Entry N Exit Counter (Final)

PROJECT REPORT ON
DIGITAL VISITOR COUNTER
Submitted by:
DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA (ROLL NO.- ST -681475-7)
Under the guidance of
Prof. Mr. HURSH SRIVASTAVA
In Partial Fulfilment of the requirement of passing section “B”

examination of the Institution of Engineers (India) in the branch of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS (INDIA)

AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIERD ORGANIZATION
8 GOKHALE ROAD, KOLKATA 700 020, INDIA
DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

DECLARATION
This is to certify that the project work titled “DIGITAL
VISITOR COUNTER” was done by DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA having
(ST 681475-7) in partial fulfilment for the requirement of passing Section B
examination in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
branch during the year 2019 under my guidance. Certified that this is the
bonafide record of work done by DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA (ST 681475-
7)and has not been submitted earlier to any other Institution for fulfilment of the
requirement of a course study.
MR. HURSH SRIVASTAVA, MIE
(Project Guide)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “DIGITAL VISITOR

COUNTER” being submitted by DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA (ST
681475-7) in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
degree of “Associate Member of Institution of Engineers (AMIE)”
in Electronics & Communication Engineering, is a record of her
work carried out by her under my guidance and supervision as a part
of her curriculum. This is also certify that Project made by her is an
original one and has not been submitted earlier to any other Institution
for fulfilment of the requirement of a course of study.
MR. HURSH SRIVASTAVA, MIE

(Project Guide)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I am grateful to the almighty GOD for establishing me to

complete this project
I take this opportunity to express my ineffable gratitude to my project
guide MR. HURSH SRIVASTAVA, MIE Sir for his unwavering
encouragement and support throughout this endeavour. He has deeply
influenced me and my work recorded herein. Without his constructive
direction and invaluable advice, this work would not have been
completed.
I would like to thank my Parents & Family for their moral support
throughout the project. I also played & record my sense of gratitude
to one and all who directly or indirectly have lent their helping hand
in this project.
DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA
(ST 681475-7)
Electronics & Communication
Engineering

PREFACE
Many times we need to monitor the person/people visiting some place

like Shopping mall / temple. To provide solution for this we are going
to implement a project called “Digital Visitor Counter”. This project
has a “Visitor counter”. Main concept behind this project is to
measure and display the number of persons entering in any room like
seminar hall, conference room. LCD display placed outside the room
displays number of person inside the room. This project can be used
to count and display the number of visitors entering inside any
conference room or seminar hall. This works in a two way. That
means counter will be incremented if person enters the room and will
be decremented if a person leaves the room.
This

CONTENTS
S.N0 Description Page

1 ABSTRACT 1
2 INTRODUCTION 1
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 2&3
4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4
5 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 5-32
6 APPLICATION 33
7 COMPONENTS USED 38
8 WORKING 41
9 PROGRAMMING 44

Digital Counter
Introduction
Digital visitor counter is a reliable circuit which over takes the role of counting number of
persons/visitors in the room very accurately. When anyone enters into the room, the counter
is incremented by one and the total number of persons present in the room is displayed on
LCD. Visitor counting is a counter of the number of visitors entering and exiting in offices,
malls, sports, venues, room etc. Visitor counter helps to maximize the effectiveness and
efficiency of employees, floor area and sales potential of an organization.
Visitor counting has not any limit to the entry/exit point of a company but it has a wide range
of applications which give information to management on the volume and flow of people in a
location. The basic method for counting the number of visitors includes sharing human
auditors to standard manually that tallies the visitors who enter or exit by a particular
location. It is readily available in the market and is easy to build.
The counter is incremented by one as somebody enters into the room and number of persons
is displayed on LCD present in a room. It is done by microcontroller. It gets the signals from
the sensors and these signals are stored in ROM.

Block Diagram
Circuit Diagrams

Components Description
Transformer
Transformer works on the principle of mutual inductance. We know that if two coils or
windings are placed on the core of iron, and if we pass alternating current in one winding,
back emf or induced voltage is produced in the second winding. We know that alternating
current always changes with the time. So if we apply AC voltage across one winding, a
voltage will be induced in the other winding. Transformer works on this same principle. It is
made of two windings wound around the same core of iron. The winding to which AC
voltage is applied is called primary winding. The other winding is called as secondary
winding. Transformers are of two types Step Up transformer and Step Down transformer.

Step Up transformer: - These transformers are used to increase the voltage level at the
output means Voltage at secondary winding is more than the primary winding. In this
transformer secondary winding has more number of turns than primary winding. These types
of transformers are generally used in power station.
Step Down transformer: - These transformers are used to decrease the voltage level at the
output winding means voltage of secondary winding is less than the primary winding. In this
transformer secondary winding has less number of turns than primary winding. These types
of transformers have major applications in electronics industry. Further these are divided into
two categories
A) Simple Transformer
B) Central tapped transformer

Simple Transformer: - It’s a four wire transformer. These types of transformer have 2 wires
on primary winding and 2 wires on secondary output. Symbol of this transformer is shown
below. Voltage rating of these transformer expressed as 6V,12V, 24V etc.
Central Tapped transformer: - It’s a 5 Wire transformer. This type of transformer has 2
wires on primary winding and 3 wires on secondary. Middle one is known as Common.
Voltage rating of these transformer expressed as 6-0-6 V,12-0-12 V, 24-0-24 V etc.

Central Tapped transformer
Specification of transformer:-
While purchasing a transformer generally two considerations have to be kept in mind, first
one is voltage rating and second is current rating. Voltage rating depends upon the circuit’s
operating voltage its generally 5 or 12 Volt so 6 or 12 Volt transformers are generally used.
Current rating of transformer depends upon the load of circuit. If our load current is more
than the transformer current then due to loading effects transformer can burn out. So to
protect our transformer, current rating of transformer should be more than the load current.
All transformer comes with different current rating e.g. 6 V transformer is available in 500m
A, 750mA, 1A, 2A so on. One thing should be kept in mind as the ampear increases cost of
transformer also increases. We have to choose best one according to our circuit requirements.
RESISTORS
The flow of charge (or current) through any material, encounters an opposing force similar in
many respect to mechanical friction. This opposing force is called resistance of the material.
It is measured in ohms. In some electric circuits resistance is deliberately introduced in the
form of the resistor.

Resistors are of following types:
1. Wire wound resistors.
2. Carbon resistors.
3. Metal film resistors.
Wire Wound Resistors:

Wire wound resistors are made from a long (usually Ni-Chromium) wound on a ceramic
core. Longer the length of the wire, higher is the resistance. So depending on the value of
resistor required in a circuit, the wire is cut and wound on a ceramic core. This entire
assembly is coated with a ceramic metal. Such resistors are generally available in power of 2
watts to several hundred watts and resistance values from 1ohm to 100k ohms. Thus wire
wound resistors are used for high currents.
Carbon Resistors:
Carbon resistors are divided into three types:
a. Carbon composition resistors are made by mixing carbon grains with binding material
(glue) and moduled in the form of rods. Wire leads are inserted at the two ends. After this
an insulating material seals the resistor. Resistors are available in power ratings of 1/10,
1/8, 1/4 , 1/2 , 1.2 watts and values from 1 ohm to 20 ohms.
b. Carbon film resistors are made by deposition carbon film on a ceramic rod. They are
cheaper than carbon composition resistors.
c. Cement film resistors are made of thin carbon coating fired onto a solid ceramic
substrate. The main purpose is to have more precise resistance values and greater stability
with heat. They are made in a small square with leads.

Metal Film Resistors:
They are also called thin film resistors. They are made of a thin metal coating deposited on a
cylindrical insulating support. The high resistance values are not precise in value; however,
such resistors are free of inductance effect that is common in wire wound resistors at high
frequency.
Variable Resistors:
Potentiometer is a resistor where values can be set depending on the requirement.
Potentiometer is widely used in electronics systems. Examples are volume control, tons
control, brightness and contrast control of radio or T.V. sets.
RESISTOR COLOR CODE
COLOUR NUMBER MULTIPLIER COLOUR TOLERANCE

Black 0 100 Gold 5%
Brown 1 101 Silver 10%
Red 2 102 No colour 20%
Orange 3 103
Yellow 4 104

Green 5 105
Blue 6 106
Violet 7 107
Grey 8 108
White 9 109
Gold 10-1
Silver 10-2
Example: 1k or 1000 ohms
Band1
Band 2
Band 3
Band 4
CAPACITORS
A capacitor can store charge, and its capacity to store charge is called capacitance. Capacitors
consist of two conducting plates, separated by an insulating material (known as dielectric).
The two plates are joined with two leads. The dielectric could be air, mica, paper, ceramic,
polyester, polystyrene, etc. This dielectric gives name to the capacitor. Like paper capacitor,
mica capacitor etc.
Types of Capacitors:- Capacitors are of two Types Fixed and variable capacitor.

Fixed types of capacitor are further of two types:-
Polar Capacitor:- Those capacitor have polarity are known as polar capacitor. Electrolytic
capacitor are the example of polar capacitors.
Non Polar Capacitor:- Those capacitor have no polarity are known as NON- polar capacitor.
Ceramic capacitor are the example of non polar capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitor: Electrolytic capacitors have an electrolyte as a dielectric. When such

an electrolyte is charged, chemical changes takes place in the electrolyte. If its one plate is
charged positively, same plate must be charged positively in future. We call such capacitors
as polarized. Normally we see electrolytic capacitor as polarized capacitors and the leads are
marked with positive or negative on the can. Non-electrolyte capacitors have dielectric
material such as paper, mica or ceramic. Therefore, depending upon the dielectric, these
capacitors are classified.

Ceramic Capacitor: Such capacitors have disc or hollow tabular shaped dielectric made of
ceramic material such as titanium dioxide and barium titanate. Thin coating of silver
compounds is deposited on both sides of dielectric disc, which acts as capacitor plates. Leads
are attached to each sides of the dielectric disc and whole unit is encapsulated in a moisture
proof coating. Disc type capacitors have very high value up to 0.001uf. Their working
voltages range from 3V to 60000V. These capacitors have very low leakage current.
Breakdown voltage is very high.
Diode:-
Diodes are semiconductor devices which might be described as passing current in one
direction only. Diodes have two terminal, an anode and a cathode. The cathode is always
identified by a dot, ring or some other mark. Diode is a unidirectional device. In this current
flows in only one direction.

Diodes can be used as voltage regulators, tuning devices in rf tuned circuits, frequency
multiplying devices in rf circuits, mixing devices in rf circuits, switching applications or can
be used to make logic decisions in digital circuits. There are also diodes which emit "light",
of course these are known as light-emitting-diodes or LED's.
a rectifying diode of the 1N4001-07 ( 1A) type or even one of the high power, high current
stud mounting types. You will notice the straight bar end has the letter "k", this denotes the
"cathode" while the "a" denotes anode. Current can only flow from anode to cathode and not
in the reverse direction, hence the "arrow" appearance. This is one very important property of
diodes.
The principal early application of diodes was in rectifying 50 / 60 Hz AC mains to raw DC

which was later smoothed by choke transformers and / or capacitors. This procedure is still
carried out today and a number of rectifying schemes for diodes have evolved, half wave, full
wave and bridge, full wave and bridge rectifiers.
As examples in these applications the half wave rectifier passes only the positive half of
successive cycles to the output filter through D1. During the negative part of the cycle D1
does not conduct and no current flows to the load. In the full wave application it essentially is
two half wave rectifiers combined and because the transformer secondary is centre tapped,
D1 conducts on the positive half of the cycle while D2 conducts on the negative part of the
cycle. Both add together. This is more efficient. The full wave bridge rectifier operates
essentially the same as the full wave rectifier but does not require a cetre tapped transformer.
Further discussion may be seen on the topic power supplies

1N400X series Diode:-
Features
• Diffused Junction
• High Current Capability and Low Forward Voltage Drop
• Low Reverse Leakage Current
• Lead Free Finish
1N4148 Diode
The 1N4148 and 1N4448 are high-speed switching diodes fabricated in planar technology,
and encapsulated in hermetically sealed leaded glass SOD27 (DO-35) packages.

FEATURES
• Hermetically sealed leaded glass SOD27 (DO-35) package
• High switching speed: max. 4 ns
• General application
• Continuous reverse voltage: max. 100 V
• Repetitive peak reverse voltage: max. 100 V
• Repetitive peak forward current: max. 450 mA.

APPLICATIONS
• High-speed switching
IC
IC (Integrated Circuit) means that all the components of the circuit are fabricated on same
chip. Digital ICs are a collection of resistors, diodes, and transistors fabricated on a single
piece of semiconductor, usually silicon called a substrate, which is commonly referred to as
‘wafer’. The chip is enclosed in a protective plastic or ceramic package from which pins
extend out connecting the IC to other device. Suffix N or P stands for dual-in-line (plastic
package (DIP) while suffix J or I stands for dual-in-lime ceramic package. Also the suffix for
W stands for flat ceramic package.
The pins are numbered counter clockwise when viewed from the top of the package with
respect to an identity notch or dot at one end of the chip.The manufacturer’s name can
usually be guessed from its logo that is printed on the IC. The IC type number also indicates
the manufacturer’s code. For e.g. DM 408 N SN 7404 indicates National Semiconductor and
Texas Instruments.
Other examples are:
Fair Child : UA, UAF
National Semiconductor : DM, LM, LH, LF, and TA.
Motorola : MC, MFC.
Sprague : UKN, ULS, ULX.
Signetic : N/s, NE/SE, and SU.
Burr-Brown : BB.
Texas Instruments : SN.

The middle portion i.e. the IC type number tells about the IC function and also the family,
which the particular IC belongs to.IC’s that belongs to standard TTL series have an
identification number that starts with 74; for e.g. 7402, 74LS04, 74S04 etc. IC’s that belongs
to standard CMOS family their number starts with 4, like 4000, 451B, 4724B, 1400. The
74C, 74HC, 74AC & 74ACT series are newer CMOS series.
Various series with TTL logic family are:-
Standard TTL 74.
Schottky TTL 74s.
Low power Schottky 74LS.
Advance Schottky 74AS.
Advanced Low Power Schottky 74ALs.
Also there are various series with CMOS logic family as metal state CMOS 40 or 140.
LED:- LED means light emitting diode. Its function is similar to the diode. But these are not
made up from silicon or germanium. These are generally used as a indicating device. There
are variety of LEDs are available in market depending upon their size and colour.

Polarity of LED:- LED have polarity. We can judge its polarity by watching flags in its
structure. Bigger flag is known as cathode and smaller flag is known as anode as shown
below.
Voltage Regulator The LM78XX 3-terminal positive voltage regulators employ internal
current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them essentially
indestructible. Heat sinking is provided; they can deliver over 1.0A output current. They are
intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card)
regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point
regulation. In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators.
Features

■ Output current up to 1 A
■ Output voltages of 5; 6; 8; 9; 12; 15; 18; 24 V
■ Thermal overload protection
■ Short circuit protection
Crystal: - It’s a 2 terminal component. This component has no polarity. Its basic function to
generate a Square Wave of some fixes frequency. Its value is measure in MHz.

MICROCONTROLLERS (MCU)
Figure shows the block diagram of a typical microcontroller, which is a true computer
on a chip. The design incorporates all of the features found in micro-processor CPU, ALU,
PC, SP, and registers. It also added the other features needed to make a complete computer:
ROM, RAM, I/O,timer & counters,and clock circuit.
FIG 2:BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A MICROCONTROLLER
4.1 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
Description:-
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8Kbytes

of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-
density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51
instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By
combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip,
the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-
effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the
following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog
timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt
architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the
AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two
software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the

RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-
down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip
functions until the next interrupt
or hardware reset.
Features:-
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
– Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
• Three-level Program Memory Lock
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer
• Dual Data Pointer
• Power-off Flag
• Fast Programming Time
• Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
PIN CONFIGURATION OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
Although 8051 family members come in different packages such DIP(dual in line
package),QFP(Quad flat package), and LLC(leadless chi0p carrier),they all have 40 pins that
are dedicated to various functions such as I/O,RD,WR, address, data and interrupts.
VCC:
Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5 Volts.
GND:
Pin 20 is the ground.

FIG 28: PIN DIAGRAM OF THE P89C51
XTAL1 and XTAL2:
The 8051 has an on chip oscillator but requires an external clock to run it. Most often
a quartz crystal oscillator is connected to inputs XTAL1 (pin 19) and XTAL2 (pin 18). The
quartz crystal oscillator connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 also needs two capacitors of 27 pf
value. One side of each capacitor is connected to the ground. Speed refers to the maximum
oscillator frequency connected to XTAL .When the 8051 is connected to a crystal oscillator is
powered up we can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin using the oscilloscope.

RST:
Pin 9 is the RESET pin. It is an input and is active high. Upon applying a high pulse
to this pin the microcontroller well reset and terminate all activities. This is often referred to
as a power on reset .Activating a power on reset will cause all values the registers to be lost.
It will set program counter to all 0s.
In order for the RESET input to be effective it must have a minimum duration of two
machine cycles. In other words the high pulse must be high for a minimum of two machine
cycles before it is allowed to go low.
EA:

The 8051 family members such as the 8751/52, 89C51/52 or DS89C4*0 all come
with on chip ROM to store programs. In such cases the EA pin is connected to Vcc. For
family members such as the 8031 and 8032 in which there is no on chip ROM, code is stored
on an external ROM and is fetched by 8031/32. Therefore for the 8031 the EA pin must be
connected to GND to indicate that the code is stored externally. EA which stands for
“external access” is pin number 31 in the DIP packages. It is an input pin and must be
connected to either Vcc or GND. In other words it can not be unconnected.
PSEN:
This is an output pin. PSEN stands for “program store enable”. In an 8031 based
system in which an external ROM holds the program code, this pin is connected to the OE
pin of the ROM.
ALE: ALE stands for “address latch enable. It is an output pin and is active high. When
connecting an 8031 to external memory, port 0 provides both address and data. In other
words the 8031 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save pins. The ALE pin is
used for de-multiplexing the address and data by connecting to G pin of the 74LS373 chip.
PORTS 0,1,2,3:
All the ports upon RESET are configured as input, since P0-P3 have value FFH on
them. The following is a summary of features of P0-P3.
PORT 0:
Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7 allowing it to be used for both address and
data. When connecting an 8051/31 to an external memory, port 0 provides both address and
data. The 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to save pins. ALE indicates if p0
has address A0-A7.in the 8051 based systems where there is no external memory connection
the pins of P0 must be connected externally to 10k-ohm pull-up resistor. This is due to the
fact that P0 is an open drain, unlike P1, P2 and P3. Open drain is a term used for MOS chips
in the same way that open collector is used for TTL chips. In many systems using the 8751,
89c51 or DS89c4*0 chips we normally connect P0 to pull up resistors.
PORT 1, PORT 2:

In 8051 based systems with no external memory connection both P1 and P2 are used
as simple I/O. however in 8031/51 based systems with external memory connections P2 must
be used along with P0 to provide the 16-bit address for the external memory. P2 is also
designated as A8-A15 indicating its dual function. Since an 8031/51 is capable of accessing
64k bytes of external memory it needs a path for the 16 bits of address. While P0 provides the
lower 8 bits via A0-a7 it is the job P2 to provide bits A8-A15 of the address. In other words
when the 8031/51 is connected to external memory P2 is used for the upper 8 bits of the 16
bit address and it cannot be used for I/O.
PORT 3:
Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins 10 through 17. It can be used as input or output. P3
does not need any pull-up resistors the same as P1 and P2 did not. Although port 3 is
configured as input port upon reset this is not the way it is most commonly used. Port 3 has
the additional function of providing some extremely important signals such as interrupts.
Port 3 Alternate functions:
P3 Bit Function Pin
P3.0 RxD 10
P3.1 TxD 11
P3.2 INT0 12
P3.3 INT1 13
P3.4 T0 14
P3.5 T1 15
P3.6 WR 16
P3.7 RD 17
Table 1: Alternate functions of Port 3
PROGRAMMING MODEL

In programming model of 8051 we have different types of registers are available and te4hse
registers are used to store temporarily data is then the information could be a byte of data to
be processed or an address pointing to the data to be fetched the majority of registers is 8051
are 8-bikt registers.
a) ACCUMULATOR (REGISTER A):
Accumulator is a mathematical register where all the arithmetic and logical operations are
done is this register and after execution of instructions the outpour data is stored in the
register is bit addressable near. We can access any of the single bit of this register.
b) B REGISTER:
B register is same as that of accumulator of. It is also an 8 bit register and every bit of this is
accessible. This is also a mathematical register B which is used mostly for multiplication and
division.
c) PSW (PROGRAM STATUS WORD) Register:
Program status word register is an 8 bit register. It is also referred to as the flag register.
Although the PSW register is 8 bits wide, only 6 bits of it are used by the 8051. The unused
bits are user-definable flags. Four of the flags are called conditional flags, meaning that they
indicate some conditions that result after an instruction is executed. These four are CY
(carry), AC (auxiliary carry), P (parity) and OV (overflow).
CY PSW.7 Carry Flag
AC PSW.6 Auxiliary
Carry Flag
F0 PSW.5 Available to
the user for
General
Purpose
RS1 PSW.4 Register

Bank
Selector Bit 1

RS0 PSW.3 Register
Bank
Selector Bit 0
OV PSW.2 Overflow
Flag
-- PSW.1 User
Definable Bit
P PSW.0 Parity Flag.
c) SP (STACK POINTER, ADDRESS 81H):
This is the stack pointer of the microcontroller. This SFR indicates where the next
value to be taken from the stack will be read from in Internal RAM. If you push a value onto
the stack, the value will be written to the address of SP + 1. That is to say, if SP holds the
value 07h, a PUSH instruction will push the value onto the stack at address 08h. This SFR is
modified by all instructions, which modify
The stack, such as PUSH, POP, LCALL, RET, RETI, and whenever interrupts are provoked
by the microcontroller.
d) DPL/DPH (DATA POINTER LOW/HIGH, ADDRESSES 82H/83H):
The SFRs DPL and DPH work together to represent a 16-bit value called the Data
Pointer. The data pointer is used in operations regarding external RAM and some instructions
involving code memory. Since it is an unsigned two-byte integer value, it can represent
values from 0000h to FFFFh (0 through 65,535 decimal).
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light
modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly. LCDs
therefore need a light source and are classified as "passive" displays. Some types can use

ambient light such as sunlight or room lighting. There are many types of LCDs that are
designed for both special and general uses.
LCDs are more energy efficient, and offer safer disposal, than CRTs. Its low electrical power
consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment.
The LCD Module can easily be used with an 8051 microcontroller such as the 162A. The
LCD Module comes with a 16 pin connector. This can be plugged into connector 16 pin.
Most common LCDs connected to the 8051 are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16
characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.
LCD Character 2 x 16 Module
Character LCDs use a standard 14-pin interface and those with backlights have 16 pins.
Pin configuration
PIN Name Function

1 VSS Ground voltage
2 VCC +5V
3 VEE Contrast voltage
Register Select
4 RS 0 = Instruction Register
1 = Data Register
Read/ Write, to choose write or read mode

5 R/W 0 = write mode
1 = read mode
Enable
6 E 0 = start to latch data to LCD character
1= disable
7 DB0 LSB
8 DB1 -
9 DB2 -
10 DB3 -
11 DB4 -
12 DB5 -
13 DB6 -
14 DB7 MSB
15 BPL Back Plane Light
16 GND Ground voltage

The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus.
If a 4-bit data bus is used, the LCD The 44780 standard requires 3 control lines as well as
either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The user may select whether the LCD is to operate
with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit data bus is used, the LCD will require a
total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the data bus). If an 8-bit data bus is
used, the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data
bus).
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW.
Enable:-The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are
sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should first set this line high (1) and
then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are
completely ready, bring EN low (0) again. The 1-0 transition tells the 44780 to take the data
currently found on the other control lines and on the data bus and to treat it as a command.
Register Select:-The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to
be treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.).
When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen.
For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high.
Read Write:-The RW line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the
information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is
effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read
command. All others are write commands--so RW will almost always be low.
Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected by
the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3,
DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.

INFRA RED IR SENSORS
Here is the circuit diagram of an infrared sensors. Infrared sensors comes in the pair of
transmitter and receiver. Transmitter is basically an LED, which emits the light of infrared
wavelength. IR rays are not visible by human eyes. But we can see these rays with the help of
camera. Receiver is basically is an phototransistor. When the receiver is placed in the IR rays
then anode is cathode junction of receiver goes short circuited means we get 0V at the output.
When there is no IR rays on the receiver then both terminals of IR receiver are open circuited.
Means we get 5V at the output of receiver. This arrangement can be used in various
applications like object counting. One another feature of IR sensors is that these rays
reflected back by the objects. This assembly is used in the robots.

COMPONENTS USED
1. Transformer
2. Diodes 1N4007
3. Capacitor (470uF,1000uf,22pf)
4. Voltage Regulator (7805 & 7812)
5. Resistors
6. LED
7. Microcontroller
8. IC bases
9. Crystal
10. Switches
11. IR sensors
12. IC bases
13. Ribbon wire
14. Jumper wire
15. Soldering Iron
16. Soldering Wire
17. Multimeter
18. PCB
19. Cutter
20. Screw & Nuts
WORKING
Power supply: - Power supply is the essential part of any device or project. We are using
microcontroller and LED. These components needs +5V DC supply. So we need a power
supply circuit of +5V DC. Power supply circuit includes step down transformer, rectifier
circuit, filter circuit and regulator circuit. An indicating component is also attached with the
power supply to indicate the power ON condition of power supply unit.
A step down transformer of 12-0-12 V and 750 mA is used to step down the AC power
supply. This transformer can provide current up to 750 mA. Our circuit load is below 750
mA. So there will not be any loading effect on transformer. Output of transformer is given to
the rectifier circuit. We are using a central tapped full wave rectifier. In this rectifier we are
using 1N4007 pn diode to rectify AC voltage. Output of this rectifier is not purely DC.

Output of rectifier is rippled DC. So we need some filtering section to rectify this ripples.
Output voltage of rectifier can be calculated by :-
Vout = (Vin * √2)- (Forward voltage drop of diode)
1N4007 is a silicon semiconductor material based diode. So in this case forward Voltage drop
is .7 V. Final output of this rectifier be:-
Vout= (12*√2)- .7
Vout= 16.1 V
Rectifier circuit is build of capacitor. A capacitor of 1000uF,25V is used to filter the ripples.
Output of capacitor is almost pure DC. But its voltage is 16V and we need +5V DC. So we
are using a voltage regulator to get the desired +5V DC. A 7805 voltage regulator is a
suitable component for this purpose. Output of 7805 regulator is +5V DC. A capacitor of
470uf, 10V is used to further filter out the critical ripples. A LED is used as an indicating
device. Most of LED operates at 1.5 to 2.5V voltage range with 8-10 mA. LED used here is
of 5mm size. We consider that LED operating at 1.6V with 8mA current. We can calculate
the value of resistor using the KVC law.
Total Voltage= Voltage across resistor+ Voltage across LED
LED and resistor are connected in series so same current will flow. Means 8mA
current will flow through the resistor.
Now Total Voltage is =5V
Voltage across resistor is =1.6v
Current is = 8mV
So our equation will be
5V= (10mA * resistance) + 1.6V
3.4V=10mA * resistance
Resistance =3.4/10mA
= 450 ohm
Thus we can calculate the any series resistor for any input voltage and LED.

WORKING
When microcontroller is powered up then due to the reset circuit microcontroller goes reset
and go to first location of ROM. We have written the program from the very first location of
ROM. After the microcontroller goes reset it start executing instruction from 00h to the end
of program. All the instructions are executed sequentially. Crystal circuit is providing clock
frequency to the microcontroller. First task of microcontroller is to initialize the LCD. LCD
is inilized by the some commands those are in HEX code. The commands are 38h, 06h, 01h,
0ch, 80-8fh, c0-cfh. LCD is 16 pin. 8 pins are data pins. Data pins of LCD are connected to
the PORT0 of microcontroller. 3 control signal of microcontroller RS,RW and E and
connected to the P2.3, P2.4, P2.5. Status of these controlled signals are settled according the
command and data requirements. Data pins are used to send the 8 bit data in to the LCD.
This data can be some command or some displaying data. After the initiation of LCD we
display words on it. After this microcontroller continuously read the status .of both IR sensor
which are connected to the first two bits of the PORT1. Normally the output of IR sensor is
low but when IR sensor got some interrupt then output goes low, which is read by the
microcontroller. When microcontroller read some low input then it increment the counter of
that particular input and write the value of counter on the LCD. After writing it on the LCD
again microcontroller checks for the next interrupt. This process goes on till the power is ON.

PROGRAMMING
LCD EQU P0
ORG 00H
START:
MOV LCD,#00H
MOV C1,#00
MOV C2,#00
MOV C3,#00
MOV A,#38H ;2*16 MATRIX
ACALL COMMAND
MOV A,#01h ;CLEAR DISPLAY SCREEN
ACALL COMMAND
MOV A,#0CH
MOV A,#06H
ACALL COMMAND
mov a,#80h
acall command
mov dptr,#tabelhh
acall display
MOV DPTR,#TABLE4
ACALL DISPLAY

mov r1,#00h
mov r2,#00h
check:
jb p1.0,visitorin
jb p1.1,visitorout
jmp check
visitorin:
jb p1.0,$
mov a,#8dh
acall command
mov a,r1
acall out1
jmp check
visitorout: jb p1.1,$
mov a,#0cdh
acall command
mov a,r2
acall out1
jmp check

OUT1:
MOV A,C3
ORL A,#30H
ACALL WRITE
MOV A,C2
ORL A,#30H
ACALL WRITE
MOV A,C1
ORL A,#30H
ACALL WRITE
RET
LCDCLR:
MOV A,#01H ;CLEAR DISPLAY SCREEN
ACALL COMMAND
RET ; DISPLAY DATA ON LCD
DISPLAY:
CLR A
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
JZ NEXT
ACALL WRITE
INC DPTR

JMP DISPLAY
NEXT:
RET
WRITE:
ACALL CHKBUSY
MOV LCD,A
SETB RS
CLR RW
SETB E
acall delay1
CLR E
RET
COMMAND:
ACALL CHKBUSY
MOV LCD,A
CLR RS ; instruction
CLR RW ; to lcd
SETB E ;necessary
CLR E
RET
CHKBUSY:
SETB FL
SETB RW

CLR RS
CHECK4:
CLR E
SETB E
JB FL,CHECK4
RET
delay1:
MOV R4,#50
AGAIN22: MOV R5,#150
BACK22: DJNZ R5, AGAIN22
DJNZ R4, BACK22
RET
DELAY:
MOV R6,#255
AGAIN: MOV R7,#255
BACK: DJNZ R7,BACK
DJNZ R6,AGAIN
RET
tabelhh: DB 'Visitors IN ',0
TABLE4: DB 'Visitors OUT ',0
end

Entry N Exit Counter (Final)

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PROJECT REPORT ON

DIGITAL VISITOR COUNTER

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA (ROLL NO.- ST -681475-7)

Under the guidance of

Prof. Mr. HURSH SRIVASTAVA

In Partial Fulfilment of the requirement of passing section “B”

THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS (INDIA)

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

This is to certify that the project work titled “DIGITAL

VISITOR COUNTER” was done by DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA having

(ST 681475-7) in partial fulfilment for the requirement of passing Section B

examination in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

bonafide record of work done by DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA (ST 681475-

requirement of a course study.

MR. HURSH SRIVASTAVA, MIE

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

This is to certify that the project entitled “DIGITAL VISITOR

MR. HURSH SRIVASTAVA, MIE

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

First of all, I am grateful to the almighty GOD for establishing me to

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

Many times we need to monitor the person/people visiting some place

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

S.N0 Description Page

3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 2&3

5 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION 5-32

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

Wire Wound Resistors:

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

RESISTOR COLOR CODE

COLOUR NUMBER MULTIPLIER COLOUR TOLERANCE

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

Example: 1k or 1000 ohms

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

Electrolytic Capacitor: Electrolytic capacitors have an electrolyte as a dielectric. When such

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

The principal early application of diodes was in rectifying 50 / 60 Hz AC mains to raw DC

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

• High Current Capability and Low Forward Voltage Drop

• Low Reverse Leakage Current

• Lead Free Finish

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

• Hermetically sealed leaded glass SOD27 (DO-35) package

• High switching speed: max. 4 ns

• Continuous reverse voltage: max. 100 V

• Repetitive peak reverse voltage: max. 100 V

• Repetitive peak forward current: max. 450 mA.

DIKSHA KUMARI GUPTA ROLL NO - ST-681475-7

Other examples are:

Fair Child : UA, UAF

National Semiconductor : DM, LM, LH, LF, and TA.

Motorola : MC, MFC.

Sprague : UKN, ULS, ULX.

Signetic : N/s, NE/SE, and SU.

Texas Instruments : SN.