Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
cell:
– synthesis of biomacromolecules through the condensation reaction
– lipids and their sub-units; the role of lipids in the plasma membrane
– examples of polysaccharides and their glucose monomer
– structure and function of DNA and RNA, their monomers, and
complementary base pairing
- the nature of the proteome; the functional diversity of proteins; the
structure of proteins in terms of primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary levels of organisation
All of these organic molecules always contain the
elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O).
Proteins also contain Nitrogen (N) and sometimes
sulfur (S). Nucleic acids have C, H, O, N and
Phosphorus (P).
Condensation Reaction
A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in
which two molecules or moieties (functional groups)
combine to form a single molecule, together with the
loss of a small molecule. When this small molecule is
water, it is known as a dehydration reaction; other
possible small molecules lost include hydrogen chloride
(HCl), methanol (CH3OH)or acetic acid (CH3CO2H).
The condensation of two amino acids to form a peptide bond (red) with the
expulsion of water (blue).
The major classes of organic compounds are:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids.
Protein
Polysaccharides
Starch
Main form of sucrose storage in plants
Polysaccharides
Cellulose
structural polysaccharide
formula similar to starch
every plant cell wall contains cellulose
Proteins
very large molecules
fold and form complex shapes
four different levels of organisation
thousands of different proteins in each cell
example
casein in milk (C708H1130N180O224S4P4)
Primary shape
linear sequence of amino acids (monomers)
different proteins have different sequences of amino
acids
20 different naturally occurring amino acids
Primary shape
two amino acids join together to form a dipeptide
many amino acids join together to form a polypeptide
Condensation Reaction
Primary shape
Primary shape
Secondary shape
Random coils
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
Proteins….
If there is a job to be
done in the molecular CATALASE
Hydrophobic
Nucleic acids
Very large macromolecules concerned with the storage
and transmission of inherited information and protein
synthesis.
Made up of repeating units called nucleotides.
Two types:
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
located in the nucleus of eukaryotes
ribonucleic acid (RNA).
formed using a DNA template (transcription) in the
nucleus and used to make, in conjunction with
ribosomes, proteins in the cytosol (translation).
Nucleic acids
Each nucleotide unit, or monomer, is made up of
a sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) part
‘deoxy’ means ‘missing an oxygen molecule’
a phosphate part
a Nitrogenous (N) base
Deoxyribonucleic acid
made of two sugar – phosphate backbones
has four different N-bases
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
A binds with T and G binds with C
Complementary base pairs
Forms a double helix
DNA double helix is 2 nm wide and one complete turn
of the helix is 3.4 nm
The four DNA nucleotide
Nitrogenous bases
Ribonucleic acid
Three different types of RNA
messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries genetic message
from nucleus in eukaryotic cells to ribosomes in the
cytosol
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – with particular proteins makes
up part of the ribosome
transfer RNA (tRNA) – carry amino acids to ribosomes
where they construct proteins
The strands of nucleotides in each of the RNAs fold
differently