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PLACES &
LANDSCAPES IN
THE CHANGING
WORLD
geo graphein
WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?
Source: Enano, J.O. (2019, July 03). Study: Northern Luzon rural folk breathing dirty air
from China. Inquirer.net.
TWO BASIC APPROACHES IN STUDYING GEOGRAPHY
Regional Systematic
Studies all the
characteristics of an area
REGIONAL
GEOGRAPHY
Vertical integration Horizontal
of characteristics connections between
defining places places
10
▫ Examines one issue at a time
▫ Looks at variations across the world
SYSTEMATIC
GEOGRAPHY
Landforms
Human settlements
12
SYSTEMATIC
GEOGRAPHY
Physical Human
Geography Geography
Geographic
Techniques
GEOGRAPHY IS HOLISTIC!
Geography Geology
1
MAJOR THEMES IN GEOGRAPHY
MOVEMENT
Flows of people, goods, and
ideas across space and time
Elements:
▫ Origin: starting point
▫ Destination: end point
MOVEMENT ▫ Path: channel that connects the
origin and destination
▫ Flows: type of movement that
occurs from the origin and
destination
Spatial separation of phenomena
▫ All phenomena occur in geographic
space
▫ Things cannot occupy the same
location simultaneously
Movement is
influenced Specialization, agglomeration and
economies of scale
by
Spatial separation of resource
endowments
REGIONS
Area defined by one of more
distinctive characteristics
▫ Nodal region
▫ A node or focal point, where the
chosen attribute dominates and
diminishes in importance outward
▫ Variable but with overall coherence
VERNACULAR REGION
▫ Perceptual region
▫ Exists as part of the people’s identity
▫ Informal sense of place
SPATIAL INTERACTION
All kinds of movements and
flows involving human
activity
SPATIAL
INTERACTION
“
Everything is related to everything else but
near things are more related than distant
things.
Contributing factors:
Variation in resource endowment
International division of labor
TRANSFERABILITY
Manila Boracay
SPATIAL DIFFUSION
Process by which characteristic spreads across space, from one place to
another over time
Relocation Diffusion Expansion Diffusion
Hierarchical Contagious
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
HUMAN- How humans interact with
ENVIRONMENT their environment
INTERACTION
Humans depend on the environment
Nominal Location
▫ Expressed in terms of names given to
places
Absolute Location
Relative Location
▫ Fixed in terms of site and situation
▫ Site: physical attributes of a location
▫ Situation: location of a place relative to
other places and human activities
PLACE
Several definitions
3 Locale
▫ Material for social relations
Components
Sense of place
▫ Feelings and emotions evoked by a
place
UP Diliman as a place
Location
▫ 14° 39’ 22" North
▫ 121° 3' 56" East
Locale
▫ Jeepneys, joggers, buildings, trees
Sense of place
▫ Place of freedom
▫ Activism
2
OTHER FUNDAMENTAL GEOGRAPHIC
CONCEPTS
Position towards which a
phenomenon moves or faces
Properties:
▫ Density: frequency with which
something occurs in space
ACCESSIBILITY
▫ Distance
▫ Connectivity: configuration of networks
of communication and transportation
Level of analysis; the relative
size of the area under discussion
▫ Local
SCALE ▫ Regional
▫ National
▫ Global
MAP
Two-dimensional or flat-
representation of the Earth’s
surface.
MAP &
GLOBE
GLOBE
Three-dimensional, spherical, scale
model of the Earth.