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n] v s M /fh]Gb|eSt hf]zL
lrqf°gstf{ M /fh'afa' zfSo ’zf/a’
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k|sfzs M ;'ifdf /fhe08f/L
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kmf]g $@&#)%*,$@*^%*$
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ISBN : 978-9937-2-1136-9
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af]Ng] k'tnL
- afnsyf–;ªu|x _

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lrqfÍgstf{ M /fh'afa' zfSo ‘zf/a’
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 d]/f s]lx efjgfx¿
;fgf;fgf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu afn;flxTon] af}l4s ljsf;df ;xof]u ul//x]sf] x'G5 . o; ;ª\ux| df
;/n efiff / a'em\g ;lsg] zJbx¿sf] rog u/]sf] 5' . o;df ePsf k|fo syfx¿ sflGtk'/ klqsfsf]
sf];n] Ldf k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ cem ;docg';f/ kl/dflh{t u/L k|sflzt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf]
/ o;df s]lx gofF syfx¿ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5' . o; syf ;ª\ux| n] efOalxgLx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ 5
eGg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' .

d )#(÷)$) ;fnb]lv g} s]lx g s]lx n]Vg] uy]F{ . d]/f] k9fO{ / sfo{ If]qsf] Jo:ttfn] o; If]qdf
k"0f{tM Wofg lbg kfPsf] lyOg . t/ klg s]lx g s]lx sf]/sf/ u/L/xGy] . 8]9 bzskl5 d]/L 5f]/Ln]
dnfO{ syf ;'gfpg cg'/f]w ug{ nfUbf d v'zL;fy syf eGg] uy]{ . syf ;'gfpg] qmddf cfkm"n] n]vs ] f
syfx¿ klg ;'gfpg] uy]{ . syf s:tf] nfUof] egL ;f]Wbf /fd|f] nfu]sf] s'/f uyL{ . dnfO{ syf n]Vg emg\
dg nfUg yfNof] . cfkm"n] n]vs ] f syfx¿ k|sflzt ug{ kfP x'GYof] eg]/ ;f]Rg yfn]F . k|sfzgfy{
sflGtk'/sf] sf];n] Ldf k7fPF . s]lx ;dokl5 d]/f] afnsyf k|sflzt eof] . lj:tf/} n]Vb} uPF . c?
kqklqsfx¿df klg sljtf, syf, n]v–/rgfx¿ k|sflzt xFb' } uP . d xf}l;Fb} hfg yfn]F .

n]Vbfn]Vb} d}n] ?d 6' l/8af6 afnn]vg ;DaGwL sfo{zfnfdf efu lng] cj;/ kfPF . ToxFf d]/f]
ljleGg afn;flxTosf/x¿;+uF e]6 eof] . h'g d]/f] nflu v';Lsf] s'/f lyof] . Tof] sfo{zfnfn] d]/f]
n]vgsfo{df w]/} kl/dfh{g Nofof] . Tof] sfo{zfnf g;lsFb} g]kfn afn;flxTo ;dfhsf] csf]{ sfo{zfndf
8]lg; n]vsx¿;Fu+ efu lng] df}sf kfPF . o;/L d afn;flxTotkm{ cu|z/ x'gyfn]F . o;}sf] kmn:j¿k of]
afnsyfsf] ;ª\ux| efOalxgLx?sf] xftdf ;'Dkg ;s]sf] 5' . afnaflnsf efOalxgLx¿n] ?rfO{ lbg' ePdf
s[t s[t x'g5
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;fy} o; k':tssf] k|sfzgsf] nflu ;xof]u ul/lbg' x'g] ;Dkfbs ;flxTsf/ t]hk|sfz >]i7Ho",snf
;+of]hs snfsf/ /fh'afa' zfSo ‘zf/a’Ho" tyf k|sfzs ;'ifdf /fhe08f/LHo"nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg
rfxG5' .

/fh]Gb|eSt hf]zL
 syfqmd

! >ozsf] lrq $
@ ltdL klg dfof u/ ^
# rdTsf/L afFb/ *
$ l/Hdfsf] af]Ng] k'tnL !)
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 >ozsf] lrq

‘lbbL ! lbbL ! dnfO{ :s"n hfg xQf/ eO;Sof] eGof, slt l9nf ug'{ ePsf] < dnfO{ :s"n8«;] nufO{lbg';\
g !’ >oz kmTkmtfO/Xof] .
‘xf]Og cf] e'06] >oz, lsg cfh lsr\lsr\ s/fO{/x]sf]’ sf]7fleqaf6} l;NeLn] lrRofP/ egL .
‘cfh s] lbbL, d]/f] lrq sf]g{] lbg Sof ! s:tf] ga'em]sf] lbbLn] !’ kmTkmtfpFb} pm cfdfsxfF bf}l8of] .
cfdfn] klg >oznfO{ vfgf v'jfpg yflng\ .
‘l;NeL,;fgf] efOnfO{ lsg s/fpg lbG5];\ . l56f] n'uf nufOb] .’ cfdfn] elgg\ .
‘cfdf ! cfh d]/f] u[xsfo{ g;s]sf]n] xf], gq d efOsf] ;a} sfd u/L lbGy] lg !’ l;NeLn] egL . clg eGb}
efOnfO{ 8\;]| nufOlbg yfnL .
‘n ! n ! rf8} vfgf vfP/ >oznfO{ a;:6kdf k'¥ofP/ hfg' x} .’ cfdfn] l;NeLnfO{ c¥xfOg\ . vfgf
vfP/ b'ah
} gf ;Fu;Fu} lgl:sP .
>oz;Fu} Ps sIffdf /df, Zofd, xl/, dw', ljsf;, /]Zdf, ljho, 3gZofd, ljj]s cflb k9\5g\ . cfh
kfFrf}F 3G6Ldf lngf ld;sf] lrqsnf l;sfpg] kfnf] 5 . rf/ j6f 3G6L ;lsPsf]n] kfFrf} 306Ldf lngf ld;sf]
lrqsnfsf] sIff z'? x'G5 .
cfh lngf ld;n] ef]lnsf] k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu cfkm"nfO{ dgkg{] lrq agfpg]
/ /Ë eg{] tl/sf l;sfpg] x'bF f ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ xtf/ u/]/ sIffdf k;] . Wofgk"js
{
;a} ljBfyL{x¿n] k]lG;nn] cfkm"nfO{ dgkg{] lrq agfpg z'? u/] .
>ozn] ufpF3/sf] lrq sf]g{ z'? u¥of] . o;}u/L /dfn] ufO{, Zofdn]
s's/' , xl/n] df5f, dw'n] kxf8, ljsf;n] :s'n, /]zdfn]

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afns, ljhon] a;, 3gZofdn] Eofu'tf / as'Nnf, ljj]sn] xfQLsf] lrq agfpg yfn] .
lngf ld;n] klg k|To]s ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpFb} ;xof]u ug{e' of] . olQs}df lrqsnfsf] sIff ;lsof] . ;a}
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ef]ln cfkm"n] agfpg] lrqdf /Ë e/]/ Nofpg elgof] . sIffaf6 lg:sgf;fy >oznfO{ cfkm';uF /Ë
gePsf] ;Demgf eof] .
‘cO{ /df ! dnfO{ clnslt /+Ë b]pm g !’ p;n] /dfnfO{ eGof] .
‘d;Fu 5}g clxn] !’ /dfn] egL .
:s'n klg 5'6L[ eO;s]sf]n] /Ë s;/L eg{] eGg] ;f]Rb} >oz 3/ k'Uof] . 3/ k'Ubf lbbL l;NeL :s'naf6
kmls{;s]sL lyO{ .
‘lbbL, dnfO{ /Ë b]pm g . lrqdf /Ë eg'{ k¥of] .’ p;n] eGof] .
æd;Fu /Ë t lyof] t/ clxn] l;l4Psf] 5, s] ug]{ <Æ l;NeLn] egL . emg\ lg/fz x'bF } >oz cfdfsxfF k'Uof] .
æcfdf dnfO{ /Ë lslglbg';\ g ! d]/f] ef]ln :s'ndf lrqsnf k|ltof]lutf 5 . cfh lrqdf /Ë eg'{ 5 .Æ
p;n] cfdfnfO{ u'xf¥of] .
æa'af clkm;sf] sfdn] aflx/ hfg'ePsf] 5, d;Fu k};f 5}g, a'af cfpg' ePkl5 /Ë lsg'nf lg t .Æ cfdfn]
eGg'eof] .
>oz ?Fb} cfkm\gf] sf]7fdf k:of] . b'MvL x'bF } otfptL x]g{ yfNof] . p;nfO{ s] u?F s;f] u?F eO/Xof] .
crfgs sf]7fsf] s'gfdf v'qs
' ] b]Vof] .
bz}dF f dfdfx¿n] 6Lsf nufP/ lbg'ePsf] k};f v'qs
' d] f /fv]sf] s'/f >ozn] ;De\mof] . t'?Gt} p;n] v'qs
' a] f6
k};f lgsfNg vf]Hof] t/ ;s]g . clg l/;fP/ v'qS' s] km'6fO{ lbof] . k};f b]v/] >oz bË k¥of] .
‘cfdf ! d}n] k};f e]6f[ PF !’ pm sf]7faf6} lrRofof] . olb oxfF klg k};f gePsf] eP ef]lnsf] k|ltof]lutfdf efu
lng gkfpg] /x]5' eGg] ;f]Rof] .
pm k};f lnP/ 3/;Fus
} f] :6]zg/L k;ndf uP/ cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] /Ëx¿ lsg]/ Nofof] .
cfkm"n] agfpg] lrqdf /Ë nufpg yfNof] / s]xL l5gd} /Ë eg{] sfd l;Wofof]] . /Ë el/;s]sf]n] xf]nf
>ozsf] lrq /fd|f] / cfslif{t b]lvof] .
cfdf / lbbLnfO{ cfkm\gf] lrq b]vfP/ ‘s:tf] 5 <’ egL ;f]Wof] . cfdf / lbbLn] klg /fd|f] eGb} k|z;+ f u/] .
>oz v';L x'bF } vfgf vfP/ cfkm\gf] sf]7fdf uof] . k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng kfpg] s'/fn] >ozsf] v';Lsf]
7]ufgf lyPg .
6]andf /flvPsf] p;sf] lrq p;nfO{ x]//] xfFl;/x]sf] lyof] .

%
 ltdL klg dfof u/

/fh' / sfn' ;Fu;Fu} ljBfno hfg] cfpg] uy]{ . logLx¿sf] ljBfno k'Ug ufpFaf6 Ps 306f lx8\g' kYof]{ .
To;}n] pgLx¿ 3/af6 rfF8} g} lx8\y] . oL b'Oh
{ gf l5d]sL ePsfn] ;fyL klg lyP .
t/ /fh' / sfn'sf] Aojxf/df cfsfz hdLgsf] km/s lyof] . /fh' c;n ljBfyL{ dfq geP/ cf1fsf/L,
ldng;f/ / ;xof]uL lyof] eg] sfn' 3d08L, c?nfO{ x]Kg], lk6\g] / abdf; lyof] . t}klg pgLx¿ ;w} ;Fu} ljBfno
hfg] cfpg] uy]{ .
af6f]df lxF8b\ f klg sfn' ;a}nfO{ nv]6g\ ,] lk6\g] / lh:sfpg] uYof{] . sfn'sf] /a}of b]v/] af6f]sf kz'k5
+ Lx¿
;d]t ql;t lyP . pm afFb/nfO{ 9'Ëfn] lxsf{pg], ;k{ / Eofu'tfnfO{ nv]6g\ ,] sL/f–km6\ofFuf| x¿nfO{ s'Nr]/ dfg{] /
vf]nfsf df5fx¿nfO{ dfg]{ uYof{] .
t/ /fh'rflxF sfn'n] u/]sf] abdf;Lsf] la/f]w uYof]{ / ;a}nfO{ cfk"mn] ;Sbf] ;xof]u uYof]{ . p;n] ;a}
kz'k+IfLnfO{ dfof ub}{, 3fp ePsfnfO{ dnd nufpb}{ / df5fx¿nfO{ ;d]t cfkm\gf] vfhfsf] s]xL efu lbg] uYof]{ .
afFb/, Eofu'tf, ;k,{ sL/f–km6\ofFu|f / df5fx¿ ;a} /fh' b]v]/ /dfpFy] . p;sf] afgL b]v]/ ;a}n] p;nfO{ dfof uy]{
/ p;sf] cufl8 cfpg rfxGy] . t/ sfn' b]v]/ 8/fP/ efUy] .
sfn'sf] c?nfO{ ;tfpg] afgL g} kl/;s]sf] lyof] . olx afgLn] ubf{ sfn' / /fh'sf] ldqtf;d]t 6'6o\ f] .
To;kl5 tL b'O{ ;fyLx¿sf] af6f] klg km/s x'g yfNof] .
/fh' lxF8g\ ] af6f]df ;a} kz'kI+ fL /dfO/x]sf x'Gy] . Eofu'tf, ;k{ / afFb/x¿ /dfP/ gfrLgfrL cufl8 cfpFy] .
sfu / sf]OnL klg ;'l/nf] efvfdf uLt ufpg yfNy] .

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s;}n] dfof ug{]
s;}n] nv]6g\ ,]
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/dfP/ lsg ga:g] <
slxn]sfxLF /fh' vf]nfdf g'xfpg hfFbf df5fx¿ /dfP/ p;nfO{ 3]//] v]Ng yfNy] .
t/ sfn' hfFbf ;a} 8/fP/ efUy] . ;a}n] /fh'nfO{ dfof u/]sf] b]v/] sfn'nfO{ 8fxf nfUYof] . pm /fh';uF ;Fw}
l/;fpg] uYof]{ . Ps lbg p;n] /fh'nfO{ lk6\g] lgwf] u/]/ af6f]df s'l//Xof] .
;w}em}+ cfkm\gf] ;dodf ;a};uF v]Nb}, /dfpFb} /fh' cfO/x]sf] lyof] . /fh'sf] lstfa–sfkL afFb/n] af]ss
] f] lyof] .
cl3kl5 Eofu'tf, ;k{, sfu, sf]On{ Lx¿ /dfpFb} cfO/x]sf lyP . PSsf;L sfn' b]v/] /fh' tl;{of] .
sfn'n] /fh'nfO{ hdfP/ Ps nft lxsf{OxfNof] clg ;dfP/ k5fg{ yfNof] . /fh' ?g yfNof] . t/ sfn'nfO{ p;n]
s]xL klg u/]g . of] b]v/] Eofu'tf, ;k{, sfu, sf]On{ L / afFb/nfO{ l/; p7\of] . ;a} ldn]/ sfn'nfO{ emD6g yfn] .
Ps}rf]6L ;a}sf] emD6fOaf6 sfn' cflQP/ efUbf vf]nfdf v:of] . vf]nfdf v:gf;fy df5fx¿n] 6f]Sg yfn] .
df5fx¿nfO{ klg sfn'bl] v l/; pl7/x]sf] lyof] . ;a}lt/sf] emD6fO{af6 sfn' cfk"mnfO{ arfpg] sf]lz; ul//x]sf] lyof]
t/ ;kmn x'g;s]sf] lyPg . xQkQ /fh'n] p;nfO{ vf]nfaf6 dfly tfGof] .
/fh'n] ;a}nfO{ laGtL u/]/ zfGt x'g cg'/f]w u¥of] . t/ /fh'sf] laGtLnfO{ ;'g] klg g;'ge] m}F+ u/]/ Eofu'tf, ;k{,
df5f / afFb/n] emD6g / 6f]Sg 5f]8g] g\ .
‘ltdLx¿ d}n] eg]sf] gdfGg] < hfpm ltdLx¿ d]/f ;fyL xf]Ogf} . sfn' d]/f] ;fyL xf] . p;nfO{ b'Mv lbPsf]
d ;xGg .’ /fh' sfn'nfO{ cFufnf] df/]/ ?g yfNof] .
Eofu'tf], ;k{, df5f, afFb/ cflb lhNn k/]/ /fh'nfO{ x]l//x] . sf]OnL eg] v';Lsf] efvfdf uLt ufpg yfNof] .
b'i6sf] slxNo} enf] x'bF g}
g/fd|f] sfd slxNo} gu/ .
dfof u/ ;Fw} ;a}nfO{
sfn' ! ltdL klg dfof u/ .
sf]OnLsf] uLt ;'g/] ;a} /dfpg / gfRg yfn] . /fh' / sfn' cFufnf] df/]/ Pscsf{nfO{ dfof ug{ yfn] .

&
 rdTsf/L af“b/
zx/b]lv w]/} 6f9f Pp6f ufp+F lyof] . ToxfF af6f] / ;jf/L ;fwgsf] s'g} gfdf]lgzfg} lyPg . ;a} ufp+nF x] ¿
ldn]/ a:g] u/]sf lyP . ;a}df Pscfk;df ;xof]uL efjgf lyof] . s'g} ljklQ cfO{k/] ;a} ufp+nF x] ¿ ldn]/ To;sf]
;dfwfg ug]{ uy]{ .
ToxL ufp+s
F f] 5]psf] Pp6f ?vdf rsrs] afFb/ a:g] uYof{] . Tof] rsrs] afFb/ ufp+dF f cfP/ dflg;nfO{ b'Mv
lbg] / ;tfpg] uYof]{ . rsrs] afFb/ dflg;x¿;+uF lkml6Ss} 8/fpFbg} Yof] . pm dflg;sf] cufl8 pleP/ vfgf
dfUYof] / glbPdf t;f{P/ n'5g\ ] / n'6g\ ] klg uYof]{ .
Psflt/ afFb/sf] pkb|f] dlRrPsf] lyof] eg] csf]t{ km{ ufp+dF f a]nfa]nfdf /f]uJoflw km}lnGYof] . ToxfF c:ktfn
lyPg . s;}nfO{ /f]u nfu]df emFfqmLsf] ;xf/f lng'kg]{ afWotf lyof] . /f]uaf6 w]/} dflg;x¿ dy]{ . t/ klg ufp+nF x] ¿
r'krfk ;x]/ cfcfkm\gf] u'hf/f ul//x]sf lyP .
ufp+;F uF } Pp6f 3gf hËn lyof] . Pslbg Pp6f ;fw' cfP/ hËndf cf;g hdfP/ Wofgdf a:of] . pm s]xL
klg vfFbg} Yof], Wofgdf dfq al;/xGYof] . of] ;a} b]v/] rsrs] afFb/nfO{ pT;'stf hfUof] .
rsrs] afFb/nfO{ klg ;fw'h:t} xnrn gu/]/ al;/xg dg nfUof] . pm klg ;fw';uF } w]/} lbg;Dd xnrn gu/]/ a:g
yfNof] . rsrs] afFb/ ef]s Kof;n] dg'{ g af+RF g'sf] bf];fFwdf k'Uof] . t/ p;n] ;fw'sf] gSsn ug{ 5f]8g] .
ptf ufp+dF f w]/} lbgb]lv rsrs] afFb/ gb]vs] f]n] ufp+nF x] ¿ cfZro{ dfGg yfn] . ;a} ufp+nF ] ldn]/ vf]hL ubf{ klg
rsrs] afFb/ e]l6Pg . ;a}n] d/]sf] ;Dem]/ afFb/k|lt ;xfg'el" tdf cf+;F ' emf/] . h] eP klg rsrs] afFb/ klg o; ufpFsf]
Pp6f ;b:oh:t} lyof] .
w]/} lbgsf] Wofgkl5 ;fw'nfO{ cnf}lss zlQm k|fKt eof] . cfkm\gf] Wofg k'/f u/]/ ;fw'n] cf+v
F f vf]Nof] .
p;n] cfkm\g} cufl8 Pp6f afFb/ klg Wofg ul//x]sf] b]Vof] . ef]s / Kof;n] xf8 / 5fnf dfq afFsL ePsf] afFb/
b]v/] ;fw' crDddf k¥of] .
;fw'nfO{ afFb/k|lt bof nfUof] . ;fw'n] kfgL 5s]/{ afFb/nfO{ AoFe" mfO{ lbof] . ;fw'sf] cnf}lss zlQmo'Qm kfgL
kgf{;fy rsrs] afFb/df lgs} k'mlt{ cfof] . afFb/n] cfk"mdf cfPsf] :k"mlt{ b]v/] bË kb}{ ;fw'nfO{ k|0ffd u¥of] .
‘lsg ltdL o;/L Wofgdf a;]sf] <’ ;fw'n] afFb/nfO{ ;f]Wof] .
‘dnfO{ klg xh'/n]h:t} Wofg ug{ dg nfUof] . clg w]/} lbg;Dd xnrn g} gu/L vfgf klg gvfO r'krfk
al;/x]F . lsg a;F] yfxf 5}g .’ ;fw'sf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbFb} rsrs] afFb/n] laGtL ub}{ eGof] .
afFb/sf] s'/fn] ;fw'sf] dg klUnof] . ufpFnx] ¿n] b'Mv kfO/x]sf] s'/f ;fw'nfO{ yfxf lyof] . To;}n] ;fw'n]
‘ltdL 1fgL /x]5f}, ufp+nF x] ¿sf] p4f/ ug',{ ltd|f] enf] x'g5
] ’ eg]/ afFb/+ nfO{ Pp6f dGq lbO ToxfFaf6 lx8\of] . afFb/
klg ;fw'nfO{ k|0ffd u/]/ dGq ;lDeFmb} ufpFl+ t/ nfUof] .

*
 ufp+dF f rsrs] afFb/ km]l/ cfPsf] b]v/] ;a} 5Ss k/] . rsrs] afFb/ ufpFaf6 x/fPb]lv ufpF g} ;'Go ePem}F
lyof] . b'Mv lbg] eP klg afFb/ cfPsf]df ufpFnx] ¿ v';L g} b]lvP .
o;k6s afFb/n] s'g} rsrs u/]g . a? zfGt eP/ dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ yfNof] . afFb/sf] zlQm /
Jojxf/n] ;a}nfO{ rlst t'Nofof] .
ufpFd+ f rsrs] afFb/n] 3/ 3/df k'u/] ;a}sf] sfddf ;3fpg yfNof] . s'g} 3/df la/fdL ePsf] va/
kfpgf;fy pm Toxf+F k'u/] cf}ifwL ul/lbGYof] . rsrs] afFb/ ;w} ufp+nF x] ¿sf] ;]jf ug{ tTk/ /xg yfNof] .
To;kl5 To; ufp+dF f g /f]usf] eo afFsL /Xof] g t s'g} lsl;dsf] ;d:of g} b]lvof] . rsrs] afFb/sf] rdTsf/L
sfd / ;xof]un] ;a} ufpFn] 9'Ss eP .
clg ;a} ufp+nF x] ¿ ldn]/ rsrs] afFb/nfO{ ;fw'sf] ¿kdf l;Gb"/hfqf u/]/ Pp6f s'6Ldf a:g lbP . ToxL
s'6Ldf a;]/ rsrs] afFb/n] ;fw'n] lbPsf] dGq k9\b} ;a} ufp+nF x] ¿sf] ;]jf ug{ yfNof] .
6f9f 6f9f ufp+aF f6 ;d]t dflg;x¿ ;fw' afFb/nfO{ cfkm\gf] /f]u / ;d:ofx¿ b]vfpg cfp+g yfn] . Tof] ljs6
ufp+F x]bf{xb] {} ;a}sf] Kof/f] x'g yfNof] .

(
 l/Hdfsf] af]Ng] k'tnL

l/Hdf cfdfa'af;Fu ahf/ 3'Dg hfFbf cfk"mnfO{ dgkg{] v]nf}gf lsGg] uyL{ . lsg]/ NofPsf v]nf}gfx¿
cfkm\gf] sf]7fdf ;hfP/ /fVg] klg uyL{ . To;}n] p;sf] sf]7fel/ v]nf}gf g} v]nf}gf lyof] .

l/Hdfsf a'af /fh / cfdf ;'ifdf klg cfkm\gL Psdfq 5f]/Lsf] OR5f ;w}h;f] k'/f ul/lbGy] . slxn]sfxLF
l/Hdf cfkm\gf] sf]7fdf ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf v]nf}gfx¿ x]//] bË kyL{ .

v]nf}gf;Fu v]Ng] ;f}v eP klg l/Hdf k9fO{df klg Tolt sdhf]/ lyO{g . t/ sIffdf k|yd eg] slxNo} x'g
;s]sL lyO{g . pm sIffdf k|yd x'g rfxGyL .

l/Hdf zlgaf/sf] lbg afa'cfdf;Fu ahf/ 3'Dg uPsL lyO{ . Pp6f v]nf}gfsf] k;ndf k'u/] pm v]nf}gfx¿
lgofNg yfnL . Pp6f v]nf}gf k'tnL p;nfO{ c;fWo} dgk¥of] . Tof] v]nf}gf k'tnL ;dfP/ Ps6sn] x]g{ yfnL .

ædnfO{ 3/ n}hfpm l/Hdf ! dnfO{ 3/ n}hfpm ! d ltdLnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5' . a? of] s'/f s;}nfO{ klg
geGg"Æ v]nf}gf k'tnL t af]Ng kf] yfNof] . l/Hdf 5Ss kb}{ k'tnLnfO{ Psgf;n] x]l//xL .

5f]/Ln] Pp6f /fd|f] v]nf}gf k'tnL xftdf lnP/ x]l//x]sf] b]v/] /fh / ;'ifdf glhs} cfP .

!)
 ‘cfdf ! afaf ! of] k'tnL !’ l/Hdfn] ;':t/L b]vfO{ . cfkm\gL 5f]/LnfO{ dgk/]sf] v]nf}gf lsGg /fhn]
gfOFg{ f:tL u/]g . l/Hdf klg cfk"mnfO{ dgkg]{ cgf}7f] k'tnL kfP/ bË k/L .

l/Hdfsf] dgdf Tof] af]Ng] v]nf}gf k'tnLsf] af/]df hfGg v'Nb'nL e}/x]sf] lyof] . t/ pm cfkm\gf cfdfa'af;Fu
k'tnL af]s/] r'krfk 3/ kmls{/x]sL lyO{ .

kms{bf /fh Pp6f /]:6'/G] 6df k:of] . ;'ifdf / l/Hdf klg p;sf] kl5 nfu] . t/ l/HdfnfO{ eg] l56} 3/
k'u/] k'tnL;Fu slxn] s'/f u?Fnf eGg] xtf/ nflu/x]sf] lyof] . To;}n] s]xL gaf]nL r'krfk al;/x]sL lyO{ .

‘s] ef] l/Hdf < lsg r"krfk <’ /fhn] ;f]Wof] .

‘xf] t lg ! s] eof] < lsg r"k nfu]/ a;]sL <’ ;'ifdfn] ;f]lwg\ .

‘s]lx ePsf] 5}g a'afcfdf !’ l/Hdfn] egL .

‘n n ! l7s 5’ eGb} /fhn] lkHhf / dd dufof] . xQf/ xQf/ lkHhf / dd vfO{ / 3/ hfg xtf/L . tLg}hgf
vfO;s]/ /fhsf] df]6/;fO{sndf 3/ kms]{ .

‘u'8 gfO{6’ eGb} 3/ cfO{kU' g] lalQs} l/Hdf l56f] l56f] cfkm\gf] sf]7fleq k;L . l/Hdfsf] rlt{snf b]v/] /fh
/ ;'ifdf crDd dflg/x] .

‘d ltd|f] ;fyL x"F . d x/]s s'/fdf ;xof]u ug{ rfxG5' .’ l/Hdfn] leQfdf em'G8\ofpg nfUbf v]nf}gf k'tnL af]Ng
yfNof] . k'tnLsf] s'/f ;'g]/ l/Hdf crDd k/L / leqleq} 8/fO{ klg . t/ dg b/f] kf/]/ k'tnL;Fu
s'/f ug{ yfnL .

lbgx¿ laTb} uP . l/Hdf ;fyL k'tnL;Fu /dfO/x]sL lyO{ . x/]s lbg :s"n 5'6k] l5 l/Hdf k'tnL;Fu
s'/f u/]/ ;do latfpg dg k/fpFyL . /fh / ;'ifdf klg 5f]/Lsf] afgLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gaf6 crDd lyP .

l/Hdf cfkm"n] ga'em]sf] s'/f k'tnL;Fu ;f]WyL . k'tnL klg ;a} s'/f l/HdfnfO{ a'emfO{lbGYof] . k'tnLsf]
;xof]un] l/Hdfn] sIffdf k9\bf ga'em]sf] s'/f klg 3/df cfP/ a'em\g yfnL .

o;kfnLsf] clGtd k/LIffdf l/Hdf sIffdf k|yd eO{ . l/Hdf k|yd ePsf]df /fh / ;'ifdf bË k/] .
ljBfnosf lzIfs / ;fyLefOx¿ klg l/Hdfsf] k|ult b]v/] 5Ss k/] .

3/ cfP/ l/Hdfn] ;fyL k'tnLnfO{ w]/} w]/} wGojfb lbO{ . clg ;Fw} k'tnLsf] c;n ;fyL eO/xg] afrf u/L .

!!
 aNn' af“b/

æcxf] ! cfh s:tf] d';nwf/] kfgL k/]sf]æ aNn' afFb/ cf]t vf]Hb} sldnfsxfF k'Uof] .
æsldnf efO ! Psl5g tkfO{sf] 3/df cf]t nfUg lbg'xG' 5 ls < d';nwf/] kfgL k?Gh]n .Æ afFb/n]
sldnfnfO{ ;f]Wof] .

æafFb/ bfO ! x'g t x'g] xf] t/ d]/f] 3/ ;fgf] 5, tkfO{nfO{ 7fpF k'Ub}g xf]nf . a? v}/] v/fof] sxfF hfg';\
g .Æ sldnfn] eGof] / 3/leq k:of] .

æcf] v/fof] efO ! dnfO{ ltd|f] 3/df Psl5g cf]t b]pm g ! d';nwf/] kfgL kl//x]sf] 5 . lgy'S| s} ?lem;s]F
.Æ afFb/n] v/fof]sf] vf]/df uP/ eGof] .

æs] ug]{+ vf]O{ < d]/f] t 3/ g} ;fgf] 5, 7fpF klg k'Ub}g . To;}n] ltv] b'D;L sxfF hfg';\ x} !’ v}/] v/fof]n]
cfk\mgf] 3/af6 6fpsf] lgsfn]/ x]b{+} aNn' afbF/nfO{ eGof] .

‘n n ! eOxfNof]’ eg]/ l/;fpFb} aNn' afFb/ ltv] b'D;LsxfF k'u/] eGof] æ x] ltv] b'D;L efO ! dnfO{ kfgLaf6
aRg Psl5gsf] nflu cf]t nfUg] 7fpF b]pm .Æ

æx'g t x'g] lyof] aNn' bfO{ ! t/ d]/f] 3/leq a:g ;Sb}gf} ls ! lsgeg] d]/f] hLpdf sfF8fx¿ w]/} 5g\ /
otfptf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . ltdLnfO{ 3f]Rg ;S5, To;}n] ltdL uHh' xfQLsxfF hfg' l7s xf]nf .’ olt eGb} hLp
tGsfpFb} b'D;L cfk\mgf] b'nf]leq k:of] .

æuHh' bfO ! dnfO{ o:tf] kfgLdf Psl5gsf] nflu cf]t lbg';\ g !Æ aNn' afbF/ lj:tf/} uHh' xfQL sxfF k'u/]
eGof] .

æs] ug]{ aNn' efO, dnfO{ w]/} 7fpF rflxG5 / dnfO{ otfptf rln/xg' k5{ . ltdLnfO{ 7Ss/ nfUg ;S5,
To;}n] dnfO{ dfkm u/ x} efO !’ uHh' xfQLn] klg p;nfO{ cf]t nfUg] 7fpF lbPg . afFb/n] cfkmgf] 3/ klg agfpFbg}
c?sf] 3/ klg eTsfO lbG5 eGg] s'/f xfQLn] klg ;'gs ] f] lyof] .

aNn' afFb/ dgdf cg]s ts{ ljts{ ub}{ lg/fz eP/ kmls{b} lyof] . of] s:tf] hdfgf xf], cfkt k/]sf] a]nfdf
sf]lx cfkm\gf xFb' f /x]g5g\ . jfx ! o:t} /x]5 oxfFsf] rng .

aNn' afbF/nfO{ s] u?,F s] gu?F eO/Xof] . kfgLn] aNn'nfO{ w]/} lehfO;s]sf] lyof] . pm cf]t nfUg Pp6f
s]/fsf] af]6tkm{ bf}8/] uof] . x'/L klg rln/x]sf] lyof] .

!@
 s]/fsf] kft ;dfpg vf]Hbf kfgL / x'/Ln] ubf{ xft lrlKnof] . b'Ot{ Lg k6s sf]lz; ubf{ aNnaNn p;n] Pp6f
s]/fsf] kft ;dfpg ;Sof] . t/ x'/Ln] ubf{ km]l/ kft x'lQP/ k/ k'Uof] .

bf}8/] kft ;dfpg vf]Hbf aNn' afFb/ lrlKnP/ e'Od{F f pQfgf] k/]/ n8\of] .

‘cOof’ pm lrRofpFb} p7\of] / d'v laufb}{ u'Gu'gfpg yfNof] –

s;}sf] cfzdf a:g' x'bF g} /}’5

c?sf] e/ kbf{ o:t} x'bF f] /}’5

cfkm}n] s]lx ug'{ kg]{ /}’5

cfkm\g} 3/ kf] rflxFbf] /}’5 .

cfkm}n] 3/ agfpg g;s]sf]df ysys dfGb} aNn' afFb/ lgy'S| s leHb} ?vdf lj:tf/} r9\of] . s'qm' Ss k/]/
kfgLdf ?emL/Xof] .

!#
 c;n ldqsf] ;·t

zx/b]lv w]/} 6f9f Pp6f ufpFsf] :s'ndf df]xg gfd u/]sf] ljBfyL{ lyof] . pm sIff gf}df k9\g] uYof{] . pm
k|foM :s'ndf eGbf aflx/ g} v]n/] /dfpg] uYof{] .

slxn] vf]nfdf df5f dfg{ hfGYof] t slxn] otfptL 8'n/] lbg latfpg] uYof]{ . 3/df klg PSnf] 5f]/f ePsf]n]
a'afcfdfn] k'Nk'NofP/ /fv]sf] lyof] . s;}n] df]xgsf] af/]df s'/fsfgL dfq u/] klg a'afcfdf emD6gkl5 kb}g{ y]] .

a'afcfdfsf] w]/} dfofn] df]xgsf] k9fO{dfeGbf c? g} s'/fdf a9L Wofg hfg] u/]sf] lyof] . sIffdf pm ;a}eGbf
7"nf] ePsf]n] c?nfO{ lk6\g] / x]Kg] klg uYof{] . To;}n] sf]xL klg df]xg;Fu v]Ng / k9\g rfxFbg} y]] . k|foM pm PSn}
x'g] ub{Yof] .

p;sf] 3/af6 :s'n 6f9} lyof] . o;/L rsrs] / abdfz eP klg pm sIffdf km]n rflxF x'bF g} Yof] . 3/df
klg a'afcfdfnfO{ sfddf ;3fpg] ub{g} Yof] . o;/L lbgx¿ laTb} uO/x]sf] lyof] .

lzIfsx¿ klg df]xgsf] afgL b]v/] jfSs lbSs e};s]sf lyP . k9b} gk9\bf klg km]n gx'g] df]xgn] clncln
k9LlbPdf slt hftL x'GYof] eg]/ s'/f uy]{ . lzIfsx¿ lbgx'F df]xgsf] af/]df o:t} 5nkmn uy]{ t/ s;}n] klg p;nfO{
;Demfpg ;s]sf lyPgg\ .

Pslbg uf]/L tyf lx:;L k/]sL ;'GtnL gfdsL s]6L :s"ndf cfO{ . pgL df]xgsf] sIffdf g} gofF ljBfyL{sf]
¿kdf egf{ ePsL lyO{ . gofF ;fyLsf] ¿kdf ;'GtnLnfO{ kfP/ sIffsf c? ljBfyL{x¿ v';L eP . ;a}hgf;Fu kl/ro
eof], t/ df]xgnfO{ s;}n] klg kl/ro u/fO{ lbPg .

;a}hgfn] ;'GtnLnfO{ df]xg abdfz ePsf] hfgsf/L lbP . gofF ;fyL ;'GtnL;Fu af]Ng / ;fyL agfpg dg nfu]
klg df]xg r'krfk PSn} s'gfdf a;]sf] lyof] . df]xgnfO{ x]//] ;'GtnL d':s'/fO{ . ;'GtnLsf] d':sfg b]v/] df]xgn] klg
d':s'/fP/ hjfkm lbof] .

:s"n ;s]/ 3/ kmls{/x]sf] a]nf kl5kl5 ;'GtnL cfPsf] b]v/] df]xgnfO{ s] u?F s;f] u?F eof] . pm 6Ss cl8of]
/ ;'GtnLsf] 5]pdf k'u/] s'/f ug{ vf]Hof] . t/ ;s]g, slQ sf]lz; ubf{ klg cfF6 cfPg .

;fyLx¿n] eg]sf] s'/fsf] Vofn} gu/L ;'GtnLn] df]xg;Fu s'/f ug{ yfnL . Pp6} sIffdf k9\g] ;xkf7L ePsf]n]
;'GtnLn] df]xg;Fu ldqtf ufF:g rfxGyL . df]xg klg ;'GtnLnfO{ ;fyL agfpg kfPsf]df dVv eof] . b'a} hgf /dfO{nf
s'/fsfgL ub}{ 3/lt/ nfu] .

!$
 s'/fsfgL ubf{ub}{ b'an} ] 3/ cfO{ku' s
] f] rfn} kfPgg\ . ;'GtnLsf] 3/ t df]xgsf] 3/;Fu} kf] /x]5 . ;'GtnLsf
cfdfaf ev{/} a;fO ;/]/ ToxfF cfPsf /x]5g\ .

;w} ;'GtnL;Fu :s'n hfg]–cfpg] u/]sf]n] df]xgdf la:tf/} kl/jt{g cfpg yfNof] . ;'GtnL klg df]xgnfO{
cfŠgf] ;aeGbf 3lgi6 ;fyL agfpg rfxGyL . ;w}F v]Ng / abdf;L ug{ dfq ;f]rL/xg] df]xg k9fO{df Wofg nufP/
k9\g yfNof] .

df]xgdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] sIffsf ;fyLx¿ dfq x}g lzIfsx¿ klg crDd dfGg yfn] . pgLx¿ bË kb}{
df]xgsf] af/]df Pscfk;df s'/fsfgL ug{ yfn] . la:tf/} sIffdf ;Fu+ } k9g] c? ljBfyL{x¿n] klg df]xg;Fu ldqtf
ufF:g yfn] .

;'GtnL / ;a}hgfsf] dfof kfP/ df]xg emg\emg\ k9fO{df Wofg lbgyfNof] . 3/df klg a'afcfdfnfO{ sfddf
;3fpg] ug{ yfNof] . of] b]v/] cfdfafa' b'ah
} gf w]/} w]/} v';L eP .

sIffsf] clGtd k/LIffdf df]xg klxnf eof] . df]xg klxnf ePsf] va/n] ;'GtnLnfO{ /dfO{nf] / cfgGb
nfUof] .

Pp6f c;n ldqsf] ;+utn] df]xgnfO{ kl/jt{g ul/lbof] . df]xg / ;'GtnLsf] ldqtfsf] rrf{ :s'nel/ g}
pbfx/0fLo x'g' k'Uof] .

!%
 w"t{ as'Nnf]

ufpFsf] glhs} Pp6f 7"nf] vf]nf lyof] . vf]nfdf ljleGg hLjx¿ a:y] . ToxfF df5fsf] 7"nf] ;d"x lyof] .
;k{, s5'jf / slxn]sflx uf]xL klg ToxfF b]lvGy] .

Tof] vf]ndf ;w}F Pp6f as'Nnf] cfP/ df5f vfg]] uYof]{ . ;w}F Pp6f g Pp6f df5f vfP/ pm c3fpFYof] .
lar/f df5fx¿ slxn] dfemLx¿sf] hfndf t slxn] as'Nnf]sf] d'vdf ky]{ . uf]xL klg kfP;Dd ltgLx¿nfO{ vfg
5f]8\b}gYof] .

cfk\mgf] ;d"xsf] 36\g] s|d b]v/] df5fx¿n] as'Nnf]nfO{ kf7 l;sfpg] lgwf] u/] . ;k{n] klg pgLx¿sf] b'Mvdf
d2t ug]{ ljrf/ u¥of] . df5fx¿n] ;k{nfO{ k7fP/ as'Nnf]sf] cGTo ug]{ of]hgf agfP .

as'Nnf] df5f vfg vf]nfdf plePsf] lyof] . To;} a]nf ;k{n] a]//] dfg]{ k|of; u¥of] .

ælsg tkfO{n] dh:tf] gfy]nfO{ dfg{ vf]Hg' ePsf]] < d}n] s] la/fPF / ! cfh o:tf] ;hfo lbg vf]Hb} x'gx' G' 5 ?Æ
cfkm\gf] k|f0f hfg] lglZrt eO;s]sf]n] ljgd|;uF as'Nnf]n] ;k{nfO{ cg'/f]w u¥of] .

ætkfO{ t o; a|xd\ f08sf] ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL x'gx' G' 5 . xh'/sf] zlQmsf] ;fdgf ug]{ s;sf] cfF6 5 <Æ ;k{nfO{
km'nfpFb} as'Nnf]n] k]ml/ eGof] . w't{ as'Nnf]sf] laGtLefj ;'g/] ;k{sf] dg klUnof] .

æn ! eOxfNof] cfhnfO{ ! ca df5fx¿nfO{ cfxf/f agfpg] s'/f slxNo} g;f]r .Æ as'Nnf]sf] s'/fn] dVv kb}{
;k{n] eGof] / cfkm\gf] af6f] nfUof] .

as'Nnf] lgs} rnfv ePsf]n] p;n] of] ;a} df5fx¿sf] rfn xf] eGg] s'/f a'lemxfNof] . clg p;n] uhasf] h'lQm
lgsfNof] .

as'Nnf]n] df5fx¿sf] cufl8 xft hf]8/] dfkmL dfUof] / ljgd|;uF eGof] –æd cfhb]lv zfsfxf/L x'g5
] ,' d df5f
df;' s]xL vfGg . cab]lv d;Fu sf]xL klg 8/fpg' kg]5 { g} . of] d]/f] ;ª\sNk eof] .Æ

lar/f df5fx¿n] p;nfO{ dfkmL lbP . dfkmL kfP/ as'Nnf v';L eof] . t/ df5fx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf]
cfxf/f agfpg g;s] hLjg g} ;dfKt x'g] s'/f p;n] a'em]sf] lyof] . hLjg gi6 ug'{eGbf df5fx¿nfO{ s;/L
cfŠgf] cfxf/f agfpg] eGg] w'gdf as'Nnf] nflu/Xof] . p;n] Pp6f ljrf/ lgsfnL xfNof] .

æd t zfsfxf/L ePsf]n] kmnk"mn dfq vfg] u/]sf] 5' . kmnk"mnn] d]/f] k]6 6Gg el/Psf] 5 . xfdL t ;fyL
;fyL . ca d;Fu 8/fpg' kb{g} . ;w} oxL kf]v/Ldf dfq slt a:5f} < o;f] st} 3'Dg hfcf}F g, slxn]sfxLF otfptf
klg 3'Dg'k5{ .Æ as'Nnf]n] df5fx¿nfO{ eGg yfNof] .

!^
 as'Nnf]sf] s'/fn] df5fx¿ klg 3'Dg kfpg] cfzn] dVv k/] . as'Nnf]n] cufl8 eGof] –æd ltdLx¿sf] ldq
x'F . ldqk|lt e/f];f ug'k{ 5{ . e/f];f g} 3lgi7tfsf] lrx\g xf] . To;}n] d cfkmgf] r'Rrf]df /fv]/ Ps Ps hgfnfO{
kfn}kfnf] 3'dfP/ Nofpg]5' .Æ

df5fx¿ as'Nnf]sf] r'Rrf]df a;]/ 3'Dg hfg tF5f8–d5f8 ug{ nfu] . as'Nnf] klg dVv kb}{ 5fgL–5fgL
df5fx¿nfO{ 3'dfpg nfg yfNof] . Pp6f Pp6f df5fnfO{ cfkm\gf] r'Rrf]df RofKb} p8\g yfNof] .

æs:tf] nfUof] <Æ eGb} s]lx k/ k'uk] l5 gª\uf| n] ;dfTb} SjfKk vfg yfNof] . df5fn] af]Ng gkfpFb} as'Nnf]n]
cfxf/f agfO{xfNYof] .

as'Nnf] l9nf] u/L kms]s

{ f] / cfkm\gf] ;fyL gb]vs
] f]n] df5fx¿n] as'Nnf];uF k|Zg ug{ yfn] –Æxfd|f] ;fyL vf]O{ <Æ

To;sf] pQ/df 56\6' as'Nnf]n] agfj6L cfF;' emfb}{ eGof]–Æx]g;{' , d}n] tkfO{x¿sf] ;fyLnfO{ 3'dfpFb} x/]s 7fpFx¿
b]vfpFb} lyPF . tkfO{x¿sf] ;fyLn] rn]/ d]/f] r'Rrf]df 6f]sL lbPsf]n] d 56\k6fpFbf r'Rrf]af6 k'mQ vl;xfn] . sxfF
v:of] eg]/ vf]HbfvfHb} l9nf] eof] . ;fyLnfO{ kfpg} ;lsg clg d xQf/ xQf/ kms]/{ cfPF . ef]nLb]lv /fd|/L ;dft]/
3'dfpg] 5' .Æ

;f]emf df5fx¿n] as'Nnf]sf] s'/f kTofP . ef]nLb]lv /fd|f;] uF ;dft]/ nfg] lgwf] eof] . as'Nnf] klg dVv kb}{
cfkm\gf] 3/lt/ nfUof] . dL7f] jrg af]n/] w"t{ as'Nnf]n] lbgsf lbg df5fx¿sf] l;sf/ ug{ yfNof] .

lar/f df5fx¿n] of] s'/f slxNo} a'em\g ;s]gg\ . s'gk} lg sfds'/f ubf{ klxNo} ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' k5{ eGg] s'/f
df5fx¿n] e';S' s} lal;{P .

!&
 ;o ?lkof“sf] gf]6

‘dDdL ! dDdL ! dnfO{ xQf/ eO;Sof] eGof, l56f] ug'x{ f];\ .’ sIff tLgdf k9\g] gf} jif{sL ;f]dL lrRofO{ .

‘n ! n ! ;f]dL w]/} gs/f ! :s'nsf] nflu vfhf /flvlbb} 5' ! cfh a'af;+uF la:tf/} hfpm x} .’ cfdf
;Ltfn] elgg\ .

‘x'G5 lg dDdL ! d a'af;+uF hfG5' !’ vfgf vfO{;s]sf]n] ;f]dL] a'af;Fu} emf]nf af]s/] aflx/ lg:sL . 3/af6
s]lx 6f9f a;la;f}gL ePsf]n] ;w}+ ;f]dL cfdf cyjf a'af;+uF lg:sg] uyL{ .

cfh a'af;+uF s]xL k/ lx8]sL dfq lyOg\ Pp6f ;o ?lkofFsf] gf]6 slxn] otf t slxn] ptf xFb' } lj:tf/}
p8]/ ;f]dLsf] cufl8 em¥of] . ;f]dLn] v';L x'bF } s;}n] gb]Vg] u/L Tof] gf]6 l6kL / emf]nfleq /fVb} a; la;f}gLlt/
bf}8L . ;+uF } lxl8/x]sf a'af zDe'n] klg Tof] l6k]sf] b]vg] .

Ps}l5gsf] kvf{Okl5 :s'nsf] a; cfO{kU' of] . a;df ;f]dLnfO{ Psbd} v'Nb'nL eO/x]sf] lyof] . :s'n
k'u/] xQf/ xQf/ SoflG6gdf k'u/] Tof] kfPsf] ?lkofFn] cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ vfhf / s]lx ;fdfg lsg]/ cfŠgf]
sIffdf k;L .

sIffdf lzIfs lzlIfsfx¿ cf–cfkm\gf sIff ;s]/ uO;s]sf lyP . t/ cfh kfPsf] ?lkofF ;Dem]/
;f]dLsf] k9fPdf Wofg} uPsf] lyPg . aNn vfhf vfg] 306L nfUof] . ;a} ;fyLx¿ aflx/ bf}l8P . t/ ;f]dLnfO{
aflx/ hfg dg g} nfu]g .

cl3 g} lslg;s]sf] vfhf vfg ;f]dL Jo:t eO{ . vfhf vfO{;s]kl5 km]l/ sIff z'? eof] . t/ klg
;f]dLnfO{ k9fO{df Wofg} uPg . h;f]t;f] ;a} sIff ;lsof] . a; r9]/ ;f]dL 3/ kms{L{ .

a;la;f}gLdf cfdf ;Ltf cfPsL lyOg\ . cfdfnfO{ b]v/] v';L x'bF } c+uF fnf] df/L . ;Ltf klg 5f]/Lsf]
dfof b]v/] bË kl/g\ . ;w}+ s]lx g s]lx lsGg sr\sr\ ug]{ ;f]dL cfh r'krfk b]v/] ;LtfnfO{ crDd nfUof] .

;f]dLn] la:tf/} cfk"m;+uF afFsL ePsf] ?lkofF lgsfNg vf]hL . afFsL ePsf] ?lkofF;uF+ } ;o ?lkofFsf] gf]6
klg b]v/] ;f]dL crDd eO{ . p;n] cfdfnfO{ b]vfpFb} eGg yfnL, æx]g;{' \ g cfdf ! cfh ljxfg :s'n hfFbf of] ;o
?lkofFsf] gf]6 kfPsL lyPF . d}n] :s"ndf klg s]lx vfhf lsg]sL lyPF t/ of] ?lkofF km]l/ d]/f] emf]nfdf g} 5, s]
ePsf] xf]nf <Æ

!*
 ;Ltf klg 5Ss kb}{ ;f]dLnfO{ eGg yfnL æxf]Og{ xf]nf ! To:tf] klg x'G5 ! a? t}nF ] SoflG6gdf ?lkofF
lbg la;]s
{ L xf]nL, ;DemL t .Æ

‘xf]Og{ dDdL ! d}n] ?lkofF lbP/ g} ;fdfg lnPsL lyPF .’ ;DemFb} ;f]dLn] egL .

h]xf];\ cfh v';L g} b]lvG5] ;f]dL . p;n] cfdfnfO{ of] afFsL /x]sf] ;a} ?lkofFsf] n'uf lsGg] OR5f hgfO{ .

k;ndf uP/ ;Ltfn] Pp6f l6–;6{ lslglbOg\ . ;f]dL klg /dfpFb} 3/ kmsL{ . 3/ kms]/{ cfkm\gf]
emf]nfsf] l6–;6{ lemsL . ToxfF ;o ?lkofFsf] gf]6 km]l/ b]vL .

‘cfdf ! cfdf ! nf} x]gf];{ \ t Tof] cl3sf] ;o ?lkofFsf] gf]6 ! d]/} emf]nfdf /x]5 .’ bf}8/] cfdf sxfF uO{ /
cfk"m;+uF ePsf] ?lkofF b]vfO{ . cfdf klg crDd dfGb} ;o ?lkofFsf] gf]6 cf]N6fO kN6fO{ x]l//lxg\ .

Psl5g kl5 a'af klg cfOk'u] . 5f]/L / >LdtLsf] s'/f ;'g/] zDe'nfO{ kTof/ g} nfu]g . s'/f ubf{ub}{
;do uPsf] yfxf g} ePg .

vfgf vfP/ ;a}hgf ;'Tg uP . ;f]dL klg a'afcfdf;+uF labf dfu]/ cfkm\gf] sf]7fdf uO{ . cfhsf]
crDdsf] 36\gf ;Dem]/ /dfpFb} ;'Tg vf]hL .

t/ Tof] ;o ?lkofFsf] gf]6n] ;f]dLnfO{ lh:SofO /x]em}F nflu/Xof] .

!(
 d';fsf] a'l4
Pp6f Jo:t zx/df /fdaxfb'/ gfd u/]sf] Jofkf/L lyof] . pm clt Jo:t /xGYof] . p;nfO{ km';b{ g}
xFb' g} Yof] . vfg, a:g / ;'Tg;d]t km';b{ x'bF g} Yof] . p;sf] Jofkf/ To; zx/el/ km}lnPsf] lyof] . cfkm\gf] e08f/df
s'g ;fdfg slt 5, ;fdfg Jojl:yt 5 ls 5}g eGg] 1fg ;d]t lyPg . p;n] ;a} sfd sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'Dk]sf] lyof] .
pgsf] ;fdfg /fVg] w]/} e08f/x¿ lyP . Pslbg ckem{6 /fdaxfb'/ Pp6f e08f/df slt ;fdfg 5 eg]/ x]g{
uof] . ToxfF d';fsf] /hfO{ b]v/] pm 5Ss k¥of] .
d';fn] e08f/df pw'd dRrfPsf] lyof] . h] dg nfUof] Tolx vfg kfP/ s'g} d';f klg b'Anf, /f]uL / ef]sf
lyPgg\ . d';fx¿nfO{ vfgf vf]Hg s'g} emGem6 lyPg .
PSsf;L 9f]sf v'ns ] f] b]v/] d';fx¿ h]h:tf] cj:yfdf lyP ToxLF 6\jfNn k/]/ leq k:g] dflg;nfO{ x]l//x] .
d';fx¿sf] xf]z} x/fof] .
} ;f] sd{rf/Lx¿ laxfg jf a]ns
;Fwh ' f dfq To; sf]7fdf cfpFg] uy{] . To; a]nf d';fx¿ cf–cfkm\gf] b'nf]leq k;]/
n'Sy] . c? ;do k|foM ;w} sf]7fsf] 9f]sf aGb x'GYof] .
æltdLx¿nfO{ d';fn] ;fdfg gf]S;fg u/]sf] klg yfxf ePg < s] u5f}{ ltdLx¿ <Æ cfkm\gf] e08f/df d';fsf]
rlt{snf b]v/] /fdaxfb'/nfO{ lgs} l/; p7\of] . t'?Gt} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ af]nfP/ ufnL ug{ yfNof] .
dflnssf] cufl8 sd{rf/Lx¿ nf6f]em}+ r'Kk nfu]/ pleO/x] .
æn ! l56[} ;a} ;kmf u/]/ ;fdfgnfO{ Jojl:yt u/ .Æ Psl5g kl5 /fdaxfb'/n] c¥xfof] . sd{rf/Lx¿
xQf/xQf/ ;fdfg tx nufpg yfn] .
pm d';fx¿ s;/L wkfpg] eGg] ;f]Rg yfNof] . ljrf/ ubf{ub}{ /fdaxfb'/sf] cg'xf/ xFl;nf] eof] . p;n] sd{rf/LnfO{
t'?Gt Pp6f la/fnf] Nofpg] cfb]z lbof] .
ef]nLkN6 laxfg} sd{rf/Ln] Pp6f ;]tf] la/fnf] Nofof] . /fdaxfb'/n] la/fnf]nfO{ vfg] / a:g] aGbf]a:t ldnfP/
e08f/sf] /]vb]vdf v6fpg nufof] .
la/fnf] cfPkl5 d';fx¿sf] ;ftf]kT' nf] p8\g yfNof] . d';fx¿n] g t aflx/ lg:sg kfP, g t vfgf vfg g} kfP . aflx/
lg:sgf;fy la/fnf]n] cfkm\gf] hLjg g} gi6 ul/lbg] ePsf]n] 8/fP/ d';fx¿ b'nf]leq a:g afWo eP .
o;/L leq a:bfa:bf d';fx¿nfO{ s] u?F s;f] u?F x'g yfNof] . o:tf] vfg / a:g;d]t d'l:sn x'g yfn]sf]n] ;a} d';fx¿
ldn]/ Pp6f a'l¢dfg\ a"9f] d';f]sxfF k'u] .
æcfh km]l/ s'g cfkt ljkQ cfO{k¥of] <Æ ;a} d';fx¿ e]nf eP/ cfk"msxfF cfPsf] b]v/] a'l¢dfg\ a"9f] d';f]n]
dgdg} ;f]Rof] . pm ;w}+ d';fx¿sf] lxtdf g} Wofg lbg] uYof{] . To;}n] ;a} d';fx¿sf] s'/f ;'g/] a'l¢dfg\ a"9f] d';f]
Psl5g 3f]l/of] .
æx]/ ;fyLx¿, la/fnf]nfO{ tx nufpg] Pp6f ljz]if pkfo 5, t/ To;sf nflu lgs} rgfvf] eP/ sfd ug'k{ 5{ .
of] sfd d cfkm} ug]{ 5' . ltdLx¿ lrGtf gu/ . cfh /ftL g} d Tof] sfd ug]5
{ ' . cfhnfO{ h;f]t;f] lbg latfpm

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. ef]nLb]lv km]l/ xfd|f] /hfO{ z'? x'g5
] .Æ p;n] t'?Gt} Pp6f pkfo lgsfn]/ eGof] .
a'l¢dfg\ a"9f] d';f]n] eg]kl5 ;a} d';fx¿ v';L eP/ cfkm\gf] b'nfleq k;] .
d';fx¿nfO{ labf lbP/ a'l¢dfg\ a"9f] d';f] ;/f;/ /fdaxfb'/ ;'Tg] sf]7fdf uof] . /fdaxfb'/ d:t ;'lt/x]sf]
lyof] . /fdaxfb'/nfO{ Jofkf/sf] sfdn] ubf{ /ftL w]/a} /] lgb|f nfUb}gYof] . To;}n] p;nfO{ lgb|f nfUg] cf}ifwL vfP/
;'Tg'kYof]{ . p;nfO{ To:tf] cf}ifwL vfg] afgL g} kl/;s]sf] lyof] .
a"9f] d';f]n] lgb|fnfUg] cf}ifwL cf]5o\ fg;Fus
} f] 6]an' df /flvPsf] b]Vof] . p;n] lj:tf/} Tof] cf}ifwL lnof] / aflx/
lg:s]/ la/fnf]sf] vfgf vfg] 7fpFdf uof] .
la/fnf] klg 6Gg vfP/ d:t ;'lt/x]sf] lyof] . pm b'Mv} gu/L ;lhn} vfg kfP/ cN5L eO;s]sf] lyof] . cfkm\gf]
cufl8 cfP dfq d';fnfO{\ ;dfTg] / nv6\g] uYof]{ .
a'l¢dfg\ d';f]n] lgb|fnfUg] cf}ifwL la/fnf]n] vfg] ef8fdf xfnL lbof] . cN5L eO;s]sf]n] la/fnf]nfO{ hlt a]nf
dg nfUof] plt a]nf g} vfg] afgL kl/;s]sf] lyof] . Ps l5gkl5 la/fnf] Ao'peF m\ of] / 6Gg vfP/ km]l/ ;'Tof] .
æcab]lv la/fnf];uF 8/fpg' kb}g{ , cf}ifwLn] ubf{ tLgrf/ lbg;Dd la/fnf] p7\g] 5}g . ca xfd|f] /hfO{ km]l/
z'? u/] x'G5 .Æ a'l¢dfg\ d';f]n] ;a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ e]nf kf/]/ eGof] . To;kl5 s'g} d';f] pk|mg yfNof], s'g} v]Ng
yfNof], s'g} d';f]n] t la/fnf]sf] h'uF f;d]t pv]Ng yfNof] . t/ la/fnf] xnrn gul/sg g} ;'lt/Xof] .
ef]nLkN6 sd{rf/Lx¿ 5Ss k/] . ToxfF d';fx¿ wkfpg NofPsf] la/fnf] t nDk;f/ eP/ d:t ;'ts ] f] b]v] .
d';fx¿n] ;fdfg nyflnË u/]sf] b]v/] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f¥x} l/; p7\of] . p;n] la/fnf]nfO{ Ps nft lbof] dHh}n] . t/
klg la/fnf]sf] lgGb|f v'ng] .
Tof] sd{rf/Ln] cfkmgf] dflnsnfO{ cN5L la/fnf]sf] af/]df ;'gfof] . /fdaxfb'/n] la/fnf]nfO{ t'?Gt} wkfpg nufof] .
la/fnf]nfO{ wkfPsf] rfn kfPkl5 ;a} d';fx¿ bË k/]/ gfRg / pkm\g yfn] . a'l¢dfg a"9f] d';f] klg cfkm\gf]
sfd ;kmn ePsf] b]v/] h'uF f d';fb}{ d';d' ;' xfFl;/Xof] .

@!
 s's/' / la/fnf]

;'dgn] Pp6f ;fgf] 5fp/f] / Pp6f ;fgf] DofpF 3/df NofPsf] lyof] 5f]/fnfO{ v]Ng] ;fyL xf];\ eg]/ .
;'dg Jofkf/sf] l;nl;nfdf 3/aflx/ uO/xg' kYof]{ . 3/df >LdtL / 5f]/f dfq x'g] ePsfn] w]/} klxn]bl] v
3/s'?jfsf] ¿kdf klg s's/' / la/fnf] kfNg rfxGYof] .

5f]/f klg 5fp/f] / DofpF ;fyL kfPsf]df bË lyof] . 5f]/fsf] v';' L b]v/] ;'dg / pgsL >LdtL klg sd xlif{t
lyPgg\ . 5f]/f;Fu;Fu} 5fp/f] / Dofp klg x'ls{/x]sf lyP .

wgL Jofkf/Lsf] 3/df 5fp/f] / Dofpn] /fd|f;] uF :ofxf/ kfPsf lyP . To;}n] xf]nf 5fp/f] / DofpF l56f]l56f]
a9]/ 7"nf eP . ca ltgLx¿ 5fp/f] / DofpF /x]gg\ . 5fp/f]nfO{ s's/' eGg yflnof] eg] DofpFnfO{ la/fnf] !

pgLx¿sf] :jefj / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpg yfNof] . s's/' 3/sf] /Iff ug{lt/ nfUof] eg] la/fnf]rflxF d';f
dfg{ yfNof] . h] xf];\ ;'dgsf] 3/sf] ;'/Iff oL b'O{ k|f0fLn] ug{ yfn] .

;'dg jf p;sL >LdtL cyjf p;sf] 5f]/f hf] aflx/af6 3/df cfOk'u] klg s's/' / la/fnf] /dfO{–/dfO{
pgLx¿sf] cufl8 k'R5/ xNnfpFb} ;Tsf/ ug]{ uy]{ .

s's/' / la/fnf]n] cfkm\gf] 5f]/f / 3/sf] x]/rfx u/]sf] b]v/] ;'dg / pgsL >LdtL dVv lyP . pgLx¿n] s's/'
/ la/fnf]nfO{ emg\ a9L dfof ug{ yfn] . 3/df ;a} kl/jf/h:t} Pscfk;df 3lgi6tf a9\g yfNof] . rf]/ / d';faf6
;'/lIft x'bF } uPsf] lyof] Tof] 3/ .

/xFbfa:bf s's/' / la/fnf]aLr ‘tFeGbf d 7"nf]’ eGg] 3d08n] 8]/f hdfpg yfNof] .

æsf] eGbf sf] 7"nf] <Æ eGg] ts{ljts{df g} pgLx¿sf] lbg laTg yfNof] .

s's/' cfk"mnfO{ dflnssf] Hofbf akmfbf/ 7fGYof] eg] la/fnf]rfFlx cfk"mnfO{ dflnssf] Kof/f] / ljZjfl;nf]
dfGYof] . pgLx¿ Ps–csf{nfO{ ;fgf] b]vfpg] h'lQmdf ;w}F cNdlng yfn] . Ps–cfk;df l/; b]vfpFb} emu8f
ug{;d]t tTk/ x'Gy] . oL b'Os{ f] s'/f To; kl/jf/df s;}nfO{ klg yfxf lyPg . x'bF f–x'bF f ;w} xfF;L–v';L ub}{ /dfpg]
;fyLx¿ Ps–csf{sf] tf/f] aGg nfu] . ltgLx¿ h;/L klg cfkm" dflnssf] glhs x'g] ljrf/df tNnLg x'Gy] .

;Fu+ } a;] klg ltgLx¿sf] ljrf/ km/s–km/s x'g yfNof] . PsfGtdf e]6 x'gf;fy ltgLx¿ Pscfk;df
ª\of/ª\of/ / ª'/ª'/ ul//xGy] . To;}n] ltgLx¿n] cfk\mgf] sfd klg /fd|f;] uF ug{ EofPgg\ .

@@
 Ps lbg ;'dgn] 3/ / cfFugsf] rSs/ nufP klg s's/' / la/fnf]nfO{ e]6g] . s] eof] / sxfF uP eGb} vf]Hg
yfNof] . Pp6f aGb sf]7faf6 s's/' –la/fnf]sf] ª\of/ª\of/ / ª'/ª'/sf] cfjfh cfO/x]sf] ;'Gof] . pm 9f]sflg/ k'u/]
sfg yfk]/ ;'Gg yfNof] .

s's/' n] la/fnf]nfO{ elg/x]sf] ;'Gof] –æx]/\ la/fnf], d 3/–kl/jf/sf] ldq x',F o; 3/sf] /Iff ug'{ d]/f] st{Jo
xf] . of] 3/nfO{ aflx/af6 cfpg] rf]/x¿ / glrGg] dflg;af6 /Iff u/]sf] 5' . d ;w}F 3/df /fd|f] sfd ePsf] b]Vg
rfxG5' . v'l;ofnLsf] ef]h vfg rfxG5' / xfd|f] dflnssf] k|ult xf];\ eGg] rfxG5' .’

‘clg <’ la/fnf]n] lv;L u/]sf] cfjfh ;'lgof] .

‘clg rfF8} g} dflnssf] 5f]/fsf] lax] xf];\ / lax] ef]h vfg kfOof];\ . gq oqf] ;]jf u/]sf] kl/jf/df lax] ef]h
gvfO{ d/] eg] d]/f] k'vf{n] ;d]t ;/fKg]5g\ . To;}n] rfF8} lax]ef]h vfg kfOof];\ eGg] cfzf ul//x]sf] 5' . s's/' n] e]ml/
eGof] .

la/fnf] klg s] sd x'GYof] . pm cfkm\gf] ts{ /fVg cl3 a9\of] . ;'dgrfFlx pgLx¿sf] jftf{nfk ;'Ggdf
tNnLg lyof] .

@#
 la/fnf] eGg yfNof]–æx]/ s's/' , d klg ltdLn] h:t} o; 3/sf] ;]jf ug{ a;]sf] xF' . ltdLn] h:t} d}n] klg
3/nfO{ d';fx¿af6 hf]ufPsf] 5' . ltdLn] h:t} d klg dflnssf] k|ult ePsf] x]g{ rfxG5' . d]/f] ;kgfrfFlx ltd|f] eGbf cln
km/s 5 . d klg ef]h vfg OR5's 5' t/ drfFlx lax]sf] ef]h xf]Og{ , dflnssf] >f¢sf] ef]h vfP/ dfq dg{ rfxG5' .
gq oxfF lsg a:g] < vfg t hxfF uP/ klg kfO{xflnG5 lg .Æ

la/fnf]sf] s'/f ;'g/] Psbd} l/;fP/ ;'dgn] Pp6f nf}/f] p7fof], clg xQf/ xQf/ 9f]sf vf]n/] leq k:of] .
dflnssf] xftdf nf}/f] b]v/] s's/' k'R5/ xNnfpb} n'?Ss k/]/ a:of] t/ la/fnf] dflnsnfO{ g} emD6g yfNof] . la/fnf]n]
dflnsnfO{ emD6g nfu]sf] b]v/] xQgkQ s's ' /' n] la/fnf]nfO{ xKsfpg yfNof] .

;'dgn] la/fnf]nfO{ nf}/f]n] 8ofd\8ofd xfGg yfNof] . nf}/f]sf] k|xf/ ;xg g;sL la/fnf] efu]/ 3/sf] 5fgfdf
k'Uof] .

‘XofpXofp’ ub}{ s's/' e'Sg yfNof] . 5tdf k'u/] la/fnf]n] s's/' nfO{ cf}nf b]vfP/ ækv\ tFnfO{ ª\of/ª\of/, x]?nF f
ª'/ª'/Æ ub{} csf]{ 3/sf] 5fgfdf xfd kmfn]/ ;'Os
F R' rf 7f]Sof] .

s's/' sf] :jfdLelQm b]v/] ;'dgn] s's/' nfO{ ;'D;'Dofpg yfNof] . s's/' klg :g]x kfP/ dflnssf] v'6f[ df
n'6\k'l6g yfNof]] .

cfh;Dd klg s's/' b]v/] la/fnf] ª\of/ª\of/ ª'/ª'/ u/]/ lh:SofO /xG5 . s's/' klg XofpXofp ub}{ xKsfO
/xG5 . ltgLx¿ Pscfk;df cem};Dd klg ldNg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

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t]hk|sfz >]i7 ;'kl/lrt gfd xf] . pgL g]kfnL ;flxTosf l;4x:t ;h{s
x'g . syf, lgofqf nf]s ;flxto / ;+:s[ltdf snd rnfpg] pgsf]
afn;flxTodf ljlzi7 :yfg 5 .

lj=;=+ @))# df a}t8Ldf hlGdPsf t]hk|sfz >]i7sf] 8]9 bh{g eGbf a9L
afn;flxTosf k':tsx? tyf Ps bh{geGbf a9L cGo ;flxlTos
k':tsx? k|sflzt 5g\ . …ltdL kfgL b]pm d k"mn lbG5'Ú afns6f ;ª\xdf
;femf afn;flxto k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL afn ;flxTos k':ts
tyf …lrlrnfÚ afn klqsfsf ;dkfbs ;d]t /]sf pgL g]kfn afn;flxTo
;dfh -dxf;lrj_,g]kfn afn ljsf; tyf cWog s]Gb|, zf]l0ftk'/ ;flxTo,snf
tyf ;+:s[lt ;dfh, g]kfnL nf]sjftf{ tyf ;+:s[lt ;dfh, cflb .

/fh'afa' zfSo ‘zf/a’

lrqf°gstf{
/fh'afa' zfSo Úzf/a… gfdn] ;'kl/lrt snfsf/ x'g\ . g]kfndf klxnf] kN6
sf6'{g rnlrq agfpg] zf/an] sf6'{g lrqf g tyf snf ;+of]hgdf
ljlzi6tf xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ .

pgn] w]/} kf7\ok':tsx? / afnlrqsyfx¿ nufot :jf:Yo tyf jftfj/0f

;DjGwL y'k|} k':tsx¿sf] lrqfËg / snf ;+of]hg klg u/]sf 5g\ .
o'lg;]kmsf] ldgf lrqsyf tyf rf/ ljb]zL efiffdf Ps ;fy k|sflzt
cGt{/fli6«o k|sfzg The Life of Buddha lrqsyf pgsf] s]lx k|l;å rqfËg
x'g\ . xfn pgL sflGtk'/ klAns]zgdf snf ljefusf k|dv ' 5g\ .
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O{dn] M joshi199@yahoo.com
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