Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

MATH146
Calculus 1
 Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to

• recognize and appreciate the derivation of the derivatives of
trigonometric functions;
• recall and apply trigonometric identities to simplify the resulting
function/s;
• differentiate functions involving trigonometric functions; and
• apply the concepts in solving real life related problems.
 Lesson 1: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS
1. logarithmic and exponential functions
2. trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions
3. hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions

Note:
Each pair of functions above is an inverse to each other.
 Trigonometric Identities
A. Reciprocal Identities C. Pythagorean Identities
1 1
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = ; 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 = 1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =
1
; 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 =
1 2. 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
sec 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=
1 3. 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 cot 𝑥
cos 𝑥 1
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 D. Sum and Difference of Two Angles
1. sin 𝑥 ± 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
B. Double Angle Formula
2. cos 𝑥 ± 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥±𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 3. tan 𝑥 ± 𝑦 =
1∓𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
= 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 = 2
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Derivative of Trigonometric Function
For the differentiation formulas of the trigonometric functions, all we need to
know is the differentiation formulas of sin u and cos u functions. Using these
derivatives together with differentiation formulas of the algebraic functions, the
derivatives of the other functions can be obtained namely, tan u, cot u, sec u and
csc u .
Derivative of sin u where u = f(x)
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
In other words, the derivative of the sine of a quantity is the cosine of that
quantity times the derivative of that quantity.
Derivative of cos u where u = f(x)
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
It means that, the derivative of the cosine of a quantity is the negative sine of
that quantity, times the derivative of that quantity.
Derivative of tan u where u = f(x)
𝒅 𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒕𝒂𝒏 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

-using derivative of quotient

𝒅 𝒅
𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙)
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 −(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)(−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
=
(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
= (Recall: 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 )
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝟏
=
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙

= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
Therefore 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Derivative of cot u where u = f(x)
𝒅 𝒅 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙

again use derivative of quotient

𝒅
𝒅 𝟏 𝟎 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙(𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙)
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟐
𝟎−(𝟏)(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙)
=
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
−𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙
=
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙
Recall some trigonometric
𝟏
identities,
−
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙

𝟏 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
=− Therefore 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒖
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

= −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙
Derivative of sec u where u = f(x)
𝒅 𝒅 𝟏
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
use quotient rule to find its derivative
𝒅
𝒅 𝟏 𝟎−(𝟏)𝒅𝒙(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝟎−(𝟏)(−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
=
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
=
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙
Express in other form
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝟏 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
= ∙ Therefore, 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒖 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒖
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙
𝒅
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Derivative of csc u where u = f(x)
𝒅 𝒅 𝟏
𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

use derivative of quotient

𝒅
𝒅 𝟏 𝟎−(𝟏) (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝟎− 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
=
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
=
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
Express in other form
−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟏 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
= ∙ Therefore, 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒖 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒖
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙
𝒅
𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒔𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒙
SUMMARY
If u is a differentiable function of x, then the following are differentiation
formulas of the trigonometric functions.
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 Examples. 2
• 1. y = sin 5x + 3
Solutions:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 2 + 3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑥 2 +3 5𝑥 2 +3 ; 𝑢= 5𝑥 2 +3, = 10𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 10𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑥 2 + 3
Thus, the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝑥 2 + 3 𝑖𝑠
y ′ = 10xcos 5x 2 + 3
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2 + 𝑥
Solutions :
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑥 ; 𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 , = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − 2𝑥 + 1 sin(𝑥 2 + 1)
Therefore the derivative of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 is 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = − 2𝑥 + 1 sin(𝑥 2 + 1)
• 3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 5. 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3 − 4𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 3(cos 2𝑥)(2) = [cos(3 − 4𝑥 2 )]2
= 6𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 = 2[cos(3 − 4𝑥 2 ][−sin(3 − 4𝑥 2 ](−8𝑥)
= 8𝑥 2 cos 3 − 4𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 − 4𝑥 2
Recall: sin 2x=2sinxcosx
𝑔′ 𝑥 = 8𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2(3 − 4𝑥 2 )
4. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 cos 𝑥 𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ∙
2 𝑥
−𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑥
= ∙ (by rationalization of the denominator)
2 𝑥 𝑥
− 𝑥 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
=
2𝑥
• 6. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 4
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 4[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 4 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 4 ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 4[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 4 12𝑥 3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 4 −𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 4 12𝑥 3 ]
= 4 12𝑥 3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 4 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥 4 )
Recall: 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
Thus, 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 48𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 3𝑥 4
= 48𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 4
𝑥
7. 𝑦 = 3𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑥
3
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑(𝑥)
𝑦′ = 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1
= 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 −1
3 3
Recall: 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 1
𝑥
Therefore, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2
2
 𝑥
• 8. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (tan
1−𝑥
)
1 𝑥 1−𝑥 1 −𝑥(−1)
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑒 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 1−𝑥 1−𝑥 2
1−𝑥
𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑒 (1−𝑥+𝑥) cos 1−𝑥 1
= ∙ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥
(1−𝑥)2 sin 1−𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 1−𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑒 1 2
= ∙ 𝑥 𝑥 ∙
1−𝑥 2 sin 1−𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 1−𝑥 2
2𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑒 1
= ∙ 𝑥 𝑥
1−𝑥 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
1−𝑥 1−𝑥

Recall: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

2𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑒 1
= ∙ 𝑥
1−𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1−𝑥
2𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐
1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥
•
9. 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
Apply principles of logarithm on both sides
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥
By logarithm differentiation
1 ′ 𝑑 𝑑
∙𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥) + ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥) (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦′ 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 (2) + ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥) −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
y′ = 𝑦[2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 1 − ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥) ]
y′ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥(1 − ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝑥)
10. 𝐺 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 2 + 1
− csc 𝑥 2 +1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 2 +1 2𝑥
𝐺′ 𝑥 =
2 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 2 +1
By rationalizing the denominator
−𝑥 csc 𝑥 2 +1 cot(𝑥 2 +1) csc(𝑥 2 +1)
𝐺′ 𝑥 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 2 +1

= −xcot 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 2 + 1
Application.
A boat at anchor is bobbling up and down in the sea. The vertical distance, y, in
feet between the sea floor and the boat is given as a function of time t, in
minutes by
𝑦 = 15 + sin 2𝜋𝑡 . Find the vertical velocity, v, of the boat at time t.

Solutions:
The first derivative of the given function represents the velocity of the particle or
object. Therefore the vertical velocity of the boat is
y’= v(t)
𝑣 𝑡 = 2𝜋cos(2𝜋𝑡)
Exercises. Differentiate the following and simplify the final answer.
1. 𝑦 = 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 3
3
3. 𝑔 𝑥 = ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛 54𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
3
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
6. ℎ 𝑥 =
2+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
7. 𝑦 =
1−3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
8. 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
9. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0
10. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦 = 0
Application: The demand for gas at a utility can be expected to fluctuate in a similar way
because demand grows with increase heating requirements. A reasonable model is
𝜋
𝐺 = 400 − 100𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥−4 where G is the demand for gas in cubic yards per day.
6
Find G’(10).