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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

MOLLUSCS  Bivalvia – 2 valves shell

- triploblastic structure  Cephalopoda – shells reduced/

- bilateral symmetry absent

- cephalization
- eucoelomate (presence of body cavity) CLASS BIVALVIA (PELECYPODA)

- all organs are present - Freshwater clam

 Order Unionoidea
- unsegmented  Genus Anodonta
- Lophotrochozoa clade – ancestral - Bivalves are both in fresh and salt

trocophore larvae and mollusk with water (also called muscles)

 behavior & general features
spiral cleavage - slow reactions and lie buried
- leaves furrow when it moves
- soft body is protected by a hard
PHYLLUM MOLLUSCA
exoskeleton composed of pair of
- “Soft-bodied” organism
- Radula – rasping apparatus/ valves/shells hinged on the dorsal
structure; used to scrape soil for side
- at rest, valves are slightly agape
nutrients
- Ventral muscular foot – for ventrally
- Apertures – two openings of the
locomotion
- open circulatory system except for posterior edge of the mantle
1. Excurrent – dorsal/ upper
cephalopods 2. Incurrent – larger, lower
- Mantle secret calcium carbonate to - steady flow of water through these
form shells for protection; two folds aperture is necessary to bring
of skin from the dorsal body wall oxygen & food to animal; to carry
- Mantle cavity – space between the
away wastes
mantle and body wall that houses the - filter feeders by trapping them in
gills (lung) mucus and carry them by ciliary
- eucoelomate (true coelem)
- either dioecious or hermaphroditic action to the mouth
 Aplacophora – no plated shell - Siphons – extends up to the surface
 Monoplacophora – one dorsal to bring clear water to the mantle
plated shell cavity; modification of the mantle
 Polyplacophora – 8 dorsal - Mantle around apertures is sensitive
plates to touch and chemical stimuli
 Scaphopoda – tooth/ tusk cell
 Gastrophoda – exhibits torsion

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Posadas, Denise
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- Contains mucuous glands to keep
the foot well protected with mucus
 External structure:
1. Bivalve shell
- Protection from predators
- Skeleton for muscle attachment
- Keeps mud & sand out of mantle
cavity
2. Hinge ligament
- Attaches the valves of the clam on
the dorsal side
- Ventral side is free for protrusion of
foot
3. Umbo
- Swollen hump at the anterior end
- Oldest & thickest part
- Most resistant to boring gastropod
predators
- Concentric lines of growth around
umbo indicate growth periods
4. Periostracum
- horny layer of the shell
- protects the underlying calcium
carbonate from being dissolved by
acid in water
 Internal structure:
1. Nacreous layer
- Inner, iridescent mother-of-pearl
surface
- Secreted continuously by mantle
surface
2. Prismatic layer
- Crystalline calcium carbonate
- Secreted by glands in the edge of
the mantle
3. Hinge ligament
- Acts as a spring to force shells apart
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
- Scars anterior and posterior adductor
muscles, which pulls the shells
closed
4. Pallial lines
- Marks location of the pallial muscle
5. Hinge teeth
- Interlock the valves to prevent them
from slipping apart
 The Mantle
- Aperture permits a continuous flow
of water; extended into the siphons
- Outer fold secretes horn-like
periostracum & prismatic layer
- Middle lobe – sensory in function;
drawn out into specialized sensory
structure such as tentacles & eyes
- Inner fold is a ciliated surface that
assists in water within the mantle
cavity and sweep out debris; on the
posterior side, forms the clam’s
incurrent & excurrent apertures
- Sometimes a foreign object lodge
between mantle & shell, outer
epithelium of the mantle secrets
nacre around the object forming a
pearl
 Muscles
- Adductor muscles close the valves
- Foot retractor muscles are slightly
dorsal to adductor muscles
- Foot protractor muscle is small &
found in the visceral mass posterior
to the anterior adductor
- Pericardium delicate & almost
transparent; surrounds the heart
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Posadas, Denise
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 Mantle cavity – space between right
and left lobes on the mantle cavity
- Gills & Cilia keep water flowing
through the mantle cavity
- Thicker outer gill than inner gill =
female
- Brood chamber – for developing
embryos
- Visceral mass – soft portion of the
body
- Muscular foot is a muscular
hydrostat; it operates
combination of contraction
hydraulic mechanisms.
- Extended foot is used for anchoring
itself or drawing its body forward
The clam doesn’t have a well developed
head.*
- Two pairs of labials palps are
ciliated & serve to guide
particles trapped in the mucus into
the mouth
 Respiration & Gills
- Filter feeder depends of gills to
gather food materials as well a for
respiration.
- Gill filaments draw water into the
incurrent siphon
- Ostia – tiny pores; help in clearing
the water passing the gills aided by
the mucus which traps particles that
are too large for ostia.
- Interlamellar junctions hold the two
lamellae part
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
- Suprabranchial chamber
connected dorsally to water tubes &
empties to the outside through
excurrent aperture; where waste is
discharged
 Circulatory system
- Pericardial sac thin-walled where
the heart lies
- Three-chambered heart is composed
of ventricle & single auricle.
- Anterior & Posterior Aorta carry
by a
blood to smaller vessels then to
&
sinus spaces that bathe the tissues
directly.
Open circulatory system but has aortas
that functions like system of capillaries.*
 Excretory system
- pair of dark kidneys under
pericardial sinus; u-shaped tubes –
food
pick up waste from blood vessels
- mouth – espohagus – stomach
surrounded by digestive glands –
narrows to a tubular intestine
surrounded by gonad – rectum –
anus that empties feces to exhalant
current
- crystalline style – solid & gelatinous
rod; composed of mucroproteins &
digestive enzymes (amylase) that
are released into the food.
Intracellular digestion*
 Reproductive system
- Swollen gills – pregnant female
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Posadas, Denise
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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

- Gonads – brownish mass of minute - Foot bears mucous gland in which

tubes aids in locomotion
- Zygote develops a tiny bivalves - Mantle is thickened anteriorly to form
larval form, glochidium escape collar that secretes the shell
- Pneumostome is a small opening
through excurrent siphons.
- Glochidium have valves bearing that opens to the respiratory
hooks which they attach themselves chamber
- Respiratory chamber (lung) –
to fishes and remain as parasites for
diffusion of gases occur between air
a few weeks.
- Swollen brood pouches (marsupia) – and blood.
- Albumin gland and ovotestis
where eggs or glochidia are present.
 Nervous system – not highly CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA
centralized (CHITONS)
- Three pairs of ganglia (small group
 Family Mopaliidae
of nerve cells)  Genus Katharina
- Cerebropleural ganglia - “stay-at-homes” and move at night
- Pedal ganglia – fused - Broad, flat foot that forms a suction
- Visceral ganglia – fused into a star- cup that provides a tenacious hold
shaped body - has eight overlapping dorsal plates
- has long coiled intestine for
CLASS GASTROPHODA extracellular digestion
- ladderlike nervous system
(PULMONATE)
- separate sexes, external fertilization,
- Land snail
 Genus Helix and trocophore larval stage that
- Radula (scaper) – attached to a feeds on plankton
ribbon-like organ  External structure:
- Girdle – thick and leathery margin of
 The shell
- Whorl one complete spiral turn the mantle
- fine lines of growth on the whorl - Head and mouth anterior to the i isa
- dextral (right), sinistral (left)
not highly developed
- periostracum outer, prismatic
- Subradular organ extended to the
middle, nacre shiny inner
mouth used as taste organ
- columella (pillar) – middle part
- head, muscular foot, visceral hump, (chemosensory)
- Mantle cavity separates head and
mouth with 3 lips, tentacles, eyes,
foot from the mantle
genital aperture. - Gills or ctenidia

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Posadas, Denise
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CLASS CEPHALOPODA (SQUIDS)
 Order Teuthoidea
 Genus Loligo
- Free-swimming and found in offshore
waters
- Range 2cm up
 Behavior:
- Move swiftly (forward or backward)
by using its fins and ejecting water
through funnel
- Forward – backward; backward –
forward (movement by jet propulsion)
- Chromatophores – pigment cells
filled with pigment granules
surrounded by radial muscles that
form sheet of pigmented cytoplasm
when stretched
- Ommochromes – pigment that may
be black, red, brown, yellow or
orange.
- Color change that sweep quickly
across the body serve as means of
communication
- When attacked = releases ink
- Food is caught by a pair of retractile
tentacles & manipulated by 8 arms
then killed by a poison injection
 External structure:
- “head-footed”
- head & arms at one end
- lateral fins at the other end
- mantle covers the visceral mass
- head bears highly advanced eyes
capble of forming an image
- convergent evolution – two groups
of organisms of completely different
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
ancestry develop similar structures
(eg. Squids and vertebrate eyes)
- head is drawn into 10 appendages: 4
pairs of arms and 1 pair of retractile
tentacles
Arms of males are longer and thicker
than females.*
- in mature male, the left fourth arm
becomes slightly modified for
transfer of spermatophores to
female. (hectocotyly)
- mouth is surrounded by peristomial
&
membrane; contains horny, beak-
like jaws
- buccal membrane has seven
projections, each with suckers on the
inner surface
- funnel (siphon) furnishes power for
jet propulsion locomotion;
modification of the foot
 Mantle Cavity:
- Mantle is made up of largely ciruclar
muscles covered with the integument
- Pallial cartilage help support the
funnel and close space between the
neck & mantle so that water inhaled
can be expelled only by the funnel
- Saclike valves (lateral to the funnel)
that prevent outflow of water by way
of the collar; allows buildup of
hydrostatic pressure in the mantle
cavity
- pair of funnel retractor mucles
- Head retractor muscles
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Posadas, Denise
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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

- Rectum and anus near the opening - Pharynx (buccal bulb)

- Esophagus leads to the liver
of the funnel
- Pancreas
- Ink sac that send out a cloud of ink
- Stomach
through the funnel - Cecum filled with partially liquified
- Gills at one end to the visceral mass
food; fills much of the posterior
& the other to the mantle; they are
mantle cavity
located there so that the water - Intestine leaves rhe stomach near
entering the mantle cavity passes the entrance of the esophagus
directly to them. - Spiral valve – ciliated folds used to
 Internal structure: sort food particles
- If female: nidamental glands – - Ink sac – diverticulum of the
whitish and secrete the outer intestine posterior to the rectum and
capsules of egg masses anus
 Respiratory and Circulatory  Nervous system
systems Stellate ganglia function in movement
- Bulblike branchial heart located at
of the mantle
the base of gills; recieves
 Sense organs
deoxygenated blood from the - Retina – sensory lining
posterior vena cava; recieves blood - Statocysts embedded in the
from anterior vena cava & anterior cartilage on each side of the brain
 Reproductive organs
mantle vein
- Deoxygenated blood from the Males
branchial heart is carried to the gill - Testis – elongated, light-colored,
by branchial artery partly concealed by the cecum
- Oxygenated blood is returned by - Vas deferens – where sperm passes
branchial vein to the systematic to the spermatophoric gland
- Spermatophoric gland – sperm is
heart (true heart) that pumps
packed into spermatophores
oxygenated blood throught the
(capsules that enclose the sperm)
cephalic aorta
 Excretory system which are stored in the
- Kidneys – spongelike texture, spermatophoric sac
irregular in shape (triangular) Females
- Renal papilla at the tip of each
- Nidamental glands; ovary; oviduct
kidney
 Digestive system

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Posadas, Denise
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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

- Oviducal gland – secretes the egg

shell
- Ostium – flared opening
- Sperm receptacle (small pouch in
mature females) where male place
the spermatophore
 Skeletal system
- Pen at the dorsal to visceral organs
& extends from the free edge of
collar to apex of the mantle
- Cartilages in the head, near the
siphon, and in the head.

Morales, Trisha
Posadas, Denise