Symmetry 2D 3 PDF

Symmetry in 2D
4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 1

Outlook
• Symmetry: definitions, unit cell choice
• Symmetry operations in 2D
• Symmetry combinations
• Plane Point groups
• Plane (space) groups
• Finding the plane group: examples

Symmetry
 Symmetry is the preservation of form and configuration across a
point, a line, or a plane.
 The techniques that are used to "take a shape and match it exactly to
another” are called transformations
 Inorganic crystals usually have the shape which reflects their internal
symmetry

Lattice = an array of points repeating periodically in space (2D or 3D).
Motif/Basis = the repeating unit of a pattern (ex. an atom, a group of

atoms, a molecule etc.)
Unit cell = The smallest repetitive volume of the crystal, which when
stacked together with replication reproduces the whole crystal

Unit cell convention
By convention the unit cell is chosen so that it is as small as possible
while reflecting the full symmetry of the lattice
(b) to (e) correct unit cell: choice of origin is arbitrary but the cells should be identical;
(f) incorrect unit cell: not permissible to isolate unit cells from each other (1 and 2 are
not identical)
A. West: Solid state chemistry and its applications
Some Definitions
• Symmetry element: An imaginary geometric entity (line, point,

plane) about which a symmetry operation takes place
• Symmetry Operation: a permutation of atoms such that an object

(molecule or crystal) is transformed into a state indistinguishable
from the starting state
• Invariant point: point that maps onto itself
• Asymmetric unit: The minimum unit from which the structure can be
generated by symmetry operations

From molecular point group to space groups
Complete consideration of all symmetry elements and translation yields
to the space groups
benzene graphene graphite
D6h or 6/mmm p6mm P63/mmc

Point group Plane group = point Space group = point
group symmetry + group symmetry +
in plane translation in 3D translation
• Symmetry operations in 2D*: 1. translation
2. rotations
3. reflections
4. glide reflections
• Symmetry operations in 3D: the same as in 2D

+
inversion center, rotoinversions and
screw axes
* Besides identity
1. Translation (“move”)
Translation moves all the points in the asymmetric unit the same
distance in the same direction.
There are no invariant points (points that map

onto themselves) under a translation.
Translation has no effect on the chirality of

figures in the plane.

2. Rotations
A rotation turns all the points in the asymmetric unit around one
axis, the center of rotation.
The center of rotation is the only

invariant point.
A rotation does not change the chirality

of figures.

Symbols for symmetry axes
Drawn
symbol
One fold rotation axis --- (monad)

two fold rotation axis (diad) Axes perpendicular to the plane
Axes parallel to the plane
three fold rotation axis (triad)

four fold rotation axis (Tetrad)
six fold rotation axis (Hexad)
CRYSTALS MOLECULES
3. Reflections
A reflection flips all points in the asymmetric unit over a line called
mirror.
The points along the mirror line are all

invariant points
A reflection changes the chirality of any

figures in the asymmetric unit
• Symbol: m
• Representation: a solid line
4. Glide Reflections
Glide reflection reflects the asymmetric unit across a mirror and
then translates it parallel to the mirror
There are no invariant points under a glide

reflection.
A glide plane changes the chirality of figures in

the asymmetric unit.
• Symbol: g
• Representation: a dashed line
Point group symmetry
• Point group = the collection of symmetry elements of an isolated

shape
• Point group symmetry does not consider translation!
• The symmetry operations must leave every point in the lattice

identical therefore the lattice symmetry is also described as the
lattice point symmetry
• Plane symmetry group or plane crystallographic group is a

mathematical classification of a two-dimensional repetitive pattern,
based on the symmetries in the pattern

Examples of plane symmetry in architecture

Crystallographic plane point groups = 10
1. 1 (one fold axis) 6. m (mirror line)
2. 2 (two fold axis)

7. 2 mm (two mirror lines
and a 2-fold axis)*
3. 3 (three fold axis) 3 m (one 3-fold axis and

8. three mirror lines)
4. 4 (four fold axis) 9. 4 mm (4-fold axis and

four mirror lines)*
6 mm (6-fold axis
10. and 6 mirror lines)*
5. 6 (six fold axis)
* Second “m” in the symbol refers to the second type of mirror line
Non-periodic 2D patterns
• 5-fold , 7-fold, etc. axes are not compatible with translation  non-periodic two
dimensional patterns
Ex: Starfish
Wikipedia.org
5m (five fold axis + mirror) A Penrose tiling
Group of atoms or viruses can form “quasicrystals” (quasicristals = ordered structural forms
that are non-periodic)
Electron diffraction of a Al-Mn

quasicrystal showing 5-fold
symmetry by Dan Shechtman

http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/press.html

Combining symmetry operations
 Ten different plane point groups :
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, m, 2 mm, 3 m, 4 mm, 6 mm
 Five different cell lattice types:
1. oblique(parallelogram) (a ≠ b, ≠ 90°)
2. Rectangular (a  b, 90ᵒ)
3. Square (a = b, 90ᵒ)
4. Centered rectangular or diamond (a  b, 90ᵒ)
5. Rhombic or hexagonal (a = b, 120ᵒ)
When point group symmetries are combined with the possible lattice
cells  17 plane groups.

1. Combining rotation with translation
1. The rotations will always be  to the plane (the space in 2D)
2. An -fold rotation followed by translation  to it gives another
rotation of the same angle (same order), in the same sense
3. The new rotation will be located at a distance x = T/2 x cotg /2 along
perpendicular bisector of T (T=cell edge  translation)
Ex: 2-fold rotation followed by translation (=180)

1
The second rotation will be on T in the middle at B
B T
180 A x
Steps:
2 3 1. 2-fold rotation through A moves the motif from 1 to 2
2. translation by T moves the motif from 2 to 3
is the motif Or
1. 2-fold rotation through B moves the motif from 1 to 3
2-fold axis combined with translation
1 8 4 1 4
T2
T1 T1
T1+T2
Pair of motifs: 6 7
2 T2 3 2 3
9
•2-fold rotation at 1 combined with translation T 1 gives the rotation 6 (rotation 6 is translated
to 7 by T2)
•2-fold rotation at 1 combined with translation T 2 gives the rotation 8 (rotation 8 is translated
to 9 by T1)
•2-fold rotation at 1 combined with translation T 1+T2 gives the rotation in the middle
The blue, red, green and yellow marked are independent 2-fold axes:
they relate different objects pair-wise in the pattern no any pair of
the blue and one of the red, green or yellow 2-fold axis describe the
same pair-wise relationship L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
4/24/2013 21
6-fold axis combined with translation
6-fold axis contains 2/6, 2/3, 2/2 rotations All the operations of
a 3-fold axis
combined with
translation and of a
2-fold axis combined
with translation will
be included for a p6
plane group

Combination of the rotation axes with a plane lattice =
translation
Two fold axis Three fold axis
Four non-equivalent 2-fold axes  to the plane Three non-equivalent 3-fold axes  to the plane
(0 0; ½ ½ , ½ 0, 0 ½ ) 00, 2/3 1/3, 1/3 2/3)
Four fold axis Six fold axis
Two non-equivalent 4-fold axes  to the plane; One non-equivalent 6-fold axes  to the plane;
One non-equivalent 2-fold axis  to the plane; One non-equivalent 3-fold axis  to the plane;
(00, ½ ½) and ( ½ 0, 0 ½ ) (0 0) ; (2/3 1/3 , 1/3 2/3) and ( ½ 0)
4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
Martin Buerger: An introduction to fundamental geometric features of crystals 23
2. Combining a reflection with translation
A reflection combined with a translation  to it is another reflection at
½ of that perpendicular translation
1. A rectangular cell
1
1  2  3 Translation
1 2
2 1 3
 *2
*the mirror 2 is situated at ½ distance of the translation
- Pair of motifs
The mirror 2 is independent from 1 because the position of the objects (1 and 2)
relative to the mirror in the center (2)of the cell is distinct from the position of the
same objects relative to the first mirror (1)

2. A centered rectangular cell
 1 and 2 are equivalent because we must have a motif in the center

 A glide line results in here
21 1 2
22
2
- Pair of motifs 11 1 12
A glide is the result of a reflection and a translation
1
T *T(T+T)=glide plane
T The glide will be at the half distance of T
T

3. Combining a glide with a translation
1. A rectangular cell
1 gliding
 2 Translatio
n 3
g1 g2
3 gliding by g2
2
1
The glide g2 is situated at half of the translation which is
perpendicular to it
- Motif
g1 g2 Reflecting 1 by a
3 mirror in the
2
1 center of the
3’
edges gives 3’;
T() Gliding 3’ half of
Tparallel gives 3

2. A centered rectangular cell
Combining a glide plane with a translation in a centered rectangular

lattice gives a mirror plane situated at ½ of T/2.
g1 g2
2
1

4. Combining two reflections
• The operation of applying two reflections in which the mirror planes (1 and 2) are
making an angle  with each other is the same with the rotation by an 2 angle

1
1’ Guide to the eye
1 2 2
Two reflections:
1  1’ by reflection on 1 One rotation:
1’  2 by reflection on 2 1  2 by two times  rotation
1 2
1 1'  2
rotation by 2
5. Combining a rotation with a reflection
A rotation by  followed by a reflection 1 will result in another
reflection which will be situated at an angle /2 relative to the first
reflection
1 3
2 3

1
1 2
2
rotationby  reflection by 1
1  2  3
reflection by 2

Combining symmetry operations
1. Oblique (parallelogram) (a ≠ b, ≠ 90°)
p1 p2
Plane groups p1 and p2
p stands for the fact that we have only one lattice point per cell  primitive lattice
Examples of motifs having point group 1:

(The motif itself should have no symmetry) and
Examples of motifs having point group 2: and

(The motif itself should have a 2-fold axis)
Plane group symbol rules/meaning
1. First letter: p or c  translation symmetry + type of centering
2. The orientation of the symmetry elements: to coordinate system x, y and z.
 The highest multiplicity axis or if only one symmetry axis present  they are on z
Ex: p4mm: 4-fold axis in the z direction; p3m1: 3-fold axis in the z direction
 The highest symmetry axis is mentioned first and the rest are omitted
ex: p4mmm: 4-fold axis on z and two 2-fold axes are omitted
 If highest multiplicity axis is 2-fold the sequence is x-y-z
ex: pmm2; pgm2; cmm2: 2-fold axis on z
3. The addition of 1 is often used as a place holder to ensure the mirror or glide line
is correctly placed
ex: p3m1 and p31m
4/24/2013 my
L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D m x m  z 31
2. Rectangular (a  b, 90ᵒ)
Plane groups: pm, pg, pmg2, pmm2 and pgg2
pmg2 pgg2 pmm2
Possible motifs: 2mm

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L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
2. Examples of Rectangular plane groups with glide lines
motif: motif:
pmg2
pgg2
pmg2
4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D pgg2 33
3. Square (a = b, 90ᵒ)
Plane groups: p4, p4mm and p4gm
Possible motifs:

4 4mm
Questions to recognize a square plane
group
1. Is there a 4-fold axis?
It should be otherwise it cannot be a square lattice
2. Is there a mirror line in there?
If No, then is a p4 plane group
If “Yes”,
3. Is the mirror line passing through a 4-fold axis?
If “Yes” then the plane group is p4mm
If “No” then the group is a p4mg

4. Centered rectangular (a  b, 90ᵒ)
The dash lined cell is known as diamond or rhombus cell
Plane groups: cm and cmm2
Possible motifs: cmm2
m 2mm
Diamond vs. centered rectangular
The centered rectangular

lattice has now 2 atoms per
The diamond lattice has a mirror unit cell
through it such that always a = b a a=b
but the angle is general
The centered rectangular lattice has 2-fold redundancy (two

diamond unit cells) but it has the big advantage of an
orthogonal coordinate system. Therefore it is the standard cell

5. Rhombic or hexagonal (a = b, 120ᵒ)
Plane groups:
p3, p31m, p3m1, p6 and p6mm
Possible motifs:
4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 3m 38

6 6mm 3
How the motifs are oriented in p3m plane
group
p3m1 p31m
The mirrors are  to the translation The translation is along
(the translation comes in the middle of the the mirror planes
mirrors)
On the second place in the plane group symbol comes what is  to

the cell edge and on the third place comes what is to the cell edge
When we have translations which are inclined to the mirrors like in
p3m1 plane group, a glide is always interleaved between the two
mirrors
The glide is parallel to the mirrors at half distance between them
1
2
a) the inclination of translation b) the location of glide (between the

relative to the mirrors mirrors at the half distance)

When we have translations which are inclined to the mirrors like in
p31m plane group, a glide is always interleaved between the two
mirrors.
The glide is parallel to the mirrors at half distance between them.
a) The inclination of the translation b) The location of the glides (between

relative to the mirrors the mirrors at the half distance)

The p6mm plane group has the symmetry elements of both p3m1 and
p31m groups because both of these groups are present
simultaneously in p6mm plane group.
p3m1 +p31m
When we add the symmetry elements we should make sure that all the symmetry
elements are left invariant (we don’t create additional translations or consequently
more axes and planes;

Symmetry Elements of the 2D Space Groups
Unit cell edge glide line

4/23/2013 mirror line 2, 3, 4, 6 – fold axes 43
L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
The equivalence of atom positions results from translation
y
x x
x
The atom will be then moved by
y
y translation to every lattice point
The atom at the lattice

point has the
coordinates: (x, y)
The 2 – fold axes place the atoms
at the opposite direction
x
It is possible to say also 1-x 1-y
y
But is more esthetic to give the 1-y
positions x y and 1-x
xy
1. Highest 2. Has reflection?
order
rotation? Yes No
6-fold p6mm p6
3. Has mirrors at 45°?
4-fold p4
Yes: p4mm No: p4gm
3. Has rot. centre off mirrors?
3-fold p3
Yes: p31m No: p3m1
3. Has perpendicular reflections?
Has glide reflection?
Yes No
2-fold Has rot. centre off mirrors?
pmg2 Yes: pgg2 No: p2
Yes: cmm2 No: pmm2
Has glide axis off mirrors? Has glide reflection?
none
Yes: cm No: pm Yes: pg No: p1

Fundamental Steps in Plane Groups
Identification
1. Locate the motif present in the pattern. This can be a molecule, molecules, atom,
group of atoms, a shape or group of shapes. The motif can usually be discovered
by noting the periodicity of the pattern.
2. Identify any symmetry elements in the motif.
3. Locate a single lattice point for each occurrence of the motif. It is a good idea to
locate the lattice points at a symmetry element location.
4. Connect the lattice points to form the unit cell.
5. Determine the plane group by comparing the symmetry elements present to the
17 plane patterns.

Finding the plane group
No symmetry besides translation: The lattice type is oblique, plane group p1. Each
unit mesh (unit cell) contains 1 white bird and 1 blue bird.

No symmetry besides translation: The lattice type is oblique, plane group p1. Each
unit mesh (unit cell) contains 1 white bird and 1 blue bird.


49
1. Highest order rotation?

A: 2
2. Has  reflections?
A: yes
3. Has rotation centers off mirrors?
A: yes
4. Space group:
A: cmm2

50
The unit cell is square.
Symmetry elements:
-2-fold axis
-Two mirror lines ( to each
other)
- Two glide lines
 Plane group: cmm2

51


A: 3
2. Has reflections?
A: yes
3. Has rotation centers off mirrors?
A: No
4. Space group:
A: p3m1



A: 6
2. Has reflections?
A: yes
3. Space group:
A: p6mm


Christopher Hammond: The basics of crystallography and diffraction (third edition)

Christopher Hammond: The basics of crystallography and diffraction (third edition)

p4gm



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Symmetry in 2D

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 1

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 2

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 3

Motif/Basis = the repeating unit of a pattern (ex. an atom, a group of

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 4

• Symmetry element: An imaginary geometric entity (line, point,

• Symmetry Operation: a permutation of atoms such that an object

• Invariant point: point that maps onto itself

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 6

D6h or 6/mmm p6mm P63/mmc

• Symmetry operations in 3D: the same as in 2D

There are no invariant points (points that map

Translation has no effect on the chirality of

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 9

The center of rotation is the only

A rotation does not change the chirality

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 10

One fold rotation axis --- (monad)

Axes parallel to the plane

three fold rotation axis (triad)

The points along the mirror line are all

A reflection changes the chirality of any

There are no invariant points under a glide

A glide plane changes the chirality of figures in

• Point group = the collection of symmetry elements of an isolated

• Point group symmetry does not consider translation!

• The symmetry operations must leave every point in the lattice

• Plane symmetry group or plane crystallographic group is a

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 14

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 15

2. 2 (two fold axis)

3. 3 (three fold axis) 3 m (one 3-fold axis and

4. 4 (four fold axis) 9. 4 mm (4-fold axis and

Electron diffraction of a Al-Mn

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 17

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 18

 Five different cell lattice types:

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 19

Ex: 2-fold rotation followed by translation (=180)

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 22

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 24

 1 and 2 are equivalent because we must have a motif in the center

A glide is the result of a reflection and a translation

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 25

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 26

Combining a glide plane with a translation in a centered rectangular

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 27

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 29

Examples of motifs having point group 1:

Examples of motifs having point group 2: and

Plane groups: pm, pg, pmg2, pmm2 and pgg2

pmg2 pgg2 pmm2

Possible motifs: 2mm

Plane groups: p4, p4mm and p4gm

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 34

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 35

The dash lined cell is known as diamond or rhombus cell

Plane groups: cm and cmm2

Possible motifs: cmm2

The centered rectangular

The centered rectangular lattice has 2-fold redundancy (two

4/24/2013 L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D 37