Reproductive System

The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organs within

an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. Many
non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important
accessories to the reproductive system.[1] Unlike most organ systems,
the sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences. These
differences allow for a combination of genetic material between two individuals,
which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitnessof the offspring.

Table I. Differences between Vertebrates and Invertebrates

CRITERIA VERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES

Vertebrate animals all share Invertebrates have an extremely

Definition key elements of their
reproductive systems. They all
have gamete-producing organs
or gonads. In females, these
gonads are then connected
by oviducts to an opening to
the outside of the body,
typically the cloaca, but
sometimes to a unique pore
such as
a vagina or intromittent organ.
Dog (Canis Lupus)
Example
diverse array of reproductive systems,
the only commonality may be that they
all lay eggs. Also, aside
from cephalopods, and arthropods,
nearly all other invertebrates
are hermaphroditic and
exhibit external fertilization.
Squid (Teuthida)
 Function of The first is to produce egg
Reproductive System cells, and the second is to
protect and nourish the
offspring until birth. The male
reproductive system has one
function, and it is to produce
and deposit sperm. Humans
have a high level of sexual
differentiation. In addition to
differences in nearly every
reproductive organ, numerous
differences typically occur
in secondary sexual
characteristics.
In domestic canines, sexual
maturity (puberty) occurs
between the ages of 6 to 12
months for both males and
females, although this can be
delayed until up to two years
of age for some large breeds.
Through the union of a lucky
Reproduction Method sperm cell and an egg
cell. Vertebrates have the
ability
to reproduce themselves
through sexual reproduction.
When a male ejaculates
millions of sperm cells into a
female's reproductive organ,
fertilization takes its place
within a snap of time.
Table II. Differences between Vascular and Nonvascular Plants
CRITERIA Vascular Plant
Definition Are higher plants, form a
large group of plants that are
defined as those land plants
that have lignified tissues for
conducting water and
minerals throughout the plant.
Scientific Name Tracheophytes
Cephalopods are not broadcast
spawners. During the process of
fertilization, the females use sperm
provided by the male via external
fertilization. Internal fertilization is
seen only in octopods. The initiation
of copulation begins when the male
catches a female and wraps his arm
around her, either in a "male to female
neck" position or mouth to mouth
position, depending on the species.
The males then initiate the process of
fertilization by contracting their
mantle several times to release the
spermatozoa. Cephalopods often mate
several times, which influences males
to mate longer with females that have
previously, nearly tripling the amount
of contractions of the mantle. To
ensure the fertilization of the eggs,
female cephalopods release a sperm-
attracting peptide through the
gelatinous layers of the egg to direct
the spermatozoa.
Reproduction in invertebrates differs
depending on species. Asexual
reproduction (having no sex or sexual
organs) is quite common, however,
sexual reproduction is more typical.
Hermaphrodites are common
in invertebrates, this means that both
male and female sexual organs are
present in one individual.
Nonvascular Plant
Are plants without a vascular system
consisting of xylem and phloem.
Although non-vascular plants lack
these particular tissues, many possess
simpler tissues that are specialized for
internal transport of water.
Bryophytes
 Fern (Pteridophyta)
Example
Function of Reproductive Tracheophytes are plants
System with roots, stems and leaves.
Some tracheophytes
reproduce with seeds and
some reproduce with spores.
Process photoautotrophic
Seedless vascular plants,
Reproduction such as ferns and horsetails,
theplants reproduce using
haploid, unicellular spores
instead of seeds. ... The life
cycle of seedless vascular
plants is an alternation of
generations, where the diploid
sporophyte alternates with the
haploid gametophyte phase.
Asexual or
Reproduction Method vegetative reproduction, and
sexual reproduction. The
sexualreproduction for
leafy liverworts is very
similar to the mosses. The
sexual parts are contained in
small and inconspicuous
structures known as
antheridia (male) and
archegonia (female), which
develop on separate plant
bodies.
Liverworts (Marchantiophyta)
The arrangement
of antheridia and archegonia on an
individual bryophyte plant is usually
constant within a species, although in
some species it may depend on
environmental conditions. The main
division is between species in which
the antheridia and archegonia occur on
the same plant and those in which they
occur on different plants. The
term monoicous may be used where
antheridia and archegonia occur on the
same gametophyte and the
term dioicous where they occur on
different gametophytes.
photoautotrophic
Reproduction in Liverworts.
Hornworts alternate between
a gametophyte phase and
a sporophytephase in their life cycle.
The thallus is the
plantgametophyte and the horn-
shaped stalks are the
plant sporophytes. Male and female
sex
organs(antheridia and archegonia)
are produced deep within
the gametophyte.
Reproduction in invertebrates differs
depending on species. Asexual
reproduction (having no sex or sexual
organs) is quite common, however,
sexual reproduction is more typical.
Hermaphrodites are common
in invertebrates, this means that both
male and female sexual organs are
present in one individual.
Table III. Differences between Higher and Lower Vascular Plants
CRITERIAS HIGHER VASCULAR PLANT
These are plants that grow mostly
on land, although there are a few
Definition exceptions. They have a complex
structure of the tissue, allowing
them to lead a rich life: they are
developed manual, the coating,
conductive tissue. This is because
the plants living on land air,
unlike water, less comfortable
living environment - need to
protect themselves from drying
out, provide heat, a firm foothold
in one place.
White Spruce
Example
Kingdom Plantae
Scientific Name Picea glauca
Produces Seed, and Yes
Fruit
Xylem and Present
Pholoem
Reproduction Seed
White spruce is the northernmost
Reproduction tree species in North America,
reaching just north of 69°N
latitude in the Mackenzie
River delta.[41] It grows
between sea level and
an elevation of 1,520 m
(4,990 ft). Its northern
distribution roughly correlates to
the location of the tree line,
which includes
an isothermic value of 10 °C
(50 °F) for mean temperature in
July, as well as the position of
the Arctic front; cumulative
summer degree days, mean net
radiation, and the amount of light
LOWER VASCULAR PLANT
Lower vascular plant, formerly
pteridophyte, also called vascular
cryptogam, any of the spore-bearing
vascular plants, including the ferns,
club mosses, spike mosses,
quillworts, horsetails, and whisk
ferns. Once considered of the same
evolutionary line, these plants were
formerly placed in the single group
Pteridophyta and were known as the
ferns and fern allies. Although
modern studies have shown that the
plants are not in fact related, these
terms are still used in discussion of
the lower vascular plants.
Red Algae
Plantae
Rhodopyta
No
Present
Spores
In its diploid phase, a carpospore can
germinate to form a filamentous
"conchocelis stage", which can also
self-replicate using monospores. The
conchocelis stage eventually
produces conchosporangia. The
resulting conchospore germinates to
form a tiny prothallus with rhizoids,
which develops to a cm-scale leafy
thallus. This too can reproduce via
monospores, which are produced
inside the thallus itself.[2] They can
also reproduce via spermatia,
produced internally, which are
released to meet a prospective
carpogonium in its conceptacle.
 intensities also figure. White
spruce generally is found in
regions where the growing
season exceeds 60 days annually.
White spruce seed is initially Red algae store inorganic nitrogen in
dispersed through the air by wind. the form of phycobilin
Reproduction Both the initiation and pattern of pigments. Red algae reproduce both
Method seed dispersal depend on the asexually and sexually. Methods of
weather (Nienstaedt and Zasada asexual reproductioninclude
1990),[6] but these can vary discharging spores and fragmentation
among trees in the same stand of the algalbodies.
(Zasada 1986).[22] Small amounts
of white spruce seed are normally
dispersed beyond 100 m from the
seed source, but exceptionally
seeds have been found more than
300–400 m from the nearest seed
source.

Table IV. Differences between Animals and Plants

CRITERIA ANIMAL PLANT

A plant is a living thing that grows
Reproduction (or procreation or
Definition in the earth and has a stem, leaves,
breeding) is the biological
and roots. Living cells respire.
process by which new
Aerobic respiration is the chemical
individual organisms –
reaction used to release energy from
"offspring" – are produced from
glucose. It is called aerobic because
their "parents". Reproduction is a
oxygen from the air is also needed.
fundamental feature of all
Plant cells respire, just as animal
known life; each individual
cells do. If they stop respiring, they
organism exists as the result of
will die. Remember that respiration
reproduction. There are two
is not the same as breathing, so take
forms of
care - plants do not breathe.
reproduction: asexual and sexual.
As we can see from the word
In asexual reproduction, an equations respiration and
organism can reproduce without photosynthesis are opposites.
the involvement of another Respiration uses oxygen and
organism. Asexual reproduction produces carbon dioxide.
is not limited to single-celled Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide
organisms. The cloning of an and produces oxygen.
organism is a form of asexual
reproduction. By asexual
reproduction, an organism creates
a genetically similar or identical
copy of itself.

Scientific Name Animalia Plantae

 Dog (Canis Lupus)
Example
Reproduction may be asexual
Reproduction when one individual produces
genetically identical offspring, or
sexual when the genetic material
from two individuals is combined
to produce genetically diverse
offspring.
Asexual reproduction in animal
s occurs through fission, budding,
fragmentation, and
parthenogenesis.
Females do 85 to 90 percent of
Behavior the pride's hunting, while the
males patrol the territory and
protect the pride, for which they
take the "lion's share" of the
females' prey. When resting, lions
seem to enjoy good fellowship
with lots of touching, head
rubbing, licking and purring.
The first is to produce egg cells,
Function of and the second is to protect and
Reproductive nourish the offspring until birth.
System The male reproductive system has
one function, and it is to produce
and deposit sperm. Humans have
a high level of sexual
differentiation. In addition to
differences in nearly every
reproductive organ, numerous
differences typically occur
in secondary sexual
characteristics.
Through the union of a lucky
sperm cell and an egg
cell. Vertebrates have the ability
to reproduce themselves through
sexual reproduction. When a
Squid (Teuthida)
Plant reproduction is the
production of new individuals or
offspring in plants, which can be
accomplished by sexual or
asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction produces
offspring by the fusion of gametes,
resulting in offspring genetically
different from the parent or parents.
The instinctive behavior of a plant
depends mainly on growth or
movement in a given direction due
to changes in its environment. The
growth or movement of a plant
toward or away from an external
stimulus is known as tropism.
Positive tropism is growth toward a
stimulus, while negative tropism is
growth away from a stimulus.
Tropisms are labeled according to
the stimulus involved, such as
phototropism (light) and
gravitropism (gravity). Plants
growing toward the direction of light
exhibit positive phototropism. Since
roots grow downward (with gravity)
Asexual reproduction may happen
through budding, fragmentation, fiss
ion, spore formation and vegetative
propagation. Plants have two main
types of asexual reproduction in
which new plants are produced that
are genetically identical clones of
the parent
individual. Vegetative reproduction
involves a vegetative piece of the
original plant (budding, tillering,
etc.) and is distinguished
from apomixis, which is a
replacement for sexual reproduction,
and in some cases involves seeds.
Apomixis occurs in many plant
species and also in some non-plant
organisms. For apomixis and similar
processes in non-plant organisms,
 male ejaculates millions of sperm
cells into a female's reproductive
organ, fertilization takes its place
within a snap of time.
Asexual or
Reproduction vegetative reproduction, and
Method sexual reproduction. The
sexualreproduction for
leafy liverworts is very similar to
the mosses. The sexual parts are
contained in small and
inconspicuous structures known
as antheridia (male) and
archegonia (female), which
develop on separate plant bodies.
see parthenogenesis.
Sexual reproduction involves two
fundamental processes: meiosis,
which rearranges the genes and
reduces the number
of chromosomes, and fertilization,
which restores the chromosome to a
complete diploid number. In
between these two processes,
different types
of plants and algae vary, but many
of them, including all land plants,
undergo alternation of generations,
with two different multicellular
structures (phases), a gametophyte
and a sporophyte.