Calculus 1 Chapter Test

Note: The questions written here are restated for solution and answer only.

I. Two points (2) each.

1. What is the slope of the line normal to the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)2 at (0, 4)?

Solution. From the definition of the derivative, suppose that 𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑦 ′ .

∆𝑦 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2)2 − (𝑥 + 2)2
𝑦 ′ = lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2)2 − (𝑥 + 2)2 [(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥 + 2)][(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2) + (𝑥 + 2)]
= lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 + 2) ∆𝑥(2𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 4)
= lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
= lim (2𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 4) = 2𝑥 + 4
∆𝑥→0

At the point (0, 4), we have 𝑚 𝑇 = 2(0) + 4 = 4. Since the slope of the normal line is the negated reciprocal
𝟏
of the slope of the tangent line, then we have 𝑚𝑁 = − .
𝟒

2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 10, find 𝑓′(2).

Solution. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 10, then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 8𝑥 − 5. Therefore, 𝑓 ′ (2) = 8(2) − 5 = 16 − 5 = 𝟏𝟏.

Δ𝑦
3. When 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)2 , then find Δ𝑥 .

Δ𝑦
Solution. From 4-step rule, we indicate that Δ𝑥 is in the third step of the mentioned rule. Thus

1 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2)2

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2)2 − 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2)2 − (𝑥 + 2)2

= [(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2) − (𝑥 + 2)][(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2) + (𝑥 + 2)]

= (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 + 2)

= ∆𝑥(2𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 4)

3
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) ∆𝑥(2𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 4)
= = 𝟐𝒙 + ∆𝒙 + 𝟒
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥

Note: 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = ∆𝑦.

4. The equation of the line tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 1 at (0, 1).

Solution. From the definition of the derivative, let 𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑦 ′ and 𝑥 = 0.

𝑓(0 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(0) ((0 + ∆𝑥)3 − 6(0 + ∆𝑥)2 + 1) − (0 − 6 ∙ 0 + 1)

𝑦 ′ = lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
(∆𝑥)3 − 6(∆𝑥)2 + 1 − 1 (∆𝑥)2 (∆𝑥 − 6)
= lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
= lim ∆𝑥(∆𝑥 − 6) = 0
∆𝑥→0

Since 𝑚 𝑇 = 0, then at point (0, 1), applying the point-slope form will produce 𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 or 𝒚 = 𝟏.
4
5. What is the slope of the line tangent to 𝑦 = at 𝑥 = 1?
𝑥

Solution. From the definition of the derivative, suppose that 𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑦 ′ and 𝑥 = 1.

4 4
𝑓(1 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(1) 1 + ∆𝑥 −1
𝑦 ′ = lim = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
4
−4
= lim 1 + ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
4 − 4(1 + ∆𝑥)
= lim 1 + ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
−4∆𝑥
= lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥(1 + ∆𝑥)

−4
= lim = −𝟒
∆𝑥→0 1 + ∆𝑥

6. Find the value of 𝑥 for which the line tangent to the parabola 𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 is horizontal.

Solution. If 𝑦 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , then 𝑦 ′ = 6 − 2𝑥. Since the slope of the tangent line is horizontal, then 𝑚 𝑇 = 0.
Therefore, 6 − 2𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 2𝑥 = 6 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝟑.
𝑎 𝑥
7. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑎, where 𝑎 is constant, find 𝑦′.

1
Solution. Rewrite the equation as 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 −1 + 𝑥. Applying the sum rule and power rule, respectively, we
𝑎
have

1 ′ 1
𝑦 ′ = (𝑎𝑥 −1 )′ + ( 𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 −1 )′ + (𝑥)′
𝑎 𝑎
1
= 𝑎(−𝑥 −2 ) +
𝑎
𝑎 1 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
=− + = .
𝑥2 𝑎 𝒂𝒙𝟐
8. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2, then find ∆𝑦.

Solution. From 4-step rule, we indicate that ∆𝑦 is in the second step of the mentioned rule. Thus

1 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 + 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 2

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = [(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 + 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 2] − 𝑓(𝑥) = [(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 + 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 2] − [𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2]

= (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 + 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 2 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2

= (𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2 + 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 3𝑥

= [𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑥][𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 𝑥] + 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 − 𝑥)

= ∆𝑥(2𝑥 + ∆𝑥) + 3∆𝑥

= 𝟐𝒙∆𝒙 + (∆𝒙)𝟐 + 𝟑∆𝒙

9. Find the slope of the line tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5 at any point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦).

Solution. Using the sum rule and the power rule, respectively, produces

𝑦′ = (4𝑥 3 )′ − (3𝑥 2 )′ + (𝑥)′ − (5)′

= 4 ∙ 3𝑥 2 − 3 ∙ 2𝑥 + 1 − 0

= 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏

10. What is the equation of the line normal to the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 at (1, 3)?

Solution. Apply differentiation techniques at 𝑥 = 1 produces

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
| = (4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)|
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥=1

= 4 ∙ 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2|𝑥=1

= 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2|𝑥=1

= 12 + 2 − 2 = 12.

Since the slope of the normal line is the negated reciprocal of the slope of the tangent line, then we have
1
𝑚𝑁 = − 12. Thus by using the point-slope form, we have

1
𝑦−3=− (𝑥 − 1)
12
1 1
⟹𝑦−3=− 𝑥+
12 12
𝟏 𝟑𝟕
⟹𝒚=− 𝒙+
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
or 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑𝟕 = 𝟎.
II. Solution is best required. Ten points (10) each.
𝑥 3 −4
1. Find the derivative of 𝑦 = with respect to 𝑥 and simplify the result.
𝑥 3 +3𝑥

Solution. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥. By finding the derivative of the functions 𝑓 and 𝑔,
respectively, we have 𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑔′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 3. Applying the quotient rule of differentiation on 𝑦,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑓(𝑥)
= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)

=
[𝑔(𝑥)]2

(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥)(3𝑥 2 ) − (𝑥 3 − 4)(3𝑥 2 + 3)
=
(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥)2

3𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 + 3) − 3(𝑥 3 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 1)
=
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 3)2

3[𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 3 − (𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 4)]
=
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 3)2

3(2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 4)
=
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 3)2

𝑑𝑦 6(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 2)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 3)2

𝑥3 𝑎3
2. For 𝑎 is a constant, using the basic theorem/s on differentiation, find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑎3 − 𝑥 3 with
respect to 𝑥.
1
Solution. Rewrite the whole equation as 𝑦 = 𝑎3 𝑥 3 − 𝑎3 𝑥 −3. Applying the sum rule and the power rule of
differentiation on 𝑦,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 3
= [ 𝑥 − 𝑎3 𝑥 −3 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎3
𝑑 1 3 𝑑 3 −3
= [ 3𝑥 ]− [𝑎 𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 3 𝑑 −3
= 3
[𝑥 ] − 𝑎3 [𝑥 ]
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∙ 3𝑥 2 − 𝑎3 ∙ −3𝑥 −4
𝑎3
3𝑥 2 3𝑎3
= + 4
𝑎3 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 6 + 𝑎6
= 3( 3 4 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑥
 𝑑𝑦
3. Use the 4-spet rule to find if 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1)2 .
𝑑𝑥

Solution.

𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = (2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 1)2

∆𝑦 = (2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 1)2 − 𝑦 = (2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 1)2 − (2𝑥 − 1)2

= [2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 1 + 2𝑥 − 1][2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 1 − (2𝑥 − 1)]

= (4𝑥 − 2 + 2∆𝑥)(2∆𝑥)

∆𝑦 = 4∆𝑥(2𝑥 − 1 + ∆𝑥)

3
Δ𝑦 4∆𝑥(2𝑥 − 1 + ∆𝑥)
= = 4(2𝑥 − 1 + ∆𝑥)
Δ𝑥 ∆𝑥
4
𝑑𝑦 Δ𝑦
= lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 Δ𝑥
= lim 4(2𝑥 − 1 + ∆𝑥)
∆𝑥→0

= 4 lim (2𝑥 − 1 + ∆𝑥)

∆𝑥→0

= 4(2𝑥 − 1)

𝑑𝑦
= 8𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥