ACID-BASE LECTURE

BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE
MIN WAN
(min.wan@ki.se)
SEPT. 12-13, 2016

9/6/2016 1
Acid Base lecture 14-15 September 2015
Min Wan

1. Introduction to pH

2. Acid base concept -calculations

3. Buffer -calculations

4. Titration

5. Physiologic pH regulation -calculations

6. How to measure pH

-Read: Kemiboken från gymnasiet, Harvey & Ferrier, sid 6-9, Kompendiet Syra-Bas

9/6/2016 2
1. Introduction to pH

9/6/2016 3
 1. Introduction to pH

What does pH means?

pH describes the concentration of H+ or H3O+ in water solution.

pH value is lower, the hydronium ion concentration is greater.

9/6/2016 4
1. Introduction to pH

How to calculate pH?

pH = -log [H+]

Example : If the pH of a solution is 3.4, what is the

hydronium ion concentration?

[H3O+] = 10-pH = 10-3.4 = 0.000398 M = 3.98×10-4 M

= 0.398 mM

9/6/2016 5
1. Introduction to pH

[H+] (M = moles/liter) [H+] (M) pH

0.1 10-1 1
0.01 10-2 2
0.001 10-3 3
0.0001 10-4 4
0.00001 10-5 5
0.000001 10-6 6
0.0000001 10-7 7
0.00000001 10-8 8
0.000000001 10-9 9
0.0000000001 10-10 10
0.00000000001 10-11 11
0.000000000001 10-12 12
0.0000000000001 10-13 13
0.00000000000001
9/6/2016 10-14 14 6
1. Introduction to pH Dissociation of H2O

[H+] = [H3O+]

Neutral water has a tendency to ionize

H2O ⇌ H+ + OH-

The free proton is associated with a water

molecule to form the hydronium ion (H3O+)

H2O + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH-

9/6/2016 7
2. Acids and Bases Brønsted-Lowry definition

Acid: a substance that can donate a proton

Base: a substance that can accept a proton

HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + Cl-

Acid Base Conjugate Acid Conjugate Base

H2O + NH3 ⇌ NH4+ + OH-

Acid Base Conjugate Acid Conjugate Base

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2. Acids and Bases

Acidic Neutral Basic

[H+] > 10-7 M [H+] = 10-7 M [H+] < 10-7 M

1
[H+] [OH-]
Ion Centrations (M)

10-4

10-8

10-12

1 3 5 7 9 11 13
9/6/2016 9
pH
2. Acids and Bases Relative strength of acids and bases

strong and weak acids/bases

– The stronger acids are those that lose their

hydrogen ions more easily than other acids.

– Similarly, the stronger bases are those that hold

hydrogen ions more strongly than other bases.

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 2. Acids and Bases Relative strength of acids and bases

Strong acid undergoes Weak acid undergoes

complete dissociation partial dissocation
Ex. HCl Ex. Acetic acid

HCl + H2O ⇌ Cl- + H3O+ HAc + H2O ⇌ Ac- + H3O+

< 1% of HAc will react
HCl Cl- H 3O+ HAc
HAc

H+ Ac-

9/6/2016 11
 2. Acids and Bases Weak acids/bases

HA + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + A-
Acid Base Conjugate Acid Conjugate Base

The relative stability of the acid form as compared to its

conjugate base form determines if it is a weak or a strong acid.

If the acid is stable = the proton is not lost easily= weak acid (ex HAc)

If the conjugate base is stable = the proton will easily be lost = strong acid (ex HCl)

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2. Acids and Bases Neutralisation

A solution of strong acids and bases

HCl + NaOH

HCl + NaOH ⇌ H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- ⇌ H2O + Na+ + Cl-

If we take same amount of HCl as NaOH, it becomes neutral

neutralization

otherwise it becomes acidic or basic.

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 2. Acids and Bases pH calculation

calculate pH in an acid solution

Strong acid Weak acid
complete dissociation, equilibrium partial dissociation, at
shifts to the right completely equilibrium there is still acid left

HCl + H2O ⇌ Cl- + H3O+ HAc + H2O ⇌ Ac- + H3O+

pH = -log [H+]
HCl Cl- H 3O+ HAc
HAc

H+ Ac-

1 M9/6/2016 1M 1M 1M ? M 14
2. Acids and Bases pH calculation

Calculation of pH in a solution of a weak acid

Law of mass action (the rate of a chemical reaction is

proportional to the concentrations of the reacting substances.)

Experimental values of Ka (acid base constant)

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2. Acids and Bases Law of Mass action

HAc + H2O ⇌ Ac- + H3O+

Two reactions:
k1
1) HAc + H2O Ac- + H3O+ V1 = k1 [HAc]·[H2O]
k2
2) Ac- + H3 O+ HAc + H2O V2 = k2 [Ac-]·[H3O+]

At equilibrium: V1 = V2

k1[HAc]·[H2O] = k2[Ac-]·[H3O+]

k1 [Ac-]·[H3O+]
= = Ka (acid constant)
9/6/2016
k2 [HAc]·[H2O] 16
 2. Acids and Bases acid constant

HAc + H2O ⇌ Ac- + H3O+

[Ac-]·[H3O+] [Ac-]·[H3O+]
Ka = Ka =
[HAc]·[H2O] [HAc]

Ka is the acid constant and it has a specific value for each acid

a large Ka a small Ka
a strong acid a weak acid

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pKa = -LogKa 17
2. Acids and Bases Acid constant, Ka

Acid Ka pKa (-log Ka)

strong HCl 1×107 -7

H2SO4 1×103 -3
H3PO4 6.3×10-3 2.2

weak Lactic acid 1.6×10-4 3.8

butyric acid 4.0×10-5 4.4
Acetic acid 1.7×10-5 4.8

Ka describes acid strength

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2. Acids and Bases Base constant, Kb

Kb (base constant)

H2O + NH3 ⇌ NH4+ + OH-

[NH4+]·[OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]

pKb = -LogKb

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 2. Acids and Bases Base constant, Kb

Base Kb pKb (-log Kb)

strong OH- 8.7×101 -1.74

CO32- 2.5×10-4 3.7
NH3 1.74×10-5 4.76

weak HCO3- 1.26×10-8 7.9

acetate 5.75×10-10 9.24

Kb describes base strength

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2. Acids and Bases Acid/Base constant

Conjugated acid-base pair:

pKa + pKb = 14

HAc / Ac- : 4.76 + 9.24 = 14

H2O / OH- : 15.74 + (-1.74) = 14

H3O+ / H2O : -1.74 + 15.74 = 14

H2CO3/HCO3- : 6.1 + 7.9 = 14

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2. Acids and Bases

Law of Mass action and experimental values of Ka

Now we can calculate pH in a solution of a weak acid!

Ex: 0.1 mol acetic acid (CH3COOH) in 1 liter H2O,

what is the pH?

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2. Acids and Bases Weak acids

Ex. 0.1 mol acetic acid (CH3COOH) in 1 liter H2O

HAc + H2O  Ac- + H3O+
Before equil. 0.1 0 10-7
After equil. 0.1 - X X X + 10-7

[Ac-]·[H3O+] 2:a grade equation ....

Ka = Make two approximations:
[HAc] 1) X << 0.1 2) X >> 10-7

X·(X + 10-7) X·X

Ka = = X2 = 0.1×Ka
0.1 - X 0.1

9/6/2016 KaHAc = 1.7×10-5 X2 = 1.7×10-623

2. Acids and Bases Weak acids

Ex. 0.1 mol acetic acid (CH3COOH) in 1 liter H2O

HAc + H2O  Ac- + H3O+
Before equil. 0.1 0 10-7

After equil. 0.1 - X X X + 10-7

[Ac-]·[H3O+] KaHAc = 1.7×10-5

Ka =
[HAc]
X2 = 1.7×10-6
X·(X + 10-7)
Ka = X = 1.32×10-3 M
0.1 - X
[H3O+] = X + 10-7 (X >> 10-7)

X2 = 0.1×Ka [H3O+] = 1.32×10-3 M

9/6/2016 pH = -lg [H3O+] = -lg (1.32×10-3) = 2.88

24
2. Acids and Bases Acid/Base constant

Autoionization of water and Kw

H2O as acid: a H+ donor H2O  H+ + OH-

H2O as base: a H+ acceptor H2O + H+  H3O+

H2O + H2O  H3O+ + OH-

[products] [H3O+]·[OH-]
K= = K is the dissociation constant
[reactants] [H2O]·[H2O]

Kw = [H3O+] · [OH-] = 10-14 K becomes Kw

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Kw = ion product of water 25
2. Acids and Bases Ion product of water

Kw = Ion product of water

Neutral water [H3O+] = [OH-] = 10-7

Kw = [H3O+]·[OH-] = (10-7)×(10-7) = 10-14

Therefore the pH of pure water = -log (10-14) = 7

pKw = -logKw = 14
= -log ([H3O+]·[OH-] )
= -log [H3O+] +(-log [OH-])
= pH + pOH

9/6/2016 pKw = pH + pOH = 14 26

 2. Acids and Bases Amphoteric species

An amphoteric species is a molecule or ion that can react as an

acid as well as a base. H2O
Ex. of other amphoteric species

bisulfate a) HSO4- + H2O SO42- + H3O+

b) HSO4- + H2O H2SO4 + OH-

monohydrogen c) HPO42- + H2O PO43- + H3O+

phosphate d) HPO42- + H2O H2PO4 + OH-

dihydrogen e) H2PO4- + H2O HPO42- + H3O+

phosphate f) H2PO4- + H2O H3PO4 + OH-

g) HCO3- + H2O CO32- + H3O+

bicarbonate
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h) HCO3- + H2O H2CO32- + OH-
Acid Base lecture 14-15 September 2015
Min Wan

1. Introduction to pH

2. Acid base concept -calculations

3. Buffer -calculations
4. Titration

5. Physiologic pH regulation -calculations

6. Measure pH?

9/6/2016 28
Observation
If you add 0.01 ml of 1M HCl to 1000 ml of water pH 7,
the pH of the water drops from 7 to 5!!
i.e 100 fold increase in H+ concentration: Log = 2
change.

Problem:
Large fluctuations in pH would disrupt the harmonious
interactions of proteins and enzymes for efficiency in
biochemical reactions in our body. Actually, biological
properties change with small changes in pH, usually
less than 1 pH unit.

How does a system prevent fluctuations in pH?

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3. Buffer

Buffer solutions
A buffer consists of corresponding pairs of weak acids and
weak bases
HA H+ + A-
Weak acid proton conjugate base

A buffer solution is keeping the pH relatively constant when

strong acid or base is added.

A buffer keeps the pH constant during dilution with water.

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3. Buffer Make a buffer

How to make a buffer solution?

1) a weak acid with its corresponding weak base

2) a weak acid with a strong base
3) a weak base with a strong acid

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3. Buffer Buffer equation

How can we determine the pH in a buffer?

HA + H2O  A- + H3O+

[A-]·[H3O+]
Ka =
[HA]

lg Ka = lg [A-] + lg [H3O+] – lg [HA]

-lg [H3O+] = -lg Ka+ lg [A-] – lg [HA]

[A-]
pH = pKa+ lg Buffer equation!
[HA] (Hendelson-Hasselbach)
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3. Buffer Buffer equation

[A-]
pH = pKa+ lg
[HA]

-Can only be used to calculate pH in buffers.

-Only valid if 1/30 < base/acid < 30

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 3. Buffer Make a buffer

Ex: To mix 1 L 0.1 M HAc and 1 L 0.2 M NaAc, what is the final pH of
the solution?

HAc H+ + Ac-
buffer
NaAc Na+ + Ac-
[HAc] [Ac-] [base]
pH = pKa + lg
Before 0.1 M 0.2 M [acid]
After 0.05 M 0.1 M = 4.76 + lg 2

[base] 0.1 = 4.76 + 0.3

= =2 = 5.06
[acid] 0.05

-valid if 1/30 < base/acid < 30

9/6/2016 34
3. Buffer Make a buffer

Example of different conjugate acid base pairs.

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 3. Buffer Buffer equation

How does pH change in a buffer upon dilution

Ex: 0.2 mol acetate buffer in 1 liter H2O (0.1 mol HAc, 0.1 mol Ac-)
[acid] [base] 0.1
pH = pKa+ lg
[HAc] [Ac-] 0.1
pH = pKa+ lg 1
0.1 0.1
pH = pKa = 4.76

Add 1 liter H2O 0.05

[acid] [base] pH = pKa+ lg
0.05
[HAc] [Ac-] pH = pKa+ lg 1
0.05 0.05 pH = 4.76
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3. Buffer

[Ac-]
pH = pKa+ lg
[HAc]

pKa = pH when [HA] = [A-]

(50% dissociated)

The buffer capacity is

largest when pH = pKa.

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 3. Buffer

A buffer pair is usually considered to be a useful buffer

within one pH unit on either side of its pKa

14

12

10 pKa of Tris buffer is 8.1,

Buffer range the buffering range is 7.1 - 9.1
pH

4
2
0
More acid added pKa More base added
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 3. Buffer

Ex:1 L 0.1 M acetate buffer pH = 5, what is the pH value

after adding 3 ml 6 M HCl?
1) To calculate the concentration of acid and base in acetate buffer

[Ac-]
pH = pKa+ lg [HAc] + [Ac-] = 0.1 M
[HAc]
[Ac-] = 0.1 - [HAc]
[Ac-]
5 = 4.76+ lg
[HAc] 0.1- [HAc]
= 1.74
[HAc]
[Ac-]
0.24 = lg
[HAc] [HAc] = 0.036 M

[Ac-] [Ac-] = 0.1 - [HAc] = 0.064 M

= 100.24 = 1.74
[HAc]
9/6/2016 39
 3. Buffer

Ex:1 L 0.1 M acetate buffer pH = 5, what is the pH value

after adding 3 ml 6 M HCl?
2) To calculate the amount of acid and base in acetate buffer
V = 1L
n (HAc) = [HAc] × V = 0.036 M × 1 L = 0.036 mol
n (Ac-) = [Ac-] × V = 0.064 M × 1 L = 0.064 mol

3) To calculate the amount of acid and base after adding HCl

n (HCl) = [HCl] × V = 6 M × 0.003 L = 0.018 mol

H3O+ + Ac-  HAc + H2O

Before: 0.018 0.064 0.036
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After: 0 0.046 0.054
 3. Buffer

Ex:1 L 0.1 M acetate buffer pH = 5, what is the pH value

after adding 3 ml 6 M HCl?
3) To calculate the amount of acid and base after adding HCl
n (HCl) = [HCl] × V = 6 M × 0.003 L = 0.018 mol

H3O+ + Ac-  HAc + H2O

Before: 0.018 0.064 0.036
After: 0 0.046 0.054

4) To calculate the concentrations of acid and base after reaction

[Ac-] 0.046
pH = pKa+ lg = 4.76+ lg = 4.69
[HAc] 0.054
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3. Buffer

When the buffer is buffering, the equilibrium is changed

Buffer range

9/6/2016 42
Acid Base lecture 14-15 September 2015
Min Wan

1. Introduction to pH

2. Acid base concept -calculations

3. Buffer -calculations

4. Titration -calculations

5. Physiologic pH regulation -calculations

6. Measure pH?

9/6/2016 43
4. Titration

Titration is a common laboratory method to determine the

unknown concentration of an acid or base.

Ex: a strong acid HCl (unknown concentration)

a strong base NaOH (known concentration)
How can we use NaOH to know the concentration of HCl?

9/6/2016 44
4. Titration
Titration is a common laboratory method to determine the
unknown concentration of an acid or base.
Add NaOH into HCl to get neutrolization

equivalent point

pH indicator
(phenolphthalein)

equivalent point: colorness to pink

9/6/2016 45
pH probe amount base added = amount acid at start
 4. Titration

Ex: 20 ml HCl is titrated with 16 ml of 0.1 M NaOH to the

equivalent point. What is the concentration of HCl?

CaVa = CbVb

Ca × 20 ml = 0.1 M × 16 ml
Ca = 0.1 M × 16 ml / 20 ml = 0.08 M = 80 mM

Answer: The concentration of the HCl solution is 80 mM.

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4. Titration

Titration of a weak acid (HAc) with a strong base.

8
CH3COO-
7
×equivalent point
6 amount base added
[HAc] = [Ac-]
= amount acid at start
5

4
pH

pH = pKa = 4.76
best buffer capacity
3

2 CH3COOH
1

0
0 50 100
Percent titration
 4. Titration

Ex: 1 L phosphoric acid of unknown concentration is titrated with 0.1

M KOH. The approximate pH range of pH indicator for color change is
9.0-9.5. When the pH indicator changes the color, 35 ml KOH is added.
What is the concentration of phosphoric acid ?

1) To calculate the amount of KOH added for titration

n (KOH) = [KOH] × V = 0.1 M × 0.035 L = 0.0035 mol = 3.5 mmol

9/6/2016 48
 4. Titration

Ex: 1 L phosphoric acid of unknown concentration is titrated with 0.1 M KOH.

The approximate pH range of pH indicator for color change is 9.0-9.5. When
the pH indicator changes the color, 35 ml KOH is added. What is the
concentration of phosphoric acid ?

2) To calculate the amount of H3PO4

H3PO4 + KOH ⇌ H2PO4- + K+ + H2O

H2PO4- + 2KOH ⇌ HPO42- + 2K+ + 2H2O

HPO4- + 3KOH ⇌ PO43- + 3K+ + 3H2O

n (KOH) = 2 × n (H3PO4)

n (KOH) = 3.5 mmol

n (H3PO4) = 1.75 mmol
9/6/2016 49
 4. Titration
Ex: 1 L phosphoric acid of unknown concentration is titrated with 0.1 M KOH.
The approximate pH range of pH indicator for color change is 9.0-9.5. When
the pH indicator changes the color, 35 ml KOH is added. What is the
concentration of phosphoric acid ?

2) To calculate the amount of H3PO4

H3PO4 + 2KOH ⇌ HPO42- + 2K+ + 2H2O

n (KOH) = 2 × n (H3PO4)
n (KOH) = 3.5 mmol
n (H3PO4) = 1.75 mmol
3) To calculate the con. of H3PO4
C (H3PO4) = n (H3PO4) / V
= 1.75 mmol / 1 L
9/6/2016 = 1.75 mM 50
 4. Titration

Titration curve for the amino acid

alanine
H [OH-] H H
[OH-]
+H N C COOH +H N C COO- H2N C COO-
3 3
CH3 CH3 CH3
Form I Form II Form III
(alanine in acid solution) (alanine in neutral solution) (alanine in base solution)

Two groups on alanine that can donate proton

Two pKa
-COOH / -COO- pKa1 = 2.3
-NH +
3 / -NH2
9/6/2016 pKa2 = 9.2 51
4. Titration

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Acid Base lecture 14-15 September 2014
Min Wan

1. Introduction to pH

2. Acid base concept -calculations

3. Buffert -calculations

4. Titration

5. Physiological pH regulation -calculations

6. Measure pH?

9/6/2016 53
 5. Physiological pH regulation
Life

6 7 8
Blood pH value
[H3 O+]: 10-6M 10-7M 10-8M

[OH-]: 10-8M 10-7M 10-6M

Normal pH value of blood 7.4

Blood (venous) 7.32-7.38
Blood (arteriell) 7.37-7.43

How can we keep the pH so constant in our body?

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 5. Physiological pH regulation Buffers in body fluids

Our body uses 3 different systems to keep the pH constant:

1) Buffers in body fluids (the first minutes)

a) Phosphate buffer inside the cells
b) Proteins (albumin,hemoglobin) inside the cells
c) Bicarbonate buffer in blood or plasma
2) Regulate breathing via lung (adjust CO2)
3) Long term regulation via kidneys

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 5. Physiological pH regulation Buffers in body fluids

1) Buffers in body fluids

a) Phosphate buffer inside the cells
b) Proteins (albumin,hemoglobin) inside the cells
c) Bicarbonate buffer in blood or plasma

Inside the cells: haemoglobin 35%

other proteins 7% 47%
phosphate 5%

Blood or plasma: bicarbonate 53%

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 5. Physiological pH regulation Phosphate buffer

1) Buffer-phosphate buffer

H3PO4 + H2O  H2PO4- + H3O+

H2PO4- + H2O  HPO42- + H3O+

HPO42- + H2O  PO43- + H3O+

Two of the ions are

amphoteric species!

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5. Physiological pH regulation Phosphate buffer

The phosphate buffer system mainly works in the internal

fluid of cells

What kind of phosphate ions do we have in the cells?

(H2PO4-) (HPO42-)

Many molecules contain phosphate groups, such as

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
9/6/2016 58
adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
5. Physiological pH regulation Protein as a buffer

1) Buffer-proteins
When a protein acts as a buffer, only a few amino acids are
responsible

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5. Physiological pH regulation Proteins as a buffer

Amino acids that can buffer:

+ Histidine

acid conjugate base

- Cysteine
acid conjugate base

When the amino acid is buffering, the charge

will change!
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 5. Physiological pH regulation Proteins as a buffer

The protein structure can change

due to pH

When histidin-side chain buffer, H3O+

it will take up a proton.

It becomes positively charged.

The new + gives a new

electrostatic interaction with a
neighbouring -

Structure will change.

+
Maybe even the function of the
protein?
9/6/2016 61
5. Physiological pH regulation Bicarbonate buffer

1) Buffer-bicarbonate buffer

H2CO3 + H2O  HCO3- + H3O+

Conjugate acid. Conjugate base

HCO3- + H2O  CO32- + H3O+

Conjugate acid Conjugate base

First proteolytic step important.

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5. Physiological pH regulation Bicarbonate buffer

In body fluids

H2CO3 + H2O  HCO3- + H3O+

Conj. Acid conj.. base

Dihydrogen carbonate (H2CO3) can exist in water, but will

quickly become CO2 bubbles.

CO2(d) + 2H2O  H2CO3 + H2O  HCO3- + H3O+

conj. acid conj. base

The acid in bicarbonate buffer consists of H2CO3 and

CO2(d) together.
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 5. Physiological pH regulation Bicarbonate buffer

CO2 is dissolved in water

CO2 Water with dissolved H2CO3 and CO2

CO2

The concentration of dissolved CO2

H2CO3 is proportional to the partial
CO2
pressure of CO2 (pCO2) outside.
H2CO3 CO2
H2CO3
CO2(d) + 2H2O  H2CO3 + H2O  HCO3- + H3O+
H2CO3 CO2

[CO2] + [H2CO3] = 0.23 × pCO2

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 5. Physiological pH regulation Bicarbonate buffer

Buffer formula for bicarbonate buffer

CO2 + 2H2O  H2CO3 + H2O  HCO3- + H3O+

conjugate acid Conjugate base

[base]
pH = pKa+ lg [HCO3-]
[acid] pH = pKa+ lg
0.23×pCO2

[HCO3-] Henderson Hasselbalch´s formula

pH = pKa+ lg
[CO2] + [H2CO3]

[HCO3-]: mM, pCO2 : kPa

[CO2] + [H2CO3] = 0.23 × pCO2

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 5. Physiological pH regulation Bicarbonate buffer

Buffer formula for bicarbonate buffer

[HCO3-]
pH = pKa+ lg pH depends on the ratio
0.23×pCO2
of [HCO3-] and PCO2
Henderson Hasselbalch´s formula

Normal human arterial blood: [HCO3-]

pH = pKa+ lg
0.23×pCO2
Pco2 = 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg)
24
= 6.1 + lg
[HCO3-] = 24 mM 0.23×5.3
= 6.1 + lg 20
9/6/2016 66
= 6.1 + 1.3 = 7.4
 5. Physiological pH regulation Bicarbonate buffer

CO2 + 2H2O  H2CO3 + H2O  HCO3- + H3O+

CO2/HCO3- has a far higher buffering power in

an open system than in a close system
Ex. How does pH change if we add 5 mmol HCl in a closed bicarbonate
buffer system (1L, pH = 7.4, [HCO3-] = 24 mM, Pco2 = 5.3 kPa)?

1) Add 5 mmol HCl

H3O+ + HCO3-  H2O +H2CO3  CO2 + 2H2O

0.23 × Pco2
Before 5 24 0.23 × 5.3 = 1.2 = [CO2] + [H2CO3]
After 0 19 1.2 + 5 = 6.2 = 6.2

[HCO3-] 19 Pco2 = 27 kPa

pH = pKa+log = 6.1 + log = 6.59
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[CO2] + [H2CO3] 6.2 67
 5. Physiological pH regulation Bicarbonate buffer

CO2 + 2H2O  H2CO3 + H2O  HCO3- + H3O+

CO2/HCO3- has a far higher buffering power in
an open system than in a close system
Ex. How does pH change if we add 5 mmol HCl in an open bicarbonate
buffer system (1L, pH = 7.4, [HCO3-] = 24 mM, Pco2 = 5.3 kPa)?

1) Add 5 mmol HCl

H3O+ + HCO3-  H2O +H2CO3  CO2 + 2H2O

Before 5 24 0.23 ×5.3 = 1.2

After 0 19 1.2 (Pco2 constant)

[HCO3-] 19
pH = pKa+log = 6.1 + log = 7.3
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[CO2] + [H2CO3] 1.2 68
 5. Physiological pH regulation

a closed system

an open system

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 5. Physiological pH regulation Regulate pH by lung and kidney

2) pH regulation via lung

3) pH regulation via kidneys

[HCO3-] kidney
pH = pKa+ lg
0.23×pCO2 lung

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5. Physiological pH regulation Regulate pH by lung and kidney

2) Regulate pH via breath

[HCO3-]
pH = pKa+ lg
0.23×pCO2 lung
Lung: to keep Pco2 constant by carefully matching
the rates of CO2 production and excretion. CO2
production varies with physical activity, the lung alters
ventilatory rate to keep the balance between CO2
production and excretion.
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 5. Physiological pH regulation Regulate pH by lung

Gas transport
O2 is transported from the lung to the tissues and CO2 formed in
tissues is transported back to the lung, and the transport of these
gases is coupled to pH.

Hemoglobin transport O2, and

it has four Heme groups O2

O2 O2

O2
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5. Physiological pH regulation

Lungs: High pH, Low CO2 and O2 Bohr effect:

affinity increases, Shift left An increase of CO2 and a
decrease in pH results in
reduced affinity of Hb for O2.

Tissue= Low pH, High CO2

O2 affinity decrease and
is released to tissues
Shift right
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 5. Physiological pH regulation

3) pH regulation via kidneys

[HCO3-] kidney
pH = pKa+ lg
0.23×pCO2

Kidney: to keep stable bicarbonate concentration. Kidney

filters bicarbonate from blood, these ions are reabsorbs by
kidney and return to blood. Kidney also can produce new
bicarbonate to replace consumed bicarbonate.

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 5. Physiological pH regulation
pH
7.4
Pco2 L H HCO3- Normal

Acidosis and alkalosis: the processes that cause pH to change.

acidosis: any disease process or condition that acts to lower pH
alkalosis: any disease process or condition that acts to raise pH

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5. Physiological pH regulation

CO2 + H2O  HCO3- + H3O+

Two ways to change [H+] or pH:

change Pco2 or change [HCO3-]

respiratory: indicate an acidosis or alkalosis caused by a pathologic

change in Pco2
metabolic: indicate an acidosis or alkalosis caused by a pathologic
change in [HCO3-]
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 5. Physiological pH regulation

Acidosis Alkalosis
Chronic COPD pH
asthma
Respiratory

pH 7.4
7.4 H
H L

diarrea pH
vomiting
pH
Metabolic

renal failure 7.4 7.4

H H
L
L

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Acid Base lecture 14-15 September 2014
Min Wan

1. Introduction to pH

2. Acid base concept -calculations

3. Buffert -calculations

4. Titration

5. Physiologic pH regulation -calculations

6. Measure pH?

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 6. Measureing pH

pH paper: acid base form have different light absorbance

pH meter:

Measures the voltage produced by the

solution, compares it with the
voltage of a known standard solution,
and uses the difference in voltage to
calculate the pH.

In vivo: measure pH value in plasma or urine. Difficult to

measure inside the cell, microelectrodes and fluorescent pH
indicator dyes
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6. Measureing pH

Approximate pH values of various body fluids

Boron W.F. & Boulpaep E.L. Medical Physiology 2nd edition

Compartment pH

•Gastric secretions 0.7

•Lysosome 5.5
•Cytosol of a typical cell 7.2
•Arterial blood plasma 7.35-7.45 7.4
•Mitochondrial inner matrix 7.5
•Secreted pancreas fluid 8.1
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 END of lecture

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