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GEOGRAPHY 1:

PLACES &
LANDSCAPES IN
THE CHANGING
WORLD
geo graphein
WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?

▫ Description, distribution and


interaction of the physical, biological
and cultural features of the Earth’s
surface – Merriam-Webster Dictionary
▫ All forms of interaction, movement,
and spatial variation on the Earth’s
surface
▫ Diverse ways people live on, and put
their mark on the surface of the Earth
▫ How observable spatial patterns
evolve through time
WHO?
HOW?
WHAT?
WHO?
WHERE?
WHEN?
What is where, why there, and why care?
Polluted air from China is being
carried by northeast monsoon
winds to the northern
Philippines as illustrated in a
2018 study published by the
Atmospheric Chemistry and
Physics journal.

Source: Enano, J.O. (2019, July 03). Study: Northern Luzon rural folk breathing dirty air
from China. Inquirer.net.
TWO BASIC APPROACHES IN STUDYING GEOGRAPHY

Regional Systematic
Studies all the
characteristics of an area

▫ Set it from and


▫ Relate it to other places

REGIONAL
GEOGRAPHY
Vertical integration Horizontal
of characteristics connections between
defining places places
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▫ Examines one issue at a time
▫ Looks at variations across the world

SYSTEMATIC
GEOGRAPHY
Landforms

Human settlements
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SYSTEMATIC
GEOGRAPHY

Physical Human
Geography Geography

Geographic
Techniques
GEOGRAPHY IS HOLISTIC!
Geography Geology
1
MAJOR THEMES IN GEOGRAPHY
MOVEMENT
Flows of people, goods, and
ideas across space and time

Elements:
▫ Origin: starting point
▫ Destination: end point
MOVEMENT ▫ Path: channel that connects the
origin and destination
▫ Flows: type of movement that
occurs from the origin and
destination
Spatial separation of phenomena
▫ All phenomena occur in geographic
space
▫ Things cannot occupy the same
location simultaneously

Movement is
influenced Specialization, agglomeration and
economies of scale
by
Spatial separation of resource
endowments
REGIONS
Area defined by one of more
distinctive characteristics

Derives its unifying character through:


▫ Physical features: climate,
vegetation, topography
REGION ▫ Cultural features: language,
ethnicity, religion
▫ Economic features: agriculture,
industry
FORMAL REGION

▫ Uniform or homogeneous region


▫ Everyone shares a common distinctive
characteristic or feature
▫ Typically to help explain broad global
or national patterns
FUNCTIONAL REGION

▫ Nodal region
▫ A node or focal point, where the
chosen attribute dominates and
diminishes in importance outward
▫ Variable but with overall coherence
VERNACULAR REGION

▫ Perceptual region
▫ Exists as part of the people’s identity
▫ Informal sense of place
SPATIAL INTERACTION
All kinds of movements and
flows involving human
activity

▫ Distance Decay: contact diminishes


with increasing distance

SPATIAL
INTERACTION

Everything is related to everything else but
near things are more related than distant
things.

TOBLER’S FIRST LAW OF GEOGRAPHY


Space-Time Compression
Reduction in the time it takes for something to
reach another place
COMPLEMENTARITY
There is demand in one place and a supply that matches, or complements, it in
another place.

Contributing factors:
Variation in resource endowment
International division of labor
TRANSFERABILITY

Cost of overcoming distance measured in economic terms of time or travel


cost.

Depends on the frictional or deterrent effects of distance.


▫ Determines the volume and pattern
of movements and flows
▫ Alternative origin and or destinations
between places
INTERVENING
OPPORTUNITY
Puerto
Galera

Manila Boracay
SPATIAL DIFFUSION
Process by which characteristic spreads across space, from one place to
another over time
Relocation Diffusion Expansion Diffusion
Hierarchical Contagious
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
HUMAN- How humans interact with
ENVIRONMENT their environment
INTERACTION
Humans depend on the environment

3 Key Humans modify the environment


Concepts
Humans adapt to the environment
LOCATION
Position of phenomena in space

Nominal Location
▫ Expressed in terms of names given to
places

Absolute Location

LOCATION ▫ Expressed through coordinates of


latitude and longitude

Relative Location
▫ Fixed in terms of site and situation
▫ Site: physical attributes of a location
▫ Situation: location of a place relative to
other places and human activities
PLACE
Several definitions

▫ A meaningful site that combines


location, locale, and sense of place

PLACE ▫ A particular location that has acquired a


set of meanings
▫ A functional node in space
Location
▫ Position in space

3 Locale
▫ Material for social relations
Components
Sense of place
▫ Feelings and emotions evoked by a
place
UP Diliman as a place

Location
▫ 14° 39’ 22" North
▫ 121° 3' 56" East

Locale
▫ Jeepneys, joggers, buildings, trees

Sense of place
▫ Place of freedom
▫ Activism
2
OTHER FUNDAMENTAL GEOGRAPHIC
CONCEPTS
Position towards which a
phenomenon moves or faces

▫ Absolute Direction: the cardinal points


of north, south, east, and west
▫ Relative or Relational Direction:

DIRECTION culturally based and locationally


variable
How far or near two things or
places are from each other

▫ Absolute Distance: scientific units


▫ Relative Distance: time, effort, or cost
DISTANCE ▫ Cognitive Distance: people perceive to
exist in a given situation
Container of activities

SPACE ▫ Extent to which matter is physically


extended or have positions relative to
each other
Arrangement of a feature in
space

Properties:
▫ Density: frequency with which
something occurs in space

DISTRIBUTION ▫ Concentration: extent of a feature’s


spread over space
▫ Pattern: geometric arrangement of
objects in space
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Ease by which a specific
location can be reached from a
given point.

Opportunity for contact or


interaction from a given point in
relation to other locations.

ACCESSIBILITY

▫ Distance
▫ Connectivity: configuration of networks
of communication and transportation
Level of analysis; the relative
size of the area under discussion

▫ Local
SCALE ▫ Regional
▫ National
▫ Global
MAP
Two-dimensional or flat-
representation of the Earth’s
surface.

MAP &
GLOBE
GLOBE
Three-dimensional, spherical, scale
model of the Earth.

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