated cameras and a lab environment [9].
Wearable sensors help in identifying various human
movement abnormalities which may help in early detection of
disorders. Wireless Body Area Network(WBAN) is a radio
frequency wireless network consisting of wearable sensor
nodes which sense and collect various physiological signals
and transmit them to a sink node. The data collected maybe
observed by medical experts. The patients do not have to pay
personal regular visits to specialists as monitoring and
diagonsis may be carried out remotely by medical experts[11].
Sensor node comprise of a sensor, transducer, controller, and
transceiver antenna[12]Sensor nodes have got certain
drawbacks associated with them ,some of the motion sensors
do not perform adequately above 35°C .The transmitting radio
frequencyof the sensor node also needs to be within the
permissible limits as radio frequency at high power is very
harmful for human tissues. Due to the hardware and battery
limitation of the sensor node, research in antenna
miniaturization has gained momentum [13].
Propagation of electromagnetic waves radiated by on-body
antenna with no dedicated sensor have has been analyzed
and the effect of the human body on scatter parameters has
been investigated [14]. The S11 and S21 – scatter parameters
represent the reflection and transmission coefficients of an
antenna. These parameters of deployed antenna aids in
characterizing the unique channel functionalities
corresponding to each body movement [15]. To record the
scattering parameters, compact antennas operating at different
WBAN suitable frequencies have been designed [15] [16]
[17]. Machine learning alogorithms have been implemented to
the dataset of scatter parameters measured while performing
different human movement activities to learn necessary
features and classification boundaries [11][18]. The synergy
between the scattering parameters of antenna in time domain
and machine learning technology has been explored [4-7].
Mostly, SVM classifier has been used for classification
purposes.The computational complexity of SVM is higher and
post processing of raw measurement data is required.(18).
Deep learning methods have depicted better classification
accuracy.Results have shown better empirical performance.
Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN )[19] is one of
the successful deep learning algorithm .Kim et.al had
implemented DCNN spectrograms of S11 and S21. Short
Time Fourier Transform (STFT) had been implemented to
generate spectrograms.
In the current work electromagnetic signals radiated by
transmitting antennas during different hand movements are
measured by a Vector Network Analyzer and further
processed by Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN)
for classification. For classification frequency domain analysis
has been carried out as it is believed to carry intense
physiological information. For classification of hand
movements data set comprising of magnitude of S11 and S21
has been recorded with the help of fabricated transmitting and
receiving antennas operating in Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
range. UWB range has been chosen as its low radiating power
makes it safe to be used for human body communication [15].
No additional sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes
are required for evaluation.Further, the paper has been
formulated as follows, Section II represents fabricated
antenna, experimental setup, and results and Section III
explains the methodology of the proposed work. Section IV
highlights the DCNN algorithm implemented for classification
of S11 and S21 parameters and Section V highlights the
recognition using convolutional neural network. Classification
accuracy is evaluated and finally in Section VI conclusion of
the work is presented.
II. ANTENNA DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS
This section describes the experimental setup for measuring
and recording the hand movement data. Pair of identical
compact antennas (37.6mm x 27mm) have been designed and
fabricated as shown in Fig 1(a) and Fig 1(b) respectively. The
designed antenna comprises of three different layers of copper
with a thickness of 0.07 mm. The upper most layer of the
metal consists of a square patch with side 8 mm. The middle
layer comprises of a circular patch with radius 8 mm. The top
and the middle layers are shortened with the assistance of three
short pins. The bottommost layer of metal is the ground plane
on which G- shape Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is cut
out. Two substrates of Duroid with dielectric loss tangent (tan
δ) of 0.0009 and thickness of 1.57 mm are chosen and placed
above and below the circular patch. The relative permittivity
of the substrate is 2.2, selected as it is less lossy in comparison
to the conventional FR-4 designs. The circular patch is the
(a) Schematic of antenna
Fig 1: Fabricated dual band antennas
main radiating patch which caters to higher frequency
resonances. The G-shape DGS in the ground plane is
incorporated to improve the reflection coefficient
characteristics. A single feed pin is connected to all the three
layers of metal. The feed pin is further connected to a coaxial
connector. This can be attached to a coaxial cable for antenna
feeding purposes. The antenna was designed and simulated on
High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) software. The
proposed design operates on two frequencies of 4.08 GHz and
8.18 GHz. The S11 plot of the simulated and fabricated
antennas has been obtained and is shown in Fig. 2(a) and Fig.
2(b). The measured results show S11 less than -10 dB at 3.55
GHz and 6.21 GHz.
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show the measurement of S11 taken by Vector
Network Analyzer (VNA) model E5071C and testing of the
antenna in the anechoic chamber. An anechoic chamber
absorbs all the unwanted reflections and the waves; therefore,
there is no interference in the pulses transmitted by the horn
antenna. The VNA has a maximum frequency range of 20
GHz with a dynamic range of 123 dB. Horn Antenna is used to
test the antenna as it operates in a wide frequency range of 1.0-
18.0 GHz and has a high realized gain of 11 dBi which makes
it appropriate as a test antenna. The test antenna was rotated to
360 degrees in the anechoic chamber and radiation pattern
pertaining to E-plane and H-plane with respect to co and cross
polarization was observed. Co-polarization refers to the
polarization in which the antenna is to radiate whereas the
cross-polarization refers to its orthogonal pair. The plots for co
and cross polarization for 3.55 GHz and 6.22 GHz have been
presented in Fig. 5.
The antenna is operable in Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) range.
Because of short range and high bandwidth of UWB at low
energy consumption level, it is quite attractive for WBAN
applications. Its low radiating power makes it safe to be used
for human body communication [15].Table 1 shows a
comparison between simulated and fabricated antenna and the
percentage accuracy for S11 and gain of the antenna. The
accuracy between simulated and measurement results is 87%
at lower band frequency and 76% at higher band frequency.
(b) Pair of fabricated antennas
 Fig 2: Measurement of S11 using Vector Network Analyzer Fig 3: Antenna testing and measurement in anechoic chamber

(a) Simulated S11 (b) Measured S11

Fig 4: S11 of fabricated antennas –Simulated versus measured

(a) 3.55 GHz E-plane Co and Cross Polarization Plots (b) 3.55 GHz H-plane Co and Cross Polarization Plots
 (c) 6.22 GHz E-plane Co and Cross Polarization Plots
Fig 5. Co and Cross polarization plots
TABLE 1 SIMULATED VERSUS FABRICATED RESULTS
S. No. Results Frequency (GHz)
1 Simulated Results 4.08
2 Fabricated Results 3.55
3 Accuracy 87%
III. METHODOLOGY
To create the dataset for S11 one antenna was placed at two
locations, first was right wrist (channel 1) and second was
chest (channel 2) and the readings were noted on VNA. For
S21 the two antennas were placed at right wrist and chest
(channel 1), left wrist and chest (channel 2), and both wrists
(channel 3) and the antennas were connected to the VNA. As
the human subject performed different hand movements, the
S11 and S21 were recorded on a VNA using a 2 metre coaxial
cable.
Ten different human subjects volunteered for the on-body
collection of data. There were 5 male subjects, with an average
age of 21 years, height of 174 cm and weighed around 60 kg.
The Five female subjects had an average age of 21 years, an
average height of 160 cm and an average weight of around 55
kg (Table 2).The volunteers were healthy and did not suffer
from any health disorder. They had a normal BMI in the range
of (18.5-24.9)kg/m2. Each subject performed each movement
five different times. The total number of data sets obtained
(d) 6.22 GHz H-plane Co and Cross Polarization Plots
S 11 (dB) Gain (dB)
8.18 -16.39 -21.87 3.80 6.05
6.22 -15.36 -21.66 4.62 5.05
76% 93.7% 99.03% 78.43% 83.47%
were 10 subjects x 5 activities x 2 frequencies x 2 locations x 5
times = 1000 data sets.
For S11 measurement each subject performed five different
hand movements: boxing, clapping, rowing, waving and
squatting. The hand movements are depicted in Fig. 6. While
performing the movements, fabricated dual-band antennas
were placed at three different locations on the body of the
subjects. The first location set was left wrist and right wrist
(channel 1). The second set was left wrist and chest (channel
2) and the third one was right wrist and chest (channel 3). The
antenna placement for the second set (channel 2) for different
hand positions are depicted in Fig 6. The red mark represents
the transmitting antenna and the blue mark represents the
receiving antenna. While performing the hand movements, the
observations were recorded at three different time instances.
Each time instance represented one positional step. The first
positional step was the initial hand movement (step 1). The
next step (step 2) was the maximum displacement from the
initial position and the last step (step 3) was when the hand
reached back to the initial position.
 TABLE 2
HEIGHT AND WEIGHT OF SUBJECTS

S. No. Volunteer Height (cm) Weight(kg) BMI (kg/m2)

1 Male 1 175 64 20.9

2 Male 2 174 59 19.5
3 Male 3 180 66 20.4
4 Male 4 170 57 19.7
5 Male 5 152 52 22.5
6 Female 1 160 55 21.5

7 Female 2 158 54 21.6

8 Female 3 159 57 22.5

9 Female 4 158 60 24

10 Female 5 154 57 24

TABLE 3 SAMPLE OF VARIATION IN D(cm) FOR ONE SUBJECT

S. No. Human movement Channel 1 Channel 2

D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3

1 Box 35 63 35 21 59 22

2 Squat 64 65 64 60 60 62

3 Row 63 80 63 44 67 44

4 Clap 49 40 50 45 47 42

5 Wave 49 74 43 42 58 52

(a) Waving (b) Squatting (c) Clapping (d) Boxing (e)Rowing

Fig 6. Representation of hand movements performed during analysis

TABLE 3
VARIATION IN S11(dB) FOR DIFFERENT POSITIONAL STEPS
S. No. Human movement Channel 1 Channel 2
D1 D2 D3 D1 D2 D3
1 Box -17.61 -18.00 -19.09 -17.65 -17.97 -19.12
2 Squat -14.65 -14.21 -15.44 -14.76 -14.37 -15.54
3 Row -17.08 -18.13 -17.28 -17.06 -18.10 -17.22
4 Clap -22.69 -18.03 -18.18 -22.72 -18.04 -18.22
5 Wave -17.25 -18.14 -17.53 -17.34 -18.17 -17.49

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig 7. S11 plots with corresponding scatter plots for different hand movements for (a) Step 1 (b) Step 2 (c) Step 3
 TABLE 4
S11 DATASET SAMPLE
S11 Hand Movement Readings (Rounded off to two decimal places)
S11 (Boxing) S11 (Clapping)
Step 1 -17.72 -14.79
Step 2 -18.01 -14.35
Step 3 -19.11 -15.61
For calculation of S11 two placements (2 channels) were
considered. First placement was antenna placed on right wrist
and second placement was antenna placed on chest. For each
positional step performed the relative distance (D) between
antennas is varied for different hand movements. Three
different distances D1 (initial position), D2 (maximum
displacement) and D3 (back to initial position) were considered
for each of the hand movement. For S11 measurement of five
hand movements the coefficients were computed for each of
the relative distance for the considered two locations the data
set obtained was 10 subjects x 5 movements x 2 frequencies x
2 channels x 3 positional steps x 5 repetitions = 3000 datasets.
The data sample of the measured values computed for channel
1 and channel 2 at three positional steps (step 1, step 2, step 3)
are averaged and presented in Table 4. The associated average
S11 magnitude value for the five experimental trials (hand
movements: boxing, clapping, rowing, squatting and waving)
(a)
(b)
S11 (Rowing) S11 (Squatting) S11 (Waving)
-17.14 -22.75 -17.37
-18.16 -18.07 -18.19
-17.25 -18.20 -17.59
has been plotted in Fig. 7. The readings have been split into
three positional steps as discussed previously: Step 1, Step 2
and Step 3. The normalized scatter plots for the same scenario
with respect to time have been plotted in Fig.7. The S11
magnitude has been normalized from 0 to 1. From Table 3,
Fig.7 it is observed that S11 magnitude of each hand movement
exhibits a unique pattern of variations. This variation in the
magnitude is implemented for classification purpose. The
detailed insight into variation of average S11 magnitude for
each positional step is provided in Table 4.
For calculation of S21 three placements (3 channels) and three
movements were used. The total data set obtained was 10
subjects x 3 movements x 2 frequencies x 3 channels x 3
positional steps x 5 repetitions = 2700 datasets. The S21 data
set sample for three human hand movements for three
positional steps is averaged out for three channels and is
represented in Table 5.

Fig 8. S21 plots with corresponding scatter plots for different hand movements for (a) Step 1 (b) Step 2 (c) Step 3
S21 DATASET SAMPLE
S21 Hand Movement Readings (Rounded off to four decimal places)
S21 (Boxing)
Step 1 -0.9762
Step 2 -0.9692
Step 3 -0.9771
The S21 readings of 3 different human activities ((boxing,
clapping, waving) split into three positions (step 1, step 2, step
3) is shown in Fig. 8. The normalized scatter plot for the S21
parameters for the considered scenario has also been plotted in
Fig.8. It is observed from Fig. 8 and Table 5 that there is a
considerable variation in S21 parameters when performing
different hand movements. These variations occur due to
variation in distance between the two antennas. The variation
is more distinct and precise in comparison to S11. The readings
obtained by the Vector Network Analyzer are then classified
using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks, further elaborated
in the next section.
IV. DEEP CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS
There have been many improvements in fields of data sciences
and statistical analysis to classify data in the past few years.
Some of the more successful ways of data classification have
been Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Decision Trees and
Neural Networks. Each method has its own advantages and
disadvantages, it has been observed that neural networks have
better average classification accuracy when compared to its
counterparts like SVMs. Moreover, neural networks have been
very successful in multi-class classification problems; hence
they have an advantage of traditional SVMs, which are more
suitable for binary classification of data [][][]. Artificial neural
networks (ANNs) are calculation frameworks which are
approximately enlivened by the natural neural networks that
comprise of animal brains. These networks "learn" (i.e.
progressively increment execution and diminish errors)
errands by considering data samples, for the most part without
any sort of task-specific programming.
ANNs are derived via an arrangement of associated/between
connected units or hubs, which are called neurons (a
(c)
TABLE 5
S21 (Clapping) S21 (Waving)
-0.9733 -0.9719
-0.9735 -0.9754
-0.9718 -0.9743
fundamental rendition of biotic neurons in an animal brains).
Each link or connection (a fundamental type of a
neurotransmitter) between different neurons can impart a
signal or pulse starting with one neuron then onto the next
neuron. The neuron receiving the signal then processes it and
passes it to the next neuron linked with it [10].
In regular ANN applications, the signal at a connection
between artificial neurons is a real number, and the output of
each artificial neuron is figured by a non-linear function
(otherwise called sigmoid) of the sum of its inputs. Artificial
neurons and neurons associated with them as a rule have a
randomly initiated weight that changes itself as learning
advances. The weight either increments or reduces the quality
of the signal at a node. Typically, artificial neurons are set-up
in various layers. Diverse layers more often than not complete
various types of transformations on their sources of info.
Signals go from the first layer (input), to the last (output)
layer, likely in the wake of navigating the layers in between
(hidden layers). The layers in the middle of the input and
output layers are called as hidden layers, where the vast
majority of the calculation and characterization classification
happens. The performance of the neural network is evaluated
by the fraction of correct predictions over total predictions.
The equation is given as follows:-
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100 (1)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
After classification, the accuracies at each epoch (training
iteration) is plotted, which gives us the learning curve of the
neural network. Ideally, the accuracies should be low at low
epochs, but should increase as epochs increase, and should
finally get constant after peak value is obtained.
However, ANNs were not able to classify the arm movements;
hence Convolutional Neural Networks were employed. In the
preceding section, it has been observed that there are
variations in S11 and S21 whenever there is any hand
movement. Therefore, DCNNs developed by Kim et.al [17]
are ideal to identify and classify such type of changes in
parameters in accordance to the body position. DCNNs have
become quite popular in recent years due to their high
classification accuracies in 2-D data, i.e., images. DCNNs are
(a)
Fig 9 (a) Overview of each layer (b) Overview of CNN
applied to fields of input that are of the similar size as the
filter. After that, the non-linear activation function is
implemented on the convolutional filter output, helping to
distinguish between classes in the provided data [21]. The
sigmoid activation function is the most common activation
function, but has slightly lower performance when dealing
with multi-class classification; therefore other types of
activation functions are used. The details of the architecture of
the neural network are shown in Fig 9(a) and 9(b). Fig. 9(a)
represents the overview of each layer and Fig. 9(b) represents
architecture of each layer.
By combining such layers, the resulting neural network is said
to be a deep network, with the number of hidden layers usually
vary from two to twenty, which can vary depending upon the
application of the network and the complexity of the
classification problem. Dropout layers are also conventionally
used to avoid overfitting of data. The convolutional network
parameters, i.e, the convolutional filter coefficients, weights
and the final interconnected layers are trained with the means
of back propagation with a stochastic gradient descent. This
helps in classification and feature extraction to be carried out
simultaneously. When the training of the network gets
completed, the network can automatically generate output
corresponding to the new input data.
V. RECOGNITION USING CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK
During the measurements of S11 and S21 parameters, five hand
movements with ten subjects have been recorded with the help
of VNA. Each movement as discussed earlier has been divided
into three positional steps. Two channels have been
considered. For S21 parameters three hand movements with 10
subjects, for three positional steps and three channels have
been recorded by VNA. In order to create data set comprising
of different features for classification, Voltage standing wave
ratio (VSWR) and capacity of transmission (C) have been
computed with the help of recorded S11 and S21. The total
number of features for S11 become: 2 channels x (3 steps of S
parameters + 3 steps of capacity + 3 steps of VSWR) = 18
features. For S21, the total number of features: 3 channels x (3
a hybrid of deep networks (a neural network with multiple
hidden layers), and classical Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNNs). However, unlike the usual CNN architecture, the
DCNNs are directed towards designing of more than one
convolutional layer, and attempt to create a structure of
hierarchy depending upon the input and the label
corresponding to it. The DCNN comprises of three main parts:
a filter, a non-linear activation function, followed by pooling.
The filter is
(b)
steps of S parameters + 3 steps of capacity + 3 steps of
VSWR) = 27 features. The total number of data samples is
10000, and there are 5 classes, each class corresponding to a
movement. For the acquired data samples, 80% of the dataset
is used to as training data for the DCNN, and the remaining
20% of the data set is used as validation data.
In this work, a DCNN with optimized parameters for optimum
accuracy has been implemented. In the architecture, the
number of convolutional layers is set to 64 for the first layer,
and 128 for the remaining two convolutional layers. Two
dropout layers have been added, and a flattened layer is also
added at the end of the network to reduce overfitting of data.
In the end, a standard dense layer is added consisting of 2048
neurons. The values for neurons and hidden layers are
optimized for optimal accuracy. The convolutional filter size is
set to 2 in each of the layers. Similarly, for pooling layers, the
reduction ratio is 2. Pooling layers are also added to prevent
overfitting of data. In the training process, the optimizer used
is Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam) [22]. Rectifier Linear
Unit (ReLU) is set as activation function for the first 6 layers
and Softmax is used as the activation function for the last
layer, the iterations are set to 200, with a batch size of 30
samples.
The classification accuracy is calculated with the objective to
recognize a particular hand movement after training of
network. In the end, the classification accuracies for
movements by 10 subjects are averaged, and the final accuracy
is obtained. Using the architecture of the DCNN given in this
paper, the classification accuracy using S11 parameters comes
out to be 93.32%, and the classification accuracy for S21
parameters turns out to be 98.67%. The accuracy after each
epoch is plotted to give the learning curve of the neural
network, and the loss is also plotted for each epoch. Both the
training and testing accuracies are plotted in the same graph.
The confusion matrix for S11/S21 is presented in Table 6. From
the confusion matrix it can be inferred that the neural network
exhibits most confusion between the Boxing and Squatting
positions when using S11 as base parameter. From the S21 base
parameters it can be summarized that each of the hand
movement is distinct and exhibits less confusion.
 TABLE 6
CONFUSION MATRIX WHEN USING S11 AND S21 PARAMETERS
S11/S21 Confusion Matrix (S11/S21)
Est/Acc Boxing Clapping Rowing Squatting Waving
Boxing 143/169 1/0 1/0 5/0 2/0
Clapping 3/0 157/197 2/0 0/0 1/0
Rowing 1/0 0/1 173/151 6/1 0/0
Squatting 14/0 3/0 2/0 135/199 3/0
Waving 2/0 2/0 0/0 1/1 143/185

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Fig 10. Weight Activation Maps after (a) 1, (b) 40, (c) 80, (d) 120, (e) 160,
(f) 200 epoch(s)

(a) Learning/Loss curve for S11 (b)Learning/loss curve for S21

Fig 11. Learning and loss curves for different parameters

TABLE 7
ACCURACY COMPARISON BETWEEN S11 AND S21

Parameter Accuracy (%)

S11 93.32
S21 98.68

movements based on S11 parameters to that of S21 parameters

One of the advantages of using DCNN is that we can assess
the performance of the designed network after every epoch.
This classification of data can be visualized using weight
activation maps. Weight activation maps show the degree of
randomness in the data after ‘n’ iterations, and the activation
maps associated with the proposed DCNN is shown in Fig.10.
From the weight activation maps, we observe that the weights
associated with data are extremely varied, but gradually get
optimized after certain number of epochs.
The learning and loss curve for S11 and S21 parameters after
200 epochs is shown in Fig 11(a) and Fig. 11(b) respectively.
The comparison of accuracy when classifying the hand
is shown in Table 7.
It can be summarized from the Table that S21 exhibits a higher
accuracy and may prove a better classification mechanism in
comparison to S11 parameters when on-body WBAN antennas
are used. In the next section conclusion of the work will be
briefed.
V. CONCLUSION
Human Body movement analysis proves useful in carrying out
recuperation processes for the patients with reduced motor
abilities. In the current work design and application of a
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