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SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOCHEMISTRY
Medical students who acquire a sound of
knowledge of biochemistry will be in a strong
position to deal with two central concerns of
the health sciences:
(1) the understanding and maintenance of health
(2) the understanding and effective treatment of
disease
Knowledge on diseases processes Structurally simpler and smaller
Diagnosis and management of diseases Do not contain a nucleus
Manufacture of biological products Found in Bacteria and Archaebacteria
PROTOZAO
Eukaryotes
DISCOVERY OF CELLS
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be motile via Psedupods, cilia, or flagella Robert Hooke
Describes cells as similar to the walled
compartments of a honeycomb ‘cellula’
ALGEA
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Eukaryotes
First man to witness
Cell walls ( cellulose)
a live cells under a
Use photosynthesis for energy
microscope.
Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
Animalcules
First person to
THE REVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION observe bacteria,
protozoa, sperm
cells, red blood cells,
as well ast structure
of plants .
MODERN INTERPRETATION OF THE CELL THEORY
1. the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in
living organisms
2. all cells arise from pre existing cells by division (omnis
cellula e cellula)
WHITTAKER’S 5-KINGDOM SCHEME 5. all cells are basically the same in chemical composition in
organism of similar species.
ROBERT BROWN
Ribosomes
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELL THEORY Composed of RNA and several proteins
Synthesize proteins
Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann Can be found along the membranes of nuclear
envelope and endoplasmic reticulum
Matthias Jakob Schleiden Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes are attached to a structure
German professor of botany known as rough endoplasmic reticulum
Brought the nucleus to attention
Theodor Schwann
Professor of Physiology
Propounded what seen became famous as the CELL
THEORY
Publish a book where he accept cell structure as the
basis of all vegetable tissues as well as in animal
basis.
Rudolf Virchow
Cythoplasm
Aqueous cell contents and suspend particles and
organelles
Lies internal to the cell membrane
1. nuclear membrane
Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm
Organizes the structure and activities of the cell Cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some
types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It
can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It
provides the cell with both structural support
and protection, and also acts as a filtering
mechanism
Central vacuole and tonoplast
- A tonoplast is actually the membrane that
surrounds the large vacuole in a mature plant
cell. We get the name 'tonoplast' from Greek,
which translated looks something like 'tone,
tension, stretching, and molded.' This would
Peroxisomes coincide well with where the tonoplast exists. It
Contain enzymes that catalyse the removal of is also known as the 'vacuolar membrane.'
electrons and associated hydrogen atoms from, Chloroplast
for example, hydrogen peroxide - Chloroplasts are organelles that conduct
photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic
pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from
sunlight, converts it, and stores it in the energy-
storage molecules ATP and NADPH while
freeing oxygen from water in plant and algal
cells.
Plasmodesmata
Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels
which traverse the cell walls of plant cells
and some algal cells, enabling transport and
communication between them.
ANIMAL CELL
Centriole
Framework of the cell
Contains small microfilaments and larger
microtubes
They support the cell, giving it its shape and
help with the movement of its organelles
Lysosome
Recycling center
-Recyle cellular debris
Membrane bound organelles containing a
variety of enzymes
Internal pH is 5
Help digest food particles inside or out side
the cell.
CELL MEMBRANE 3. surface area ( the larger the faster)
Is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the 4. type molecule or ion diffusing (the little the molecule,
cytoplasm of a cell (outer covering of a cell) allows only the faster)
certain materials to enter.
1. Lipid bilayer:
A. Phospholipid bilayer- what Carrier protein- changes its shape so the
surrounds/makes up the plasma molecule can go in/pass through
membrane.
Channel proteins – just an opening
B. Cholesterol – so that the
phospholipid will not be compact.
2. Proteins
C. Osmosis – movement of water from high
A. integral- protrude on both sides of
concentration to a low concentration
the membrane.
B. peripheral – can only be seen on one - the water or solvent is the one that moves
side
3. Carbohydrates- - needs a semi-permiable membrane or its just diffusion
A. passive transport
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
b. active transport
c. Bulk transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Types of Osmosis
1. Passive transport – does not need energy. 1. isotomic – equal number of solute both inside
and outside of the cell
2. hypotonic – low number of molecules in the
A. diffusion – movement of molecules from higher environment
concentration to lower concentration. water will then transfer inside the cell
- moves constantly and randomly making it swell, then eventually pop!
3. hypertonic – too much molecules in the
4 factors that determine rate of diffusion environment
will result to the cell shrinking because the
1. steepness of the concentration gradient
water will transfer to the environment to
2. temperature ( the hotter the faster ) try and make it equal.
2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT – requires energy
- cell must require very high or
low levels of some molecules.
phagocytosis – eat
pinocytosis - drink
receptor – mediated endocytosis
MACROMOLECULE MONOMER
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
Functions
Production of energy
Storage of glycogen
Cell communication
Component of other biomolecules
Classification
Functions
3. PROTEINS
Storage
- amino acids
Surround and insulate vital body
- peptide bonds
organization and functions
- proteios “ first important”
Prevent loss of energy
(structural Formula)
5 Categories of Lipids
PROPERTIES OF WATER
1. Energy storage (triacylglycerols) – Description A
triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three 1. Polar molecule
fatty acids. Triglycerides are the main constituents of
body fat in humans and other vertebrates, as well as
vegetable fat.
Gravity
Changes the shape of droplets as the
fall
Warmer temperature
Hot water is a better cleaning agents
because the low surface tension makes
it a better “wetting agent” to get into
They do not share electrons, so they are pores and fissures rather than bridging
weaker than covalent bonds them with surface tension.
They easily break and form again Soaps and detergent
Breaks the surface tension
HYDROGEN BONDS
ADHESION
Hold water molecules together
Each water molecule can from a maximum of 4 The attraction of water to other’s surfaces /substances.
hydrogen bonds
Capillary action
The hydrogen bonds joining water molecules
are weal, about 1/20th as strong as covalent
bonds.
They form with great frequency
Extraordinary Properties that are results of
hydrogen bonds.
- Cohesive behavior
- Resist changes in temperature
- High heat of vaporization Wettable surfaces cause a film of
- Expands when it freezes water to partially pull away from other
- Versatile solvent water molecule and cling to the
surfaces.
Cohesion
Capillary action is important in soil and
plant/water relations
Adhesion is the
attraction of water
molecules to stick to
Essentially, cohesion and adhesion are the "stickiness" other substances, and
that water molecules have for each other and for other is also results of its
substances. You can see this in the picture to the right. hydrogen bond.
The water drop is composed of water molecules that like This property
to stick together, an example of the property of allows water to creep
cohesion. up or flows in tubes,
such a plant’s system and phloem, or human
SURFACE TENSION blood vessels. This is called capillary action and
Surface tension, is important for many life processes.
of the force Did you ever wonder: How does water move from roots
necessary to to leaves
stretch or break when a tree
the surfaces of a doesn’t have
liquid, is related a heart to
to cohesion pump the
water?
Importance Cohesion –
adhesion
- Some insects can walk on water theory
- Formation of water drops and waves
THREE STATES OF WATER At 0OC, Hydrogen bonds relax to form crystal
lattice.
Water is the
only naturally
occurring
- When water reaches 0OC, water becomes locked
substance that can
into a crystalline lattice with each molecule
exist in all three
bonded to maximum of four partners.
physical states on
- As ice starts to melt, some of the hydrogen
the planet.
bonds break and some water molecules can slip
closer together than they can while in the ice
state.
- Ice is about 10% less dense than water at 4OC.
Evaporative cooling