Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
the air above a hot cup of tea after that water vapor
has sufficiently cooled and condensed. Water vapor
is an invisible gas, but the clouds of condensed
water droplets refract and disperse the sun light and
so are visible.
Play media
Demonstration of evaporative cooling. When the
sensor is dipped in ethanol and then taken out to
evaporate, the instrument shows progressively lower
temperature as the ethanol evaporates.
Theory
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate,
they must be located near the surface,
they have to be moving in the proper
direction, and have sufficient kinetic
energy to overcome liquid-phase
intermolecular forces.[4] When only a
small proportion of the molecules meet
these criteria, the rate of evaporation is
low. Since the kinetic energy of a
molecule is proportional to its
temperature, evaporation proceeds more
quickly at higher temperatures. As the
faster-moving molecules escape, the
remaining molecules have lower average
kinetic energy, and the temperature of the
liquid decreases. This phenomenon is
also called evaporative cooling. This is
why evaporating sweat cools the human
body. Evaporation also tends to proceed
more quickly with higher flow rates
between the gaseous and liquid phase
and in liquids with higher vapor pressure.
For example, laundry on a clothes line
will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on
a windy day than on a still day. Three key
parts to evaporation are heat,
atmospheric pressure (determines the
percent humidity), and air movement.
On a molecular level, there is no strict
boundary between the liquid state and
the vapor state. Instead, there is a
Knudsen layer, where the phase is
undetermined. Because this layer is only
a few molecules thick, at a macroscopic
scale a clear phase transition interface
cannot be seen.
Evaporative equilibrium
Applications
Industrial applications include many
printing and coating processes;
recovering salts from solutions; and
drying a variety of materials such as
lumber, paper, cloth and chemicals.
The use of evaporation to dry or
concentrate samples is a common
preparatory step for many laboratory
analyses such as spectroscopy and
chromatography. Systems used for
this purpose include rotary evaporators
and centrifugal evaporators.
When clothes are hung on a laundry
line, even though the ambient
temperature is below the boiling point
of water, water evaporates. This is
accelerated by factors such as low
humidity, heat (from the sun), and
wind. In a clothes dryer, hot air is
blown through the clothes, allowing
water to evaporate very rapidly.
The Matki/Matka, a traditional Indian
porous clay container used for storing
and cooling water and other liquids.
The botijo, a traditional Spanish porous
clay container designed to cool the
contained water by evaporation.
Evaporative coolers, which can
significantly cool a building by simply
blowing dry air over a filter saturated
with water.
Combustion vaporization
Pre-combustion vaporization
Internal combustion engines rely upon
the vaporization of the fuel in the
cylinders to form a fuel/air mixture in
order to burn well. The chemically correct
air/fuel mixture for total burning of
gasoline has been determined to be 15
parts air to one part gasoline or 15/1 by
weight. Changing this to a volume ratio
yields 8000 parts air to one part gasoline
or 8,000/1 by volume.
Film deposition
See also
Atmometer (evaporation)
Boiling point
Cryophorus
Crystallisation
Desalination
Distillation
Drying
Eddy covariance flux (a.k.a. eddy
correlation, eddy flux)
Evaporator
Evapotranspiration
Flash evaporation
Heat of vaporization
Hertz–Knudsen equation
Hydrology (agriculture)
Latent heat
Latent heat flux
Pan evaporation
Sublimation (phase transition) (phase
transfer from solid directly to gas)
Transpiration
Phase transitions of matter (v ·t ·e)
To
Plasma Recombination
References
1. "the definition of evaporate" .
Dictionary.com. Retrieved
2018-01-23.
2. The New Student's Reference Work
(1914) . 1914. p. 636.
3. Lohner, Science Buddies,Svenja.
"Chilling Science: Evaporative
Cooling with Liquids" . Scientific
American. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
4. Silberberg, Martin A. (2006).
Chemistry (4th ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill. pp. 431–434. ISBN 0-
07-296439-1.
Further reading
Sze, Simon Min. Semiconductor Devices:
Physics and Technology. ISBN 0-471-33372-
7. Has an especially detailed discussion of
film deposition by evaporation.
External links