JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BENGAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHIBPUR

BASIC EE LABORATORY First/ Second Semester

Expt.No.1202-/1(a)

FAMILIARISATION EXPERIMENT
(VARIAC, POTENTIAL DIVIDER, MCV, MIV, MCA, MIA)

Object : 1. To become familiar with ‘POTENTIAL DIVIDER’ and ‘VARIAC’

2. To become familiar with Moving-coil and Moving-iron type ammeter and

voltmeters and to understand the limitations of moving coil type
instruments.

THEORY: 1. POTENTIAL DIVIDER

It is a device by which we can obtained a variable output d.c. voltage (whose magnitude
can be varied from zero to the supply voltage) from a fixed d.c. supply.

Fig. 1(a) Fig. 1(b)

With reference to Fig. 1(a), if

R = Resistance between moving contact points JJ

R1 + R2 = resistance between the input terminals of the potential divider,
when no current is flowing through the output circuit

V1
I1 =
R1 + R 2
R2
Vo = I1.R 2 = V1 =
R1 + R 2

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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

Procedure:

i) Connect MCA and MIA in series and MCV and MIV in parallel as shown in
Fig.1(b)
ii) Note the positions of the moving contacts at which the output voltage is (a)
approximately zero, (b) maximum and nearly equal to the supply voltage.
iii) Keep the load resistance fixed. Vary the output voltage in 3 steps and record
ammeter and voltmeter readings in Table I and of the data sheet.
iv) Record what happens when terminal connections of MCA and MIA and also
MCV and MIV are reversed, in Table II of the Data Sheet.

THEORY : II – VARIAC

Description: It is an a.c. device used to obtain variable output alternating voltages

(magnitude can be varied from zero to a voltage even higher than the
supply voltages).

Procedure:
1. (i) Make connection as shown in Fig.2(a) below:

Fig. 2(a) Fig. 2(b)

(ii) Vary the position of the moving contact and record ammeter and
voltmeter readings in Table III of the Data Sheet.

REPORT: 1(a) Moving coil instruments can measure only................................

1(b) Moving iron instruments can measure .....................................

2. A moving-coil ammeter is giving deflections in the wrong direction. How

can you make it to read in the proper direction?

3. You are given a moving coil and a moving iron instrument. Can you
recogrnise the meters from their scales?

4. Can you use a potential divider for obtaining variable d.c. supply from a
fixed a.c. supply?

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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

5. What are the differences between a variac and a potential divider?

DATA SHEET

TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT:..................................................................................

PERFORMED BY:.......................................................................

Date :........................................... Roll No.............................

Experiment No...................

Apparatus used:

No. Item Range Lab. No.

A) EXPERIMENTAL DATA:

TABLE – I

No. of Readings of Remarks

Obvs. MCA MIA MCV MIV

TABLE – II

METER Normal Connection Reversed Connections

MCA
MIA
MCV
MIV

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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BENGAL ENGINEERING & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHIBPUR

BASIC EE LABORATORY First/ Second Semester

Expt.No. 1202-/1(b)

TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: “FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE WATTMETER”

Object : To become familiar with wattmeter connections at different current and

voltage ratings.

Theory : A wattmeter is an instrument which measures electrical power.

Power = voltage X current.
Thus a wattmeter has a voltage or pressure coil which senses voltage
across the circuit of which the power is to be measured and a current coil which
senses the current in the circuit. Thus a wattmeter will read when its current and
pressure coils are excited simultaneously. So a wattmeter must have at least four
terminals. The symbolic representation is shown in FIGURE-1.
However in portable wattmeter, quite often many more terminals are
provided for measuring power at different current and voltage ranges.

Procedure :
(i) Make connections as shown in the FIGURE-1 with current range of
2.5A and voltage range of 125V/150V.
(ii) Adjust the variac output voltage to 125V/150V allowing a current to
flow through the load. Record the wattmeter reading in TABLE-1 of the data
sheet.
(iii) Change the voltage range to 250V/300V and record the wattmeter
reading in table-2
(iv) Change the current range to 5A and record the wattmeter reading in
TABLE-1.
(v) Change the voltage range to 125V/150V and record the wattmeter
reading in TABLE-1.
(vi) See what happens when,
a) the current coil is reversed
b) The pressure coil is reversed
c) Both current and pressure coils are reversed and complete
TABLE-1.

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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

Report : 1) Calculate multiplying factors from the current and voltage ranges
used. When power factor is unity,
Voltage range used X Current range used X Power factor (Cosø)
Multiplying Factor = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
Full scale division
2) A wattmeter is giving negative deflection. How can you give the deflection in
the correct direction?
3) How do you specify a wattmeter?

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FOR FAMILIARIZATION OF WATTMETER

1-PH., 230V, 50 Hz
A.C.SUPPLY

DOUBLE POLE REWIRABLE

SWITCH FUSE UNIT

CURRENT
COIL
MIA
A L
A
COM V
L
PRESSURE O
COIL A
D

VARIAC WATTMETER

FIGURE-1

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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

DATA SHEET

“FAMILIARIZATION OF WATTMETER”

NAME: ______________________ ROLL NO.__________

DATE :__________
Apparatus used:

Sl.
Item Range Lab. No.
No.
1 Ammeter MIA
2 Wattmeter ___________V, __________A, p.f=_____, Mf ______ W
3 Variac 1-Phase, ________V, ________A, 50Hz VAR

Experiment Data:
TABLE-1
No.of Wattmeter Multiplying
Current range Voltage range Power
obvs. reading factor(Mf)
1
2
3
4

TABLE-2
No.of Deflection
Item
obvs. (Indicate positive or negative)
Current coil terminal “M” connected to
1
Pressure coil. Terminal “COM” as in fig.-1
Current coil reversed, pressure coil as in
2
fig.-1
Current coil as in fig.-1 but pressure coil is
3
reversed.

4 Both current and pressure coil is reversed.

Signature of the teacher

6
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BENGAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHIBPUR

BASIC EE LABORATORY First/Second Semester

Expt.No. -1251/2

TITLE : Experimental verification of circuit theorems(For DC circuit )

(a)Superposition theorem (b) Thevenin’s theorem. (c) Maximum power transfer
theorem

Object : (i) To verify the theorems experimentally.

(ii) To find out the current through the load resistance R L (6 Ώ) using two theorems.

Theorem:
Superposition Theorem
In any linear bilateral network, the current at any point due to the simultaneous action of a
number of e.m.fs distributed through out the network, is algebraic sum of components in the
network. A component current in a network is that due to one e.m.f. acting alone with other
e.m.f. replaced by their internal resistance.

Thevenin’s Theorem
Any two terminal active linear bilateral network can be replaced at any pair of terminals a-b by
an equivalent circuit having a voltage source E th in series with a resistance R th where E th is the
voltage across the terminals a-b when they are open circuited and R th is equivalent resistance
between the terminals a-b looking back into network when all the voltages are replaced by
their internal resistance.

Maximum power theorem

A resistive load connected to a dc network receives maximum power when the load resistance
is equal to Thevenin equivalent resistance of the network as seen from load terminals.

The current (I) in a series circuit containing load resistance R L and source resistance R S is given
by

I= V/ (R L + R S )
Where V is the applied voltage. So, the power P absorbed in the resistance R L is

P= [V/ (R L + R S )] 2 R L
The value of R L for which P will be maximum is obtained from the relation when R L = R S
Hence for maximum power transfer to the load, the load resistance (R L ) must be equal to the
source resistance (R S ).
Procedure:
For Superposition Theorem:

1. Make connections as shown in the diagram.

2. Measure the current through R L when both sources (V 1 &V 2 ) are present and tabulate in
Table- 1.
3. Keeping one voltage source (V 1 ) in the circuit and other voltage source (V 2 ) replaced by
their internal resistance (here assume zero) note down the ammeter reading in Table -1
with proper polarity.
4. Now insert the other source (V 2 ) in the circuit removing the voltage source (V 1 ) by their
internal resistance (here assume zero) and measure the circuit current with proper
polarity.

For Thevenin’s Theorem:

1. Remove the resistance R L and measure the open circuit voltage (V th ) across a&b and
tabulate in table II.
2. Measure the resistance R th of the circuit across a&b when the two sources are replaced
by their internal resistance. The resistance R th is measured across a and b by drop
method (i.e eitherV 1 or V 2 is connected across a and b and measure ammeter current.
Then R th = V 1 or V 2 /ammeter current).
3. I L = V th /R th + R L
4. Tabulate I in table –II

For Maximum power Transfer theorem:

1. Make connection as shown in fig (ii)

2. Switch on 30 volt dc regulated supply and so not alter R S .
3. Increase R L ohm maximum and measure supply voltage (V), voltage across the load
resistance (V RL ), voltage across the source resistance (V RS ) and the current through the
circuit and tabulate the data.
4. Keeping the supply voltage fixed, lower the load resistance (R L ) in another five steps and
tabulates the results for different values of current.

Report:
1. (a) How will you represent ideal voltage and current sources?
(b) What is meant by linear, bilateral network? Give example.
(c) Are the network theorem valid for ac circuits?
(d)
2. Write the values of currents obtained by Superposition theorem, Thevenin’s theorem
and experiments.
3. Draw the graph of V RS vs. I in a graph paper and determine the values of the source
resistance (R S ).
4. Plot P vs. R L in a graph paper and determine the value of R L for which P is maximum.
Hence compare this with R S obtained in (2)
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF NETWORK THEOREM EXPERIMENT:-

40Ω a 50Ω

V RL = 6Ω

10V b 14V

Fig-1

VRS
V

Rs =

V 30V RL = V VRL
Constant

Fig-2
 DATA SHEET

TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: ……………………………………………………………………………………..

PERFORMED BY:………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Date : ………………………………… Roll No: ………………

Experiment No : ………………….

Apparatus Used :
Sl. Item Quantity Range /Rating Maker’s Lab No.
No Name
1 Digital
ammeter
2 Digital
voltmeter
3 Resistance

4 DC regulated
power supply
5 Main switch

Experimental Data:
Table-1

Sl.No Particular Current/voltage

1 Current through R L with both the sources present(I)
2 Current through R for source V 1 only(I 1 )
Current through R L for source V 2 only(I 2 )
5 Algebraic sum of I 1 and I 2

Table-II
Sl.No Particulars Voltage / current / resistance
1 Voltage across a and b when R L is removed(v OC )
2 Ammeter current
3 Equivalent resistance( R eq )
4 Load current(I L )
Table-III
No. Supply Voltage Voltage across Current (I) Value of R L Power
of voltage across (V RS ) (V RL ) Amp Ohm consumed
Obvs. (V) volt Volt Volt in R L (P)
Watt

Signature of the Teacher

 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BENGAL ENGINEERING & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHIBPUR

BASIC EE First / Second Semester

Expt. No. 1202/3

TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: “STUDY OF A.C. SERIES R-L-C CIRCUIT”

Object: To study an a.c. single phase circuit with reference to Power, Power
Factor and Phasor Diagram.

A) DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS OF CHOKE

Procedure: 1) Connect the choke as shown in figure-3.
{Note: A choke is equivalent to a resistance RL and an inductance L in series, so
that at any frequency ‘f’, the impedance of the choke Z=(RL2+XL2)½, where, XL=2π
fL.}
2) Measure Power, Current and Voltage for two values of current
between 0.7 and 1.1A (Adjust by means of the rheostat R1) to complete TABLE-1
of the DATA SHEET.

Report : 1) Complete TABLE-1of the DATA SHEET to find RL , L and Power

factor of the choke.
2) For one value of current, of TABLE-1of the DATA SHEET,
calculate IRL and IXL. Choose a suitable voltage scale and draw the Phasor
Diagram on a square paper to scale. Find “Cosø” and tabulate.

B) DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS OF CAPACITOR

Procedure: 3) Replace the choke of Figure-3 by a capacitor and repeat the
procedure (2). Complete TABLE-2 of the DATA SHEET.

Report : 3) Determine capacitance C, neglecting losses in the capacitor.

4) Draw the Phasor Diagram on a square paper to scale. Find
“Cosø” and tabulate.

C) R-L-C SERIES CIRCUIT :

Procedure: 4) Connect as shown in figure-5 ;
5) For two values of current between 0.7 and 1.1A(adjusted by the
rheostat R1), measure Power, Current and Voltage to complete TABLE.

Report: 5) For one value of current from the observed data, calculate for
value of RL, L and C previously determined.
6) On a square paper, draw the phasor diagram to scale following
the procedure given below:-
1) Draw phasor VR and Vc (fig.-5) and find.
2) Draw phasor VL knowing -----?------ as determined before.
3) Find V=(VL+ VRf +VC) and hence the magnitude of V and “Cosø”.
4) Complete TABLE-3 of the DATA SHEET.
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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

DATA SHEET

“STUDY OF A.C. SERIES CIRCUIT”

NAME: _____________________ ROLL NO.: ______________

DATE : ______________
Apparatus used:
Sl.
Item Range Lab. No.
No.
1. Ammeter MIA

2. Voltmeter MIV

3. Wattmeter ___________V, __________A, p.f=____, Mf =______ W

Experiment Data:
TABLE-1
No.of Observed data Calculated data Power factor from
obvs. V I W Z=V/I RL L p.f.=W/VI phasor diagram

TABLE-2
Observed data Calculated data
No.of Power factor from
obvs. P.F= phasor diagram
V I W Z=V/I RC C
W / VI
1
2

TABLE-3
No.of Observed data Calculated power factor V from Phasor
obvs. I VRf V W Cosø From phasor diagram diagram
1

13 Signature of the teacher

 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

CIRCUIT & PHASOR DIAGRAM

FOR STUDY OF A.C. SERIES CIRCUIT

VL O
I

VC

FIGURE-1 FIGURE-2

PHASOR DIAGRAM

DOUBLE POLE REWIRABLE

SWITCH FUSE UNIT
RHEOSTAT CURRENT
COIL

M L A
COM V R
1-PH, 230V,
MIA
A.C.SUPPLY MIV V C
50 Hz PRESSURE
COIL L

WATTMETER CHOKE COIL

FIGURE-3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

CIRCUIT & PHASOR DIAGRAM

FOR STUDY OF A.C. SERIES CIRCUIT

V=VL+VRC+VC

I
VRf

VC
VRf+VC
FIGURE-4
1-PH, 230V, 50 Hz
A.C.SUPPLY PHASOR DIAGRAM

DOUBLE POLE REWIRABLE

SWITCH FUSE UNIT

CURRENT CHOKE COIL

PRESSURE
COIL COIL
Rf
M L R L C

COM V

VRf
RHEOSTAT CAPACITOR
MI V MIV

MIA
A

WATTMETER FIGURE-5

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BENGAL ENGINEERING & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHIBPUR

BASIC EE LABORATORY First / Second Semester

Expt.No. 1202-/4

TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: “SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR”

Object : To study the two methods of speed control of a d.c. Shunt Motor.
a) Armature voltage control
b) Field current control

Theory : The voltage “V” across the armature terminals of a d.c. Shunt Motor is
approximately related as :

V = KØn; Where,“Ø” is the flux per pole and is proportional to field

current (If).
“n” is the speed of the motor.
“K” is a constant of the motor.
A) By varying the armature voltage (VA), keeping the field current (If)
constant, “speed variation from zero to about rated value can be
obtained”.
B) By varying the field current (If),keeping armature voltage(VA)
constant, “speed variation from rated to above rated value can
be obtained”.
Procedure :
1) Make connection as shown in the circuit diagram.
METHOD-A
2) With minimum resistance in the field circuit (that is maximum If ),and
the potential divider in the minimum voltage position (V=0) switch on the d.c.
220V mains.
3) Apply small voltage to the armature circuit and observe that the
motor runs at a steady speed. Note armature voltage, speed and field current.
4) Increase V to the maximum value in 4(four) steps and complete
DATA SHEET of TABLE-1.
METHOD-B
5) Keeping the potential divider in the maximum voltage position,
decrease field current (If). Observe that the speed increases. Note field current
(If), speed (n) and armature voltage (V).

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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

6) Decrease field current (If) in 4(four) steps till the motor speed is
about 1750 r.p.m and complete the DATA SHEET of TABLE-2.
Report : 1) Draw curves showing –
a) Speed (n) versus armature voltage (VA), with field current (If)
constant.
b) Speed (n) versus field current (If), with armature voltage (VA)
constant.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FOR SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

220V,
D.C.SUPPLY DOUBLE POLE REWIRABLE ROTATING
SWITCH FUSE UNIT ARMATURE

A1 SHUNT FIELD
WINDING

MCV
SH1 SH2
V M

POTENTIAL A2
DIVIDER

A
MCA
RHEOSTAT

FIGURE-1

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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

DATA SHEET

“SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR”

NAME:____________________ ROLL NO. _____________

DATE : _____________
Apparatus used:
Sl.
Item Range Lab. No.
No.
1. Ammeter MCA
2. Voltmeter MCV
3. Tachometer

Machine under test: D.C. Shunt Motor

Voltage (V): _____________ , Power: _____________ , Current:
______________
Speed: ________________ , Lab. No. ____________

Experiment Data:
TABLE-1
No.of Armature Voltage(VA) Speed(n) Field Current (If) (Constant)
obvs. In volts In r.p.m. In mA
1
2
3
4
5
6

TABLE-2
No.of Field Current (If) Speed(n) Armature Voltage(VA) (Constant)
obvs. In mA In r.p.m. In Volts
1
2
3
4
5

16 Signature of the teacher

 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BENGAL ENGINEERING & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHIBPUR

BASIC EE LABORATORY First / Second Semester

Expt.No. 1202-/5

TITLE OF THE EXPT: “NO-LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER”

Object: To study the variation of Current, Power and Voltage ratio with applied
voltage of a single-phase transformer at no-load.
Theory : On no-load the power consumed by the transformer is used in providing
its own losses which comprises of (i) Magnetic losses i.e. hysteresis and eddy
current losses in the transformer core. This is also known as “Iron Loss” and is
approximately proportional to the square of the applied voltage. (ii) Resistance
loss in the primary winding due to the no-load current is known as no-load copper
loss. The no-load copper loss is usually very small in comparison to iron losses
and is proportional to the square of the no-load current. As the secondary
winding is open on no-load, there would be no copper loss on the secondary
winding.
The voltage ratio is Vp/Vs and is approximately equal to the ratio of
number of turns in the primary and secondary windings. Where Vp is primary
voltage of the transformer and Vs is the secondary voltage of the transformer.
Procedure :
(i) Make connections as shown in the figure and switch on the supply
voltage.
(ii) By adjusting the variac, vary the voltage applied to the transformer
from about 50% to 110% the rated value in about six steps, and in each step
note down the readings of primary voltage, primary current, power input and
secondary voltage. Tabulate the results in the DATA SHEET.
GIVEN DATA : PRIMARY WINDING RESISTANCE IS 0.56 OHMS.
Report : 1. Draw curves to show the variation of –
a) no-load current,
b) voltage ratio and

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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

c) iron loss with applied voltage.

2. Show one sample calculation.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FOR NO-LOAD TEST OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

1-PH, 230V, 50Hz

A.C.SUPPLY

DOUBLE POLE REWIRABLE

SWITCH FUSE UNIT

CURRENT SECONDARY
COIL WINDING

MIA
M L
A
COM V
220V
PRESSURE
COIL VP MIV VS
MIV 110V

VARIAC WATTMETER PRIMARY SINGLE PHASE

WINDING TRANSFORMER

FIGURE-1

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 JEE-Lab(EE-1202)/PBC/05

DATA SHEET
“NO-LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER”

NAME: ______________________ ROLL NO. ____________

DATE : ____________
Apparatus used:
Sl.
Item Range Lab. No.
No.
1 Ammeter MIA
2 Voltmeter MIV
3 Voltmeter MIV
____________V, __________A, p.f=______, Mf
4 Wattmeter W
=______
5 Variac 1-Phase, ________V, ________A, 50Hz VAR

Transformer under test:

Primary voltage (Vp): ________________ , Secondary voltage (Vs):

_______________

Volt-ampere (VA) :________________ , Phase : __________ , Frequency : 50Hz

Experiment Data:

Power
input
No. Voltmeter Ammeter Secondary Copper Iron
PI Voltage
of Reading(Vp) reading(I0) voltage(Vs) loss(Pc) loss(PI)
=readingX ratioVp/Vs
obs in volt in ampere in volt in watt in watt
Mf
in watt
1

* Copper loss (Pc) = I02 X 0.56 watts.

19
Signature of the teacher
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BENGAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHIBPUR

BASIC EE EE LABORATORY First/Second Semester

Expt.No :1251/6

TITLE : Characteristics of (a) Carbon and Tungsten lamp

(b) Fluorescent and CFL.
Object: for expt. (a)
To study the volt-ampere, power-voltage and resistance- voltage
characteristics of carbon & tungsten Lamp.
for expt.(b)
(i) To study the staring method, minimum striking voltage and effect of varying
voltage on fluorescent lamp operating from AC supply.
(ii) To study the effect of different types of ballast e.g. Aluminum choke, Copper choke
and electronic choke on power consumption of Fluorescent lamp.
(iii) To find the relative light output of the various lamps on the working area.

Procedure:
For exp no (a)

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig(i).

2. ENSUTRE ZERO VOLTAGE OUTPUT OF VARIAC BEFORE CONNECTING IT TO THE CIRCUIT.
3. Set the variac voltage to 100 volt and take down the reading of ammeter and voltmeter.
4. Change the variac output voltage to 230 V AC (rated voltage) in 20 volt step and repeat
step 2 at every voltage setting.
5. Measure the luxmeter reading at 230 V for Tungsten lamp on the ambient lighted
environment.
6. Repeat the above steps for tungsten as well as carbon filament lamp.

For exp no (b)

1. Connect the Fluorescent lamp according to the circuit diagram in fig(ii).

2. ENSUTRE ZERO VOLTAGE OUTPUT OF VARIAC BEFORE CONNECTING IT TO THE CIRCUIT.
3. Vary the input voltage by variac and note the voltage at which Fluorescent lamp strikes.
This voltage is known as “Striking voltage”.
4. Note down the reading of the voltmeters, ammeters and wattmeter from striking
voltage up to rated voltage 230V in 20 volt steps.
5. Measure the luxmeter reading at 230 V for Fluorescent lamp on the ambient lighted
environment.
6. Decrease the applied voltage gradually at which the lamp extinguishes. Note this
voltage. This voltage is known as “Extinguishing voltage”.
 7. Repeat the above steps for Aluminum choke, Copper choke and electronic choke.
8. Connect the CFL and measure the power consumption and compare with Fluorescent
lamp.
9. Measure the luxmeter reading at 230 V for CFL on the ambient lighted environment.

Report:
1. Draw curves of (i) voltage vs. current, (ii) power vs. voltage and (iii) resistance vs. voltage
for tungsten and carbon lamp on the same graph paper.
2. Why the slope of volt –ampere characteristics is increasing in case of tungsten lamp and
decreasing in case of Carbon lamp.
3. Plot power Vs voltage curve for each type of choke Fluorescent lamp.
4. Plot power Vs voltage curve for CFL.
5. Comment on the variation of power consumption of fluorescent lamp for different types
of choke.
6. Draw a complete circuit diagram showing how a Fluorescent lamp is to be operated
from DC supply.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LAMP EXPERIMENT:-

Carbon lamp Tungsten lamp

V

220V

Fig-1

V
Choke/Ballast
M L
A
C V F.L
V
Starter
V

220V

Fig-2

M L
A
C V Electronic
Ballast F.L

220V V

Fig-3

M L
A
C V Electronic CFL
Ballast

220V

Fig-4
 Electronic ballast:
Electronic ballasts employ inverters to alter mains voltage frequency into high-frequency
AC while also regulating the current flow in the lamp. These ballasts take advantage of
the higher efficacy of lamps operated with higher-frequency current. Efficacy of a
fluorescent lamp rises by almost 10% at a frequency of 10 kHz, compared to efficacy at
normal power frequency.

Low pass AC/DC DC/AC

filter for converter converter
interference DC Lamp
240 VAC Filter Pre High
suppression voltage Lamps
conditioner controller voltage
110 VAC voltage

Ballast controller

Block diagram of high frequency ballast

 DATA SHEET

TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: ……………………………………………………………………………………..

PERFORMED BY:………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Date : ………………………………… Roll No: ………………

Experiment No : ………………….

Apparatus Used :
Sl. Item Quantity Range /Rating Maker’s Lab No.
No Name
1 Digital ammeter
2 Digital
voltmeter

3 Digital
wattmeter
4 1-ph variac
5 Tungsten
filament lamp
6 Carbon filament
lamp
7 Compact
Fluorescent
lamp
8 Fluorescent
lamp
9 Copper E/M
choke
10 Aluminum E/M
choke
11 Electronic
Ballast
12 Starter for Tube
lamp
13 Main switch
14 Luxmeter
Experimental Data:
For Tungsten and carbon Filament Lamp

Sl. Tungsten filament lamp Carbon filament lamp

No
Voltage Current Power Resistance Voltage Current Power Resistance

Luxmeter reading of tungsten lamp at230 VAC:

For Fluorescent lamp

Sl.No Type of choke Striking voltage Extinguishing voltage

1 Copper E/M choke
2 Aluminum E/M choke
3 Electronic choke
Sl.No Type of Choke Voltage Current Power Luxmeter Power factor of
reading the circuit

1 Copper E/M
choke

2 Aluminum E/M
choke

3 Electronic
choke

For CFL

Striking voltage:
Extinguishing voltage:

Sl.No Voltage Current Power Luxmeter Power factor of

reading the circuit

Signature of the Teacher

Annexure

Description of fluorescent lamp assembly

1. Tube: This is a type of discharge lamp in which the radiation from gas of vapour through
which the discharge is passing excites the fluorescent material, suitably placed so that the
light emitted by the lamp is that given by this material.
In the fluorescent tube the electrode consists of two parts of electrically connected: (a) the
tungsten coil filament coated with mixture of alkaline earth oxides, (b) a metal strip or
fin. The ends of the filament at each end are brought out to a cap, the Bi-pin in which two
projected pins from the end of the tube.
To start discharge in a Fluorescent tube a voltage (about 1000V much larger than the
normally available supply voltage (230 V) is required momentarily. For this purpose a
choke and a starter is required.

2. Starter: The purpose of starter is to make and then suddenly break the circuit so that
there is a large voltage across the fluorescent tube to start the discharge.
The common type of starter in use is the glow discharge type. It consists of two metal
strips one or both bi-metallic, mounted in a bulb and carrying two contacts which are
normally held apart. When the main switch is closed a glow discharge is started between
the bi-metal strips. The strips heat up and bent closing the contacts. This short circuits the
glow discharge and allows the heating current to flow through the electrodes of the lamp.
At the same time the bi-metallic strips begin to cool and presently the contacts open

3. Choke Coil: The choke coil is a coil wound on some magnetic material. The purpose of
the choke is two-fold:
(a) to give a large voltage momentarily so as to start discharge in the lamp,
(b) to allow a certain voltage drop across itself so that the voltage across the lamp is
reduced (in case of AC supply only).
As the starter breaks the circuit, a large voltage is momentarily induced in the choke
which starts discharge in the fluorescent tube. Under running condition, the voltage
required to continue discharge in the fluorescent tube is small (about 50% of the supply
voltage) so that a required amount of voltage is dropped in the choke.

Note : In case of DC supply no voltage is dropped in the choke. The required amount of voltage
is dropped in a resistance which is added in series with the choke in the circuit.

CFL: A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving
light, and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent
lamp; some types fit into light fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps. The lamps use a
tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact
electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.

Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs
use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times longer. A CFL has a
higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price
in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime. Like all fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain mercury,
which complicates their disposal. In many countries, governments have established recycling
schemes for CFLs and glass generally.

CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of incandescent lamps.
Improved phosphor formulations have improved the perceived colour of the light emitted by
CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in colour to
standard incandescent lamps.

The CFL comes in two categories:

(a) Retrofit: It can directly replace ordinary incandescent bulbs.

GLS 40W 60W 75W 100W

CFL 9W 11W 15W 20W

The CFL has 10000 burning hours in comparison GLS, which has 1000 burning hours
and saves 80% energy w.r.t a normal GLS lamp(refer above table).
(b) Non- retrofit: It requires special luminaries with built-in ballast and is suitable for new
light points. The use of electronic gear (ballast, ignitor, capacitor) can offer the possibility
of controllable light output (dimming), high frequency operation and independence from
the supply system. It is therefore possible to use both AC and DC supply and a wider of
supply voltages. The electronic choke also consumes less power; provides fast flicker
free starting and no stroboscopic effect.
(c)
The electronic gear is to be used both for CFLs and ordinary fluorescent lamps for
maximum utilization of the benefits mentioned. The comparison between electronic
ballast and electromagnetic ballast is done and the considerable energy savings pointed
out.

Lamp Type Fluorescent lamp with E/M Fluorescent lamp with

choke (36w) Electronic choke
Nominal lamp consumption 36W 32W
Ballast loss 12.5W 5W
System consumption 48.5W 37W

% saving = (48.5-37)/48.5=23.7%
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BENGAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY, SHIBPUR

BASIC EE LABORATORY First/Second Semester

Expt.No. 1251/7

TITLE : Verification of three phase relationship.

Object: i). To verify the relationships between line quantities and phase quantities
(voltage and current) for a balance three phase ,three wire (a)star
connected (b) delta connected load.

Theory:
Star connected load

A three phase star connected load is an open network consisting of at least three resistances
with one terminal of each connected together at a common point (also known as star point),
remaining with three terminals being left open for connection to external circuit.

1, 2, 3 are line terminals of 3

phase supply connected to 3- ph
balanced load and N is the star
point

Three phase star connected load

.

If the values of the resistances are equal (i.e. R 1 = R2=R3), the three phase load is balanced.
R 1 = R2=R3 (for balanced 3-ph load)
L-L voltage =V 1 2 =V 2 3 =V 3 1 =V L (for balanced 3-ph supply)
Phase voltage =V 1 N =V 2N =V 3N =V ph ( for balanced 3-ph supply)
I 1 , I 2 , I 3 are line currents and phase currents (assumed positive)
Delta connected load

A three phase delta connected load is a closed network consisting of at least three resistances,
each of them being connected between a separate pair of terminals, the said terminals being
available for connection to external circuit.

Three phase delta connected load

If the values of the resistances are equal (i.e. R 1 = R2=R3), the three phase load is balanced.
R 1 = R2=R3 (for balanced 3-ph load)
V 1 2 =V 23 =V 3 1 =V L = V PH (for balanced 3-ph supply)
I 1 , I 2 , I 3 are line currents(assumed positive)
I 12 , I 23 , I 31 are phase currents currents

Procedure:
For star connection

1. Make the circuit connection as shown in fig(i)

2. Identify the FIXED RESISTANCE TERMINALS position of each rheostat and set them at
this position.
3. Connect three terminals of star connected load to three phase variac output terminal.
ENSUTRE ZERO VOLTAGE OUTPUT OF VARIAC BEFORE CONNECTING IT TO THE CIRCUIT.
4. Switch on the mains and set variac output to 100V.Note the readings of three
ammeters, voltage between 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1; also voltages between 1 and N, 2
andN, 3 and N .
5. Gradually increase the variac output and set it to 150 V, 200 V.
6. Repeat step 4 and check the relationships between V L and V ph , I L and I ph for each
reading and complete the table.

For delta connection

1. Make the circuit connection as shown in fig(ii).

2. Repeat step 2 and 3 stated above.
3. Switch on the mains and set variac output to 100V.Note the readings of ammeters,
voltage between 1 and 2, 2 and 3, 3 and 1.
4. Gradually increase the variac output and set it to 150 V, 200 V.
5. Repeat step 4 and check the relationships between V L and V ph , I L and I ph for each
reading and complete the table.

Report:
1. What is meant by phase sequence of 3-ph supply?
2. Is it possible to form a balanced star connected or delta connected load using (i) pure
inductance (ii) pure capacitance (ii) R-L series combination (iv) R-C series combination in
each branch of the load.
3. Draw phasor diagram for the following
(a) Balanced star connected load with pure resistance.
(b) Balanced delta connected load with pure resistance.
4. Calculate the phase angle between the line voltage V 12 and the phase current I 23 in a
delta connected system when the load p.f is 1/√2 leading, assume supply phase
sequence to be RYB.
5. A 400 V, 3-ph 4 wire distribution system has a balanced load of 2.3 KW in each phase.
Calculate neutral current.
6. In Q4 above, if two supply lines are switched off, calculate neutral current if p.f is unity.
7. A 3-ph delta connected load consumes a total power of 3KW.
A 3-ph 400 V star connected load consumes a total power of 3 KW.
Assuming unity p.f load, calculate phase current, line current, phase voltage, line voltage
in both cases .Calculate the power consumed and the load resistance per phase in both
the cases.
TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT: ……………………………………………………………………………………..

PERFORMED BY:………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Date : ………………………………… Roll No: ………………

Experiment No : ………………….

Apparatus Used :
Sl. Item Quantity Range /Rating Maker’s Lab No.
No Name
1 Digital
ammeter
2 Digital
voltmeter
3 Resistance

4 3-ph variac

5 Main switch

Experimental Data:

Sl. Type of Observation Calculation

No connection Line Phase Line Phase V L / V ph I L / I ph
Voltage (V L ) voltage ( V ph ) Current (I L ) current(I ph )
1

Signature of the Teacher