A.

Parts of Speech
Parts of speech are type of words, which have their own function in the sentence. There are
nine parts of speech in English, those are:
1. Noun
Noun is naming word. It is usually positioned as subject and/or object of a sentence. We
can categorize noun into:
a. Proper noun: name of people, name of city, name of month, name of place and so on.
Proper noun is usually capitalized in a sentence.
Example:
I was born in July.
Indonesia commemorates its 65th independence day in August 2010.
My brother admires Will Smith when he starred in the movie Independence Day.
b. Common noun is the ordinary nouns, such as chair, book, car, kitchen, girl, etc.
c. Collective noun is noun which represents a group of things or people, such as team,
government, staff, crew, etc. This type of noun takes singular verb. This type also
includes what is called always plural verb, such as socks, jeans, scissors, shears, pants,
gloves, shoes, etc. This type of noun takes plural verb.
d. Abstract noun, which we cannot see or touch such as beauty, wisdom, knowledge,
happiness, air, humidity, etc.
Noun can be specified based on other categories, such as plural/singular and
countable/uncountable.
2. Verb
Verb is an action word. In a sentence, it functions as predicate which shows you what is
done by the subject of a sentence.
Example:
Dan goes to school on foot.
The students study mathematics.
3. Adjective
Adjective is used to modify noun or pronoun. It is usually placed before the noun
modified or after linking verb (be, seem, look, appear, sound, taste, etc).
Example:
She is very beautiful.
I prefer to buy the red one to the green one.
4. Adverb
Adverb is used to modify verb, adjective, other adverb or the whole sentence.
Example:
He works hard to finish the paper.
His sister is a very generous person.
She drives really fast to run after the thief.
5. Pronoun
Pronoun is noun substitute, such as I, me, myself, you, it, they, she, etc.
6. Preposition
Preposition is usually used to precede adverb of time or adverb of place. It can also
follow verb to make phrasal verb. The examples of preposition are in, on, at, between, above,
down, etc.
7. Conjunction
It is used to connect or join words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and ideas, such as and,
but, so, for, nor, yet, although, because, however, etc.
8. Article
Article is sometimes used to precede noun, such as a, an, the.
9. Interjection
Interjection is commonly used just to show emotional state and it has no meaning. Take,
for example ouch!, oh my God!, well!, ah!, etc.
B. Word Family
It is very often that we encounter that a certain word can produce another word by adding
specific affixes. This is what we call word family which includes only content words, namely
noun, verb, adjective and adverb.
By adding a particular affix, we can get another word with different part of speech out of a
specific word. Below are some affixes, which signify a certain part of speech.

Noun:
-ion/ation : organization -ing : playing
-ness : happiness -al : proposal
-ence/-ance: independence, arrogance -ment : department
-or : actor -ity : nationality
-ian/-an : comedian -hood : brotherhood
-ure : failure -er : singer
-ish : Swedish, British -age : heritage

Verb:
-ize: prioritize
-ify : beautify
-en : lengthen
en- : enlarge
be- : beware
im- : imprison
ac- : acknowledge
em-: empower

Adjective:
-y : cloudy -less : careless -al/-ial : historical, remedial
-ly : friendly -ing : exciting -ent/-ant : independent, arrogant
-ed : excited -like : fatherlike -ous : dangerous
-ish: childish -able/-ible: comparable/responsible
 -ile : sterile -wide : nationwide -ive : sensitive
-some : troublesome -ful : wonderful -ic : heroic

Adverb:
Adverb is composed from: adjective + ly, for example: silent + ly  silently.

Exercise
1. Find the word family of the words in the table.
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Honest
Importantly
Complete
Calculation
Impressive
Violence