Moment of Inertia

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 1 | Structure for Architects-I

Moment of Inertia –
Rectangular Cross section

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 Moment of Inertia of
Different Geometric shapes

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Moment of Inertia –
Importance in Architecture
The selection of structural elements is based on three
characteristics: strength, stiffness, and stability.
Strength :
Material properties (yield strength, ultimate strength etc.)

Stiffness :
EI (modulus of Elasticity , moment of inertia)

Stability :
Buckling
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 Importance in Architecture

Atomium, Brussels
Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 5 | Structure for Architects-I

Importance in Architecture

Atomium, Brussels

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 Importance in Architecture

Central station, Rotterdam

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 7 | Structure for Architects-I

Importance in Architecture

Central station, Rotterdam

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 Importance in Architecture

Central station, Rotterdam

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 9 | Structure for Architects-I

Flexural Stresses

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 Introductory Concepts
1. Deflection
The lateral loads acting on a beam cause the beam to bend,
thereby deforming the axis of the beam into curve line, this is
known as the deflection.

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 11 | Structure for Architects-I

Introductory Concepts
2. Curvature and radius of curvature of beam

A point where normal of any two points

on the deflection curve (for example 2
m1 and m2 as shown in Figure) intersects
is called the center of curvature and the
distance m1 O' is called radius of
curvature ρ, and the curvature k is

1
defined as K =
ρ

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 Introductory Concepts
1
K=
ρ
Since
ρ dθ = ds
If the deflection is small, then
dx ≌ ds
1 dθ dθ
K= = =
ρ ds dx
dθ
K=
dx

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 13 | Structure for Architects-I

Introductory Concepts
Sign convention for curvature
+ : beam is bent concave upward (convex downward)
- : beam is bent concave downward (convex upward)

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 Flexural Formula
Assumptions:

1. Material must follow Hooke’s law i.e. stress is directly

proportional to strain.

2. Section before and after bending remains plane.

3. Material must be homogenous.

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 15 | Structure for Architects-I

Flexural Formula
Consider a portion ab of a beam in pure bending produced by a
positive bending moment M, the cross section may be of any
shape provided it is symmetric about y-axis

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 Flexural Formula
• Under the moment M, its axis is bent into a circular curve,
cross-section mn and pq remain plane and normal to
longitudinal lines.
• due to bending deformation, cross sections mn and pq rotate
w.r.t. each other about axes perpendicular to the xy plane

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 17 | Structure for Architects-I

Flexural Formula
• Longitudinal lines on the convex (lower) side (nq) are
elongated, and on the concave (upper) side (mp) are shortened.
• The surface ss in which longitudinal lines do not change in
length is called the neutral surface, its intersection with the
cross-sectional plane is called neutral axis, for instance, the z
axis is the neutral axis of the cross-section.

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 Flexural Formula
• In the deformed element, denote ρ the distance from O' to N.S.
(or N.A.), thus ρ dθ = dx
• Consider the longitudinal line ef, the length L1 after bending is
𝑦
L1 = (ρ − y) dθ = dx - dx
ρ
Δef = L1 – dx
the strain of line ef is

Δ 𝑦
εx = dxef = − ρ

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 19 | Structure for Architects-I

Flexural Formula
the strain of line ef is

Δ 𝑦
εx = dxef = − ρ

1
Since K =
ρ
εx = −ky
• εx vary linear with y (the distance from N.S.)
• y > 0 (above N. S.) ε = - (Negative)
• y < 0 (below N. S.) ε = + (Positive)

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 Flexural Formula
Since εx occurs due to bending, therefore the longitudinal line of
the beam is subjected only to tension or compression, if the
material is linear elastic then

σx = Eεx
σx = - E ky

σx vary linear with distance y from the neutral surface.

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 21 | Structure for Architects-I

Flexural Formula
Consider a positive bending moment M applied, stresses are
positive below N.S. and negative above N.S.

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 Flexural Formula
Since no axial force acts on the cross section, the only resultant is
M, thus two equations must satisfy for static equilibrium
condition

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = න σ dA = − න E ky 𝑑𝐴 = 0

E and k are constants at the cross section, thus ‫׬‬y 𝑑𝐴 = 0. It can

be conclude that the neutral axis passes through the controid of
the cross section.

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 23 | Structure for Architects-I

Flexural Formula
The moment resultant of stress σx is given by

𝑑𝑀 =−σx 𝑦𝑑𝐴

𝑀 = − න σx 𝑦𝑑𝐴

𝑀 = න E k y 2 𝑑𝐴

𝑀 = E k න y 2 𝑑𝐴

𝑀 =Ek𝐼

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 Flexural Formula
𝑀 =Ek𝐼

where I = ∫y2 dA is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional

1
Since K =
ρ
Therefore
𝑀
𝑘=
𝐸𝐼

this is the moment-curvature equation, and EI is called flexural

rigidity

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 25 | Structure for Architects-I

Flexural Formula
𝑀
𝑘=
𝐸𝐼

+ M = + curvature
- M = - curvature

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 Flexural Formula
Since the normal stress is
σx = - E ky
𝑀
σx = - E y 𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝑦
σx = - 𝐼

This is called the flexure formula, the stress σx is called bending

stresses or flexural stresses

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 27 | Structure for Architects-I

Problem 1
For a simple supported beam as shown in Figure, determine the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the beam due to
bending.

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 Problem 1 - Solution

Flexural formula
𝑀𝑦
σx = - 𝐼

From Figure M = 151.6 k.ft

𝑏ℎ3 8.75 x 273
For rectangular cross section I = = = 14352 i𝑛3
12 12

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 29 | Structure for Architects-I

Problem 1 - Solution
Maximum stresses in a beam:
At top y = 13.5 in. and compressive stresses will be maximum,
151.6 x 12 x 13.5
Therefore σ = -
14352

σ = - 1.71 ksi
Similarly at bottom y = -13.5 in. and tensile stresses will be
maximum,
151.6 x 12 x −13.5
Therefore σ = -
14352

σ = 1.71 ksi

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 Problem 2
Repeat problem 1 if the cross section of a beam is hollow box
and I section as shown in Figure.

Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 31 | Structure for Architects-I

Problem 3
The beam has a cross-sectional area in the shape of a channel as
shown Figures. Determine the maximum bending stress that
occurs in the beam at section a – a.

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 Problem 3 - Solution
Moment of Inertia:

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Problem 3 - Solution
Maximum moment:

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 Problem 3 - Solution

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