1.

Copper

Copper is the most vital mineral to modern life, used in everything from electrical wiring in
households and cars to the saucepans in our kitchens. Thanks to its antimicrobial properties,
copper can even fight bacteria.

2.. Potash

One of the most underrated minerals to exist, potash plays a central role in helping feed the ever
growing population. Approximately 95 percent of the world’s potash production is used as
fertilizer, with the remaining amount used for various chemicals. Derived from “pot ash,” which
refers to plant ashes soaked in water in a pot, the mineral is produced worldwide and exceeds
more than 30 million tons per year.
3. Zinc

Along with various health reasons, zinc is vital for modern life because of its resistance to
corrosion. Popular since the 10th century, the metal is used to make many useful alloys including
lead, tin, brass and copper. Metallic zinc is also used to make dry cell batteries, roof cladding and
die castings. Normally found in association with other base metals such as copper and lead in
ores, zinc is the fourth most commonly used metal. It trails only iron, aluminum and copper, with
an annual production of roughly 13 million tons.

4. Lithium

Lithium, a soft, silvery metal, is the lowest density of all metals and is often made into alloys
with aluminum and magnesium to improve their strength, including making them lighter. Used
in everything from mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras and electric vehicles, lithium is one
of the most popular metals used in today’s modern life. In fact, with the rise in popularity for
electric cars, the global consumption for lithium has more than doubled since 2012.
5. Bauxite

Although not technically a mineral, bauxite is formed from a laterite soil that has been severely
leached of silica and other soluble materials in a wet tropical or subtropical climate. Bauxite is,
however, widely used to make modern life work. It is primarily used to create aluminum.

6. Cobalt

Thanks to Tesla, cobalt is estimated to become the commodity of the future as it is widely
expected to be used in the company’s new Powerwall innovation. This lustrous, silvery-blue
metal is magnetic and is often alloyed with aluminum and nickel to make particularly powerful
magnets.
7. Gold

Gold is the clear breadwinner when it comes to value. The precious metal, which is basically
worshipped across the global, is primarily used for luxury purposes such jewelry and important
objects like wedding rings, Olympic medals, Grammys, currency, etc. According to the World
Gold Council, gold can also be used to solve certain environmental concerns.

8. Silver

Known for its rarity and value, silver has many uses in our modern day lives. Traditionally used
for jewelry and silverware, this precious metal is also resistant to corrosion and oxidation,
making it extremely useful for other industries. In addition, silver is the best thermal and
electrical conductor of all the metals. Beat that,gold!
9. Iron ore

Iron ore is fundamental in creating railway tracks, which have long been a central part of daily
life. Not only do they connect families and communities together, but they serve businesses by
transporting products, services and freight needed to power the world.

10. Platinum

Platinum serves a critical role in the circuit boards of medical apparatus, electrical gadgets and
household gadgets, including fiber optic cables for telecommunication devices. The metal is also
critical in keeping people alive, serving a huge role in pacemakers to transmit electrical impulses
to stabilize heartbeats.
1. Aquarius

Despite its prominent position and large size, you can see that Aquarius doesn’t really have
defining features, nor does it contain any bright stars. The protruding line to the right is
Aquarius’s right arm, with the large downward shape being a combination of the water flowing
down out of the vase and his right leg. While not the entire constellation, what’s drawn above is
what you’re most likely to see in the night sky. You won’t see this one in the city; you’ll need a
dark sky to find the cupbearer.

2. Aquila

This constellation lies in the Milky Way band, and its most prominent star is Altair, which is
actually one of the closest naked eye stars to the earth. The top portion of Aquila forms a shallow
inverted “V,” with Altair nearly the point. This represents the head and wings of the eagle. A line
then descends from Altair, which forms the body of the eagle. Look towards the southern sky in
the late summer, near the Milky Way band, for Aquila.
3. Aries

Constellation ArieAries is formed by just 4 (sometimes 5) visible stars, which create a line from
the ram’s head (the lowest point in the image above) and down its back. Hamal is the largest and
most visible star, and is classified as an orange giant.

4. Canis Major

Canis Major is notable because it contains the brightest star in the night sky, Sirius. Tradition
notes that the first appearance of Canis Major in the dawn sky comes in late summer, ushering in
the dog days of the season. In the night sky, it almost looks a stick figure, with Sirius at the head,
and another bright star, Adhara, at its rear end.
5. Cassiopeia

With its distinctive “W” shape formed by five bright stars, Cassiopeia is one of the most easily
recognizable constellations in the night sky come fall and early winter. And because of that, the
vain queen is one of the most oft-mentioned in pop culture and one of the earliest constellations
that young children come to recognize in the sky.

6. Cygnus (also known as the Northern Cross)

oldcygnus

The constellation may also have gotten its name from the tale of Phaethon and Cycnus. Phaethon
was the son of Helios (the sun god), and took his father’s sun chariot for a ride one day.
Phaethon couldn’t control the reins, however, and Zeus had to shoot down the chariot with
Phaethon in it, killing him. Phaethon’s brother, Cycnus (now spelled Cygnus), spent many days
grieving and collecting the bones, which so touched the gods that they turned him into a swan
and gave him a place in the sky.
7. Gemini

Constellation Gemini

Castor and Pollux also happen to be the names of the brightest stars in the constellation, and
represent the heads of the twins. Each star then has a line forming their bodies, giving the
constellation a rough “U” shape. The twins sit next to Orion, making them fairly easy to find in
winter.

8. Leo

oldleo

Leo has been a great lion in the night sky across almost all mythological traditions. In Greek
lore, Leo is the monstrous lion that was killed by Hercules as part of his twelve labors. The lion
could not be killed by mortal weapons, as its fur was impervious to attack, and its claws sharper
than any human sword. Eventually Hercules tracked him down and strangled the great beast,
albeit losing a finger in the process.
9. Lyra

oldcygnus

Lyra sort of forms a lopsided square with a tail to its brightest star, Vega, which is one of the
brightest stars in the sky. It is small, and almost directly overhead in the summer months, but the
bright Vega makes it fairly easy to find.

10. Orion

Orion is one of the largest and most recognizable of the constellations. It is viewable around the
world, and has been mentioned by Homer, Virgil, and even the Bible, making it perhaps the most
famous constellation. Orion was a massive, supernaturally gifted hunter who was the son of
Poseidon. It was said he regularly hunted with Artemis (Goddess of the Hunt) on the island of
Crete, and that he was killed either by her bow, or by the sting of the great scorpion who later
became the constellation Scorpius
Mountains

Mountains are lands physical features protruding high beyond the hills and very high up the land
surface with steep top commonly shaped up to a peak. They are created through the action of
incredible forces in the earth such as volcanic eruptions. Often, mountains occur in the ocean
compared to land and some are seen as mountain islands as their peaks protrude out of the water.
Mountain formation result from the forces of erosion, volcanism, or uplifts in the earth’s crust.

Valleys

A valley is a lowland area or surface depression of the earth between higher lands such as
mountains or hills. In simple terms, it can be defined as a natural trough bounded by mountains
or hills on the surface of the earth sloping down to the lake, ocean or stream, which is created
because of water or ice erosion. On this basis, the rivers or streams flowing through the valley
empty the land’s precipitation into the oceans.
Plateaus

Plateaus are fairly flat areas higher than the land surrounding it. The surrounding areas may have
very steep slopes. Some plateaus such as the Tibet are situated between mountain ranges.
Plateaus cover wide land areas and together with their enclosed basins they cover approximately
45% of the entire earth’s land surface.

Glaciers

Glaciers are the perennial ice sheets on the planet. They are huge masses of ice that slowly move
over the land surface, predominant in high mountains and the cold Polar Regions. The very low
temperatures in the regions are the enabling factor for the buildup of snow and densification into
ice at depths of 15 meters or even more. Most glaciers have density thickness in the ranges of 91
to 3000 meters.
Hills

Hills are raised areas on the surface of the earth with distinctive summits, but are not as high as
mountains. Hills are created as a result of accumulation of rock debris or sand deposited by wind
and glaciers. They can also be created by faulting when the faults go slightly upwards. Hills are
generally present in low mountain valleys and plains.

Loess

Loess is a fine-grained unstratified accumulation of clay and silt deposited by the wind. It
appears brown or yellowish in color and is brought about by past glacial activity in an area. In
precise, it is sedimentary deposits of clay and silt mineral particles which take place on land in
some parts of the world. The thickness of loess deposits are just a few meters and one of their
basic feature is known as the ‘cat steps’.
Plains

Plains are broad flat areas on the earth’s surface stretching over a wide area. Plains are lower
than the land in their surrounding and can be found both inland and along the coast. Coastal
plains rise from the seal level up to the point they meet raised landforms such as plateaus or
mountains. The Atlantic Coastal plain is a prime example of a substantially populated and fertile
coastal plain.

Deserts

Deserts are the hot and dry areas of the world. They are the arid and semi-arid lands with little or
no vegetation. Deserts constitute approximately 20% of the earth’s total land cover and are
distinguished by little or no rainfall. The deserts are divided into four major categories including
the Semi-Arid Deserts, the Hot and Dry Deserts, the Cold Deserts, and the Coastal Deserts.