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system. Today, ABS is standard equip-
Automotive engineering ment on most cars. A microcontroller
uzzy logic is a and electronic sensors measure the
is one area where fuzzy powerful way to put speed of every wheel and control the
engineering expertise fluid pressure for the brake cylinders.
logic has made into products in a short Mathematical models for a car’s
amount of time. It’s highly beneficial braking system exist, but the interaction
significant inroads. in automotive engineering, where of the braking system with the road is
many system designs involve the expe- far too complex to model adequately.
Constantin brings us up rience of design engineers as well as Hence, today’s ABS contains the engi-
test drivers. neering experience of years of testing
to date with the latest Over the past years, fuzzy logic has in different roads and climates.
become is a common design technology
developments. He in Japan, Korea, Germany, Sweden, PRODUCING FUZZY ABS
and France. The reasons are manifold. Because fuzzy logic is an efficient
examines fuzzy logic’s First, control systems in cars are way to put engineering knowledge into
complex and involve multiple param- a technical solution, it’s no surprise
impact on ABS braking, eters. that many ABS applications are already
Second, the optimization of most on the market. Currently, Nissan and
engine control systems, systems is based on engineering exper- Mitsubishi ship cars with fuzzy ABS.
tise rather than mathematical models. Honda, Mazda, Hyundai, BMW, Bosch,
transmissions, and “Good handling,” “Fahrvergnügen,” and Mercedes-Benz, and Peugeot are work-
“riding comfort” are optimization goals ing on solutions as well.
antiskid steering. that can’t be defined mathematically. ABS also benefits from fuzzy logic’s
Third, automotive engineering is high computational efficiency. During
competitive on an international scale. a control loop time of 2–5 ms, the con-
A technology that proves a competi- trollers must fetch all sensor data, pre-
Listing 1—The current operation point of the engine is classified by the linguistic variable Situation .
Each linguistic term denotes a typical operation point. Because each term is represented as a fuzzy-logic
IDENTIFY DRIVING CONDITION
membership function, the linguistic variable can classify all other operation points, too. Nok and Nissan’s case study [5] gives
the benefits of fuzzy logic in engine
linguistic variable Situation { control. Figure 2 depicts the compo-
nents of this engine controller, which
Term 1: Start
Control strategy is that the cold engine runs smooth. Ignition is contains three fuzzy-logic modules.
timed early, and the mix is fat; The system first notes the engine’s
operational condition by the linguistic
Term 2: Idle
Control ignition timing and fuel injection depending on engine variable Situation. This variable has
temperature to ensure that the engine runs smooth; the linguistic terms in Listing 1.
The determination of Situation is
Term 3: Normal drive, low or medium load
Maximize fuel efficiency by meager mix, watch knocking; a state estimation of the operation
point. Because Situation is a linguis-
Term 4: Normal drive, high load tic variable, more than one term can
Fat mix and early ignition to maximize performance. The only
constraint is the permitted emission maximum; be valid at the same time, so combina-
tions of the operational points can be
Term 5: Coasting expressed as defined by the terms.
Fuel cut-off, depending on situation;
A possible value of Situation could
Term 6: Acceleration be {0.8; 0; 1; 0; 0; 0.3}. Linguistically,
Depending on load, fattening of the mix } this value represents the driving condi-
tion “engine started a short while ago,
HVAC IN CARS
Fuzzy-logic design technologies are
well-established in heating and air
conditioning of residences and offices.
Hence, it’s no surprise that many car
Photo 3—Here’s the second version of the fuzzy-logic controller. The controller uses advanced fuzzy-logic design manufacturers also use fuzzy logic in
technologies and contains a total of 600 rules. their HVAC-system designs.