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Networks may link tens, thousands and now millions of computers, enabling them to share information
with each other.
the networks from which the Internet is composed are usually public access networks, meaning that the
resources of the network can be shared with anyone logging on to, or accessing, the network.
INTRANET
are the most common type of computer network used in companies and organizations to restrict
access to the information contained on the network.
A BRIEF HISTORY
1960’s
Internet is formed originally in the United States by the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA).
The Internet only connects limited areas under a contract with ARPA.
is the conceptual model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar
computer networks.
provides end-to-end data communication specifying how data should be packetized, addressed,
transmitted, routed and received.
is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol Suite for relaying datagrams
across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially
establishes the Internet.
1970’s
Various governments, scientific and academic groups developed their own networks as a result of
ARPANET being a successful computer network.
English Computer Scientist Timothy Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web (WWW).
the World Wide Web was initially designed to aid communication between physicists who were
working in different parts of the world.
1990’s
the World Wide Web was officially launched and used by the public mainly because of it’s ability to
easily handle multimedia documents.
1960’s to 1990’s
Internet was a communication and research tool used almost exclusively for academic and military
purposes.
1989’s
Internet’s use drastically change due to the introduction of the World Wide Web for public use.
Information
Business and individuals use the Internet to provide access to complex databases.
Software
thousands of programs are available on the Internet. It concludes applications, games, operating
system and more.
Entertainment
Media and entertainment companies use the Internet to broadcast audio and video, including live
radio and television programs.
they also offer online chat groups in which people carry on discussions.
Discussion groups
Business and institutions mainly use the internet for voice and video conferencing.
Scientists and scholars use the internet to communicate with colleagues from a distance, to perform
research and to distribute course materials
Online shopping
Companies carry out electronic commerce, including advertising, selling, buying, distributing
products and providing after-sales services.
Nowadays, people can shop for goods and services over the internet around the world.
The Internet is based on the concept of a CLIENT/SERVER Relationship between computers, also
called CLIENT/SERVER ARCHITECTURE.
Client/server architecture
In this type of concept, some computers act as information providers (SERVERS), while other
computers act as information receivers (CLIENTS).
is not one-to-one – that is, a single computer may access many different servers, and a single server
may be accessed by a number of different client computers.
Client computers
Host network
is a network that a client computer is part of, and is usually a Local Area
Network (LAN)
2. Once a connection has been established, the user may request information from a remote server.
Remote Server
the remote access server allows users to gain access to files and print
services on the LAN from a remote location.
CONDITIONS:
if the information requested by the user resides on one of the computers on the host network, that
information is quickly retrieved and sent to the user’s terminal.
if the information requested by the user is on a server that does not belong to the host LAN, the host
network connects to other networks until it makes a connection with the network containing the
requested server.
Once the client computer makes a connection with the server containing the requested
information, the server sends the information to the client in the form of a file.
Once the client computer makes a connection with the server containing the requested
information, the server sends the information to the client in the form of a file.
Once the file is received by the user, a special computer program called a browser then enables
the user to view and retrieve the file.
SOME EXAMPLES OF BROWSERS
Downloading
is the process of retrieving files from a remote server to the user’s terminal.
Notes to remember:
Multimedia files can only be viewed with a browser. Their pared-down counterparts, text-only
documents can be viewed without browsers.
One of the strengths of the Internet is that it is structured around the concept of hypertext.
HYPERTEXT
is used to describe an interlinked system of documents in which a user may
jump from one document to another in a nonlinear, associative way.
By clicking on the hyperlink, the user is immediately connected to the document specified by the
link.
HYPERLINK
Hypermedia Documents
2. Dial-up Access
a computer connects
to the Internet with
a temporary connection,
generally over the telephone
line using a modem.
NOTES TO REMEMBER:
Modem (modulator-demodulator)
Each packet travels independently over the internet and may take a different path to arrive at the
intended destination.
All data transmitted over the internet are divided up into small units of information called packets,
each of which is labeled with a unique number indicating its place in the data stream – the flow of
information between computing devices.
When the various packets that make up a set of data arrive at their destination, they are
reassembled using the unique labels given them.
If part of the network over which the packets are sent is malfunctioning, special automatic features
of the Internet’s routing equipment re-route the packets so that they travel over functioning
portions of the network.
Packet Switching
This system has features that make sure that all the data packets arrive intact, automatically
requesting that missing or incomplete packets be re-sent from the source.
Router
Bandwidth
is usually measured in Kilobits per second (Kbps) or Megabits per second (Mbps).
Bits - the smallest unit of information that computers can process have one of two values,
either 0 or 1.
Backbone
Downloading
is when you receive
information from another
computer on the Internet.
Uploading
is when you send
information from another
computer on the Internet.
EXAMPLE:
http://encarta.msn.com/downloads/pryearbk.asp
The name after the colon and double slash indicates the hostname,
which is the name of the specific computer system connected to the internet.
The remaining names after the hostname indicate various files to which the specific URL points.
Basic Requirements in order to Connect to the Internet:
Computer
Is an electronic machine that performs tasks under the control of a set of instructions called
program.
Computers with high CPU speed and more memory will give you a better accessing and faster
processing of data.
Program
Before the introduction of the world wide web, various standards and types of software existed for
transmitting data. Many of these are still in use:
TELNET
in layman's term the Web is and Internet-based computer network that allows user to on the computer to
access information stored on another computer through the world-wide network.
is based on the principle of universal readership: “if information is available, then any (authorized)
person should be able to access it from anywhere in the world.”
in this model, a user relies on a program (the client) to connect to a remote machine (the server),
where the data is stored.
its architecture is one of the clients, “which know how to present data but not what its origin is, and
servers, which know how to extract data”, but are ignorant of how it will be presented to the user.
One of the main features of the WWW documents is their Hypertext Structure. On a graphical
terminal, for instance, a particular reference can be represented by underlined text or an icon. “The
user clicks on it with the mouse and the referenced document appears.
Hypertext
1960’s